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729, 715, gudde, nicholas, 0954, 4070, 0954407016680522, 232, institution, mechanical, adaptation, recommended, 192, dion, andrea, cfrn, surpasses, latest, census, smargiassi, audrey, kosatsky, tom, hicks, plante, céline, armstrong, ben, villeneuve, paul, goudreau, sophie, 659, 19440507, 2679612, 1289, ehp, 0800010, 2009envhp, 653s, 653, asthmatic, episodes, children, stack, montreal, flower, ragas, wade, 338, 0896, 5803, 10835547, 12090756, estate, neighborhood, property, values, refiniries, hargreaves, steve, cnn, money, crunch, morata, thais, engel, terry, durão, alvaro, thelma, krieg, edward, dunn, derek, lozano, maria, angelica, 9309809, 0105, 0397, 3109, 01050399709074987, scandinavian, audiology, suez, solids, cheresources, flowchart, chevron, sons, mineral, resource, month, bernhard, unserer, zeit, issue, 378, 392, der, prozess, reich, jahren, und, bedeutender, denn, recovered, loren, zawacki, 1978, assigned, 4080424, arthur, kohl, nielson, 220, liu, subramani, velu, chunshan, 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arying physical and chemical properties and it is this variety that makes crude oil useful in a broad range of several applications once separated and purified of any contaminants and impurities the fuel or lubricant can be sold without further processing smaller molecules such as isobutane and propylene or butylenes can be recombined to meet specific octane requirements by processes such as alkylation or more commonly dimerization the octane grade of gasoline can also be improved by catalytic reforming which involves removing hydrogen from hydrocarbons producing compounds with higher octane ratings such as aromatics intermediate products such as gasoils can even be reprocessed to break a heavy long chained oil into a lighter short chained one by various forms of cracking such as fluid catalytic cracking thermal cracking and hydrocracking the final step in gasoline production is the blending of fuels with different octane ratings vapor pressures and other properties to meet product specifications another method for reprocessing and upgrading these intermediate products residual oils uses a devolatilization process to separate usable oil from the waste asphaltene material certain cracked streams are particularly suitable to produce petrochemicals includes polypropylene heavier polymers and block polymers based on the molecular weight and the characteristics of the olefin specie that is cracked from the source feedstock 30 oil refineries are large scale plants processing about a hundred thousand to several hundred thousand barrels of crude oil a day because of the high capacity many of the units operate continuously as opposed to processing in batches at steady state or nearly steady state for months to years the high capacity also makes process optimization and advanced process control very desirable citation needed major products edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed may 2026 learn how and when to remove this message crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation the fractions at the top of the fractionating column have lower boiling points than the fractions at the bottom the heavy bottom fractions are often cracked into lighter more useful products all of the fractions are processed further in other refining units a breakdown of the products made from a typical barrel of us oil 31 petroleum products are materials derived from crude oil petroleum as it is processed in oil refineries the majority of petroleum is converted to petroleum products which includes several classes of fuels 32 oil refineries also produce various intermediate products such as hydrogen light hydrocarbons reformate and pyrolysis gasoline these are not usually transported but instead are blended or processed further on site chemical plants are thus often adjacent to oil refineries or a number of further chemical processes are integrated into it for example light hydrocarbons are steam cracked in an ethylene plant and the produced ethylene is polymerized to produce polyethene citation needed to ensure both proper separation and environmental protection a very low sulfur content is necessary in all but the heaviest products the crude sulfur contaminant is transformed to hydrogen sulfide via catalytic hydrodesulfurization and removed from the product stream via amine gas treating using the claus process hydrogen sulfide is afterward transformed to elemental sulfur to be sold to the chemical industry the rather large heat energy freed by this process is directly used in the other parts of the refinery often an electrical power plant is combined into the whole refinery process to take up the excess heat according to the composition of the crude oil and depending on the demands of the market refineries can produce different shares of petroleum products the largest share of oil products is used as energy carriers i e various grades of fuel oil and gasoline these fuels include or can be blended to give gasoline jet fuel diesel fuel heating oil and heavier fuel oils heavier less volatile fractions can also be used to produce asphalt tar paraffin wax lubricating and other heavy oils refineries also produce other chemicals some of which are used in chemical processes to produce plastics and other useful materials since petroleum often contains a few percent sulfur containing molecules elemental sulfur is also often produced as a petroleum product carbon in the form of petroleum coke and hydrogen may also be produced as petroleum products the hydrogen produced is often used as an intermediate product for other oil refinery processes such as hydrocracking and hydrodesulfurization 33 categories of petroleum products edit light distillates edit fuel gas is one of a number of fuels that under ordinary conditions are gaseous most fuel gases are composed of hydrocarbons such as methane and propane hydrogen carbon monoxide or mixtures thereof such gases are sources of energy that can be readily transmitted and distributed through pipes liquefied petroleum gas also referred to as liquid petroleum gas lpg or lp gas is a fuel gas which contains a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases specifically propane butane and isobutane it can also contain some propylene butylene and isobutylene 34 35 36 37 38 naphtha ˈ n æ f θ ə more rarely ˈ n æ p θ ə 39 is a flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture generally it is a fraction of crude oil but it can also be produced from natural gas condensates petroleum distillates and the fractional distillation of coal tar and peat in some industries and regions the name naphtha refers to crude oil or refined petroleum products such as kerosene or diesel fuel gasoline north american english or petrol in other english speaking countries is a petrochemical product a transparent yellowish and flammable liquid normally used as a fuel for spark ignited internal combustion engines it is chemically composed of organic compounds derived from the fractional distillation of petroleum and later chemically enhanced with gasoline additives it is a high volume profitable product produced in crude oil refineries 40 middle distillates edit kerosene also known as paraffin is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid which is derived from petroleum it is widely used as a fuel in aviation as well as households its name derives from the greek κηρός kērós meaning wax it was registered as a trademark by nova scotia geologist and inventor abraham gesner in 1854 before evolving into a generic trademark it is sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage 41 jet fuel or aviation turbine fuel atf also abbreviated avtur is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas turbine engines it is colorless to straw colored in appearance the most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are jet a and jet a 1 which are produced to a standardized international specification the only other jet fuel commonly used in civilian turbine engine powered aviation is jet b which is used for its enhanced cold weather performance fuel oil is any of various fractions obtained from the distillation of petroleum crude oil such oils include distillates the lighter fractions and residues the heavier fractions fuel oils include heavy fuel oil bunker fuel marine fuel oil mfo furnace oil fo gas oil gasoil heating oils such as home heating oil diesel fuel and others diesel fuel also called diesel oil fuel oil historically or simply diesel is any liquid fuel specifically designed for use in a diesel engine a type of internal combustion engine in which fuel ignition takes place as a result of compression of the inlet air and then injection of fuel without a spark therefore diesel fuel needs good compression ignition characteristics heavy distillates and residuum edit these require blending various feedstocks mixing appropriate additives providing short term storage and preparation for bulk loading to trucks barges product ships and railcars this classification is based on the way crude oil is distilled and separated into fractions 2 heavy fuel oil hfo is a fuel oil of a tar like consistency also known as bunker fuel or residual fuel oil hfo is the residual mixture left over from the distillation and cracking of crude oil in oil refineries 42 generally it has a boiling temperature between 350 and 500 c and is significantly more viscous than diesel fuel 43 as it is created through the extraction of more valuable components of its petroleum precursor hfo contains various undesirable compounds and elements which include aromatics sulfur nitrogen vanadium and others 42 these non hydrocarbon contaminants significantly increase toxic gas and particulate emissions upon combustion 44 such as sulfur dioxide carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides 45 46 motor oil engine oil or engine lubricant is any one of various substances used for the lubrication of internal combustion engines motor oils typically consist of base oils enhanced with various additives particularly antiwear additives detergents dispersants and for multi grade oils viscosity index improvers citation needed 47 the main function of motor oil is to reduce friction and wear on moving parts and to clean the engine from sludge one of the functions of dispersants and varnish detergents it also neutralizes acids that originate from fuel and from oxidation of the lubricant detergents improves the sealing of piston rings and cools the engine by carrying heat away from moving parts 48 paraffin wax or petroleum wax is a soft colorless solid derived from petroleum coal or oil shale that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between 20 and 40 carbon atoms it is solid at room temperature and begins to melt above approximately 37 c 99 f 49 and its boiling point is above 370 c 698 f 49 common applications for paraffin wax include lubrication electrical insulation and candles 50 dyed paraffin wax can be made into crayons tar is a dark brown or black viscous liquid of hydrocarbons and free carbon obtained from a wide variety of organic materials through destructive distillation tar can be produced from carbon rich materials such as coal wood petroleum peat and other organic matter 51 bitumen uk ˈ b ɪ tʃ ʊ m ɪ n bih chuum in us b ɪ ˈ tj uː m ɪ n b aɪ ⓘ bih tew min by 52 is an immensely viscous constituent of petroleum depending on its exact composition it can be a sticky black liquid or an apparently solid mass that behaves as a liquid over very large time scales in american english the material is commonly referred to as asphalt whether found in natural deposits or refined from petroleum the substance is classed as a pitch 53 prior to the 20th century the term asphaltum was in general use 54 the word derives from the ancient greek word ἄσφαλτος ásphaltos which referred to natural bitumen or pitch the largest natural deposit of bitumen in the world is the pitch lake of southwest trinidad which is estimated to contain 10 million tons 55 other products edit sulfur or sulfuric acid byproducts of sulfur removal from petroleum which may have up to a couple of percent sulfur as organic sulfur containing compounds sulfur and sulfuric acid are useful industrial materials sulfuric acid is usually prepared and shipped as the acid precursor oleum petroleum coke abbreviated coke pet coke or petcoke is a final carbon rich solid material that derives from oil refining and is one type of the group of fuels referred to as cokes petcoke is the coke that in particular derives from a final cracking process a thermo based chemical engineering process that splits long chain hydrocarbons of petroleum into shorter chains that takes place in units termed coker units 56 other types of coke are derived from coal stated succinctly coke is the carbonization product of high boiling hydrocarbon fractions obtained in petroleum processing heavy residues 56 petcoke is also produced in the production of synthetic crude oil syncrude from bitumen extracted from canada s oil sands and from venezuela s orinoco oil sands 57 58 in petroleum coker units residual oils from other distillation processes used in petroleum refining are treated at a high temperature and pressure leaving the petcoke after driving off gases and volatiles and separating off remaining light and heavy oils these processes are termed coking processes and most typically employ chemical engineering plant operations for the specific process of delayed coking petrochemicals sometimes abbreviated as petchems 59 are the chemical products obtained from petroleum by refining some chemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from other fossil fuels such as coal or natural gas or renewable sources such as maize palm fruit or sugar cane over 6 000 items are made from petroleum waste by products including fertilizer floor coverings perfume insecticide petroleum jelly soap and vitamin capsules 60 sample of crude oil petroleum cylinders of liquified petroleum gas sample of gasoline sample of kerosene sample of diesel fuel motor oil pile of asphalt covered aggregate for formation into asphalt concrete sulphur chemical processes edit storage tanks and towers at shell puget sound refinery shell oil company anacortes washington desalter edit a desalter is a process unit in an oil refinery that removes salt from the crude oil the salt is dissolved in the water in the crude oil not in the crude oil itself the desalting is usually the first process in crude oil refining the salt content after the desalter is usually measured in ptb pounds of salt per thousand barrels of crude oil 61 another specification is basic sediment and water 62 63 64 atmospheric and vacuum distillation edit see also continuous distillation atmospheric and vacuum distillation of crude oils are the main primary separation processes producing various straight run products e g gasoline to lube oils vacuum gas oils distillation of crude oil is typically performed first 65 under atmospheric pressure and then under a vacuum low boiling fractions usually vaporize below 400 c at atmospheric pressure without cracking the hydrocarbon compounds therefore all the low boiling fractions of crude oil are separated by atmospheric distillation a crude oil distillation unit cdu consists of the pre flash distillation column the petroleum products obtained from the distillation process are light medium and heavy naphtha kerosene diesel and oil residue 66 67 68 69 70 71 vacuum distillation or distillation under reduced pressure is a type of distillation performed under reduced pressure which allows the purification of compounds not readily distilled at ambient pressures or simply to save time or energy this technique separates compounds based on differences in their boiling points this technique is used when the boiling point of the desired compound is difficult to achieve or will cause the compound t...
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