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Text of the page (random words):
to prepare graduates for specialized careers doctoral study or professional advancement the master of science degree was introduced and first awarded by the university of michigan in 1858 1 2 algeria edit algeria follows the bologna process australia edit australian universities commonly have coursework or research based master of science courses for graduate students they typically run for 1 2 years full time with varying amounts of research involved bangladesh edit all bangladeshi private and public universities have master of science courses as postgraduate degree these include most of the major state owned colleges a number of private colleges also do offer ms degrees after passing bachelor of science any student becomes eligible to study in this discipline belgium edit like all eu member states belgium follows the bologna process in belgium the typical university track involved obtaining two degrees being a two year kandidaat prerequisite track replaced by bachelor followed by a two or three year licentiaat track the latter was replaced by the master of science msc academic degree this system was not exclusive to scientific degrees and was also used for other programs like law and literature canada edit in canada master of science msc degrees may be entirely course based entirely research based or more typically a mixture master s programs typically take one to three years to complete and the completion of a scientific thesis is often required admission to a master s program is contingent upon holding a four year university bachelor s degree some universities require a master s degree in order to progress to a doctoral program phd quebec edit in the province of quebec the master of science follows the same principles as in the rest of canada there is one exception however regarding admission to a master s program since québécois students complete two to three years of college before entering university they have the opportunity to complete a bachelor s degree in three years instead of four some undergraduate degrees such as the bachelor of education and the bachelor of engineering requires four years of study following the obtention of their bachelor s degree students can be admitted into a graduate program to eventually obtain a master s degree while some students complete their master s program others use it as a bridge to doctoral research programs after one year of study and research in the master s program many students become eligible to apply to a doctor of philosophy phd program directly without obtaining the master of science degree in the first place chile edit commonly chilean universities have used magíster for a master s degree but other than that it is similar to the rest of south america cyprus edit like all eu member states the republic of cyprus follow the bologna process universities in cyprus have used either magíster scientiae or artium or master of arts science for a master s degree with 90 to 120 ects and duration of studies between 1 2 and 5 years czech republic and slovakia edit like all eu member states czech republic and slovakia follow the bologna process czech republic and slovakia both award two different types of master s degrees both award a title of mgr or ing to be used before the name prior to reforms for compliance with the bologna process a master s degree could only be obtained after 5 years of uninterrupted study under the new system it takes only 2 years but requires a previously completed 3 year bachelor s program a bc title writing a thesis in both master s and bachelor s programs and passing final exams are necessary to obtain the degree it is mostly the case that the final exams cover the main study areas of the whole study program i e a student is required to prove their knowledge in the subjects they attended during the 2 resp 3 years of their study exams also include the defence of a thesis before an academic board ing engineer degrees are usually awarded for master s degrees achieved in the natural sciences or mathematics heavy study programmes whereas an mgr magister is generally awarded for master s studies in social sciences humanities and the arts egypt edit the master of science msc is an academic degree for post graduate candidates or researchers it usually takes from 4 to 7 years after passing the bachelor of science bsc degree master programs are awarded in many sciences in the egyptian universities a completion of the degree requires finishing a pre master studies followed by a scientific thesis or research all msc degree holders are allowable to take a step forward in the academic track to get the phd degree finland edit like all eu member states finland follows the bologna process the master of science msc academic degree usually follows the bachelor of science bsc studies which typically last three years for the completion of both the bachelor and the master studies the student must accumulate a total of 300 ects credits thus most masters programs are two year programs with 120 credits the completion of a scientific thesis is required germany edit like all eu member states germany follows the bologna process the master of science msc academic degree replaces the once common diplom or magister programs that typically lasted four to five years it is awarded in science related studies with a high percentage of mathematics for the completion the student must accumulate 300 ects credits thus most masters programs are two year programs with 120 credits the completion of a scientific thesis is required south america edit in argentina brazil colombia ecuador mexico panama peru uruguay and venezuela the master of science or magister is a postgraduate degree lasting two to four years 3 the admission to a master s program spanish licenciatura portuguese mestrado requires the full completion of a four to five year long undergraduate degree bachelor s degree engineer s degree or a licentiate of the same length defense of a research thesis is required all master s degrees qualify for a doctorate program depending on the country one ects credit point can equal on average between 22 and 30 actual study hours in most of these cases the number of required attendance hours to the university classes will be at least half of that one ects will mean around 11 to 15 mandatory hours of on site classes 4 southeastern europe edit in slavic countries in the european southeast particularly former yugoslavian republics the education system was largely based on the german university system largely due to the presence and influence of the austria hungary empire 5 in the region prior to the implementation of the bologna process academic university studies comprised a 4 5 year long graduate diplom program which could have been followed by a 2 4 year long magistar program and then later with 2 5 year long doctor of science program after the bologna process implementation again based on the german implementation diplom titles and programs were replaced by entirely professional bachelor s and master s programs the studies are structured such that a master program lasts long enough for the student to accumulate a total of 300 ects credits so its duration would depend on a number of credits acquired during the bachelor studies pre bologna magistar programs were abandoned after earning an msc degree and satisfying other academic requirements a student could proceed to earn a doctor of science degree directly or skip msc if the diplom program lasted more than 3 years as it was possible to do so for some time guyana edit in guyana all universities including university of guyana texila american university american international school of medicine have master of science courses as postgraduate degrees students who have completed undergraduate bachelor of science degree are eligible to study in this discipline india edit in india universities offer msc programs usually in sciences discipline generally post graduate scientific courses lead to msc degree while post graduate engineering courses lead to me or mtech degree for example a master s in automotive engineering would normally be an me or mtech while a master s in physics would be an msc a few top universities also offer combined undergraduate postgraduate programs leading to a master s degree which is known as integrated masters a master of science in engineering msengg degree is also offered in india it is usually structured as an engineering research degree lesser than phd and considered to be parallel to mphil degree in humanities and science some institutes such as iits offer an ms degree for postgraduate engineering courses this degree is considered a research oriented degree whereas mtech or me degree is usually not a research degree in india msc degree is also awarded by various iisers which are one of the top institutes in india iran edit in iran similar to canada master of science msc or in iranian form kārshenāsi e arshad degrees may be entirely course based entirely research based or most commonly a mixture master s programs typically take two to three years to complete and the completion of a scientific thesis is often required ireland edit like all eu member states ireland follows the bologna process in ireland master of science msc may be course based with a research component or entirely research based the program is most commonly a one year program and a thesis is required for both course based and research based degrees israel edit in israel master of science msc may be entirely course based or include research the program is most commonly a two year program and a thesis is required only for research based degrees italy edit like all eu member states italy follows the bologna process the degree master of science is awarded in the italian form laurea magistrale before the current organization of academic studies there was the laurea according to the subject the laurea could require four five or six years of study the laurea was subsequently split into a laurea triennale three years and a laurea magistrale two more years nepal edit in nepal universities offer the master of science degree usually in science and engineering areas tribhuvan university offers msc degree for all the science and engineering courses pokhara university and purbanchal university offer me for engineering and msc for science kathmandu university offers ms by research and me degrees for science and engineering students can do postgraduate degree in any fields of science like chemistry biology physics etc netherlands edit like all eu member states the netherlands follows the bologna process in the past graduates of applied universities hbo were excluded from using titles such as msc as hbo institutions are formally not universities but polytechnic institutions of higher education however since 2014 academic titles are granted to any university graduate 6 however older academic titles used in the netherlands are ingenieur abbreviated as ir for graduates who followed a technical or agricultural program meester abbreviated as mr for graduates who followed an llm law program doctorandus abbreviated as drs in all other cases the bearers of these titles can use either the older title of msc ll m or ma but not both for the same field of study new zealand edit new zealand universities commonly have coursework or research based master of science courses for graduate students they typically run for 2 years full time with varying amounts of research involved norway edit norway follows the bologna process for engineering the master of science academic degree has been recently introduced and has replaced the previous award forms sivilingeniør engineer a k a engineering master and hovedfag academic master both were awarded after 5 years of university level studies and required the completion of a scientific thesis siv ing is a protected title traditionally awarded to engineering students who completed a five year education at the norwegian university of science and technology norwegian norges teknisk naturvitenskapelige universitet ntnu or other university programs deemed to be equivalent in academic merit historically there was no bachelor s degree involved and today s program is a five years master s degree education the siv ing title is in the process of being phased out replaced by for now complemented by the m sc title by and large siv ing is a title tightly being held on to for the sake of tradition in academia the new program offers separate three year bachelor and two year master programs it is awarded in the natural sciences mathematics and computer science fields the completion of a scientific thesis is required all master s degrees are designed to certify a level of education and qualify for a doctorate program master of science in business is the english title for those taking a higher business degree siviløkonom in norwegian in addition there is for example the master of business administration mba a practically oriented master s degree in business but with less mathematics and econometrics due to its less specific entry requirements and smaller focus on research pakistan edit pakistan inherited its conventions pertaining to higher education from united kingdom after independence in 1947 master of science degree is typically abbreviated as msc as in the united kingdom and which is awarded after 16 years of education equivalent with a bachelor s degree in the us and many other countries recently in pursuance to some of the reforms by the higher education commission of pakistan the regulatory body of higher education in pakistan the traditional 2 year bachelor of science bsc degree has been replaced by the 4 year bachelor of science degree which is abbreviated as bs to enable the pakistani degrees with the rest of the world clarification needed subsequently students who pass a 4 year bs degree that is awarded after 16 years of education are then eligible to apply for ms degree which is considered at par with master of philosophy m phil degree clarification needed poland edit like all eu member states poland follows the bologna process the polish equivalent of master of science is magister abbreviated mgr written pre nominally much like dr starting in 2001 the msc programs typically lasting 5 years began to be replaced as below 3 year associates programs licentiate degree termed licencjat in polish no abbreviated pre nominal or title 3 5 year engineer programs termed inżynier utilizing the pre nominal abbreviation inż 2 year master programs open to both licencjat and inż graduates 1 5 year master programs open only to inż graduates the degree is awarded predominantly in the natural sciences mathematics computer science economics as well as in the arts and other disciplines those who graduate from an engineering program prior to being awarded a master s degree are allowed to use the mgr inż pre nominal master engineer this is most common in engineering an...
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