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philological, association, 156, johns, hopkins, university, words, frank, moore, cross, 2018, 2023, leaves, epigrapher, notebook, collected, papers, west, palaeography, epigraphy, betro, 1996, abbeyville, 209, hieroglyphics, media, x10896, x1090e, x1084e, x10392, dc96, 56470, dd0e, 56590, dc4e, 56398, d800, df92, 55296, 57234, 162, 150, 146, 10896, 1090e, 1084e, 10392, semka, samka, x80e, x724, x723, x5e1, 224, 160, 163, 215, 080e, 0724, 0723, 05e1, singaat, initial, medial, isolated, word, hook, rounded, further, ܣܡܟܬ, said, been, miracle, records, were, written, sides, interprets, meaning, inscription, went, through, thickness, stone, center, parts, should, fallen, out, would, tablet, miraculously, remained, place, tractate, cites, opinion, attributed, 320, rav, chisda, ktav, ivri, jerusalem, exodus, ten, commandments, monospaced, sans, fonts, orthographic, becomes, hands, herodian, note, when, distinguishing, required, they, distinguished, right, merge, some, speakers, jibbali, akkadian, consonants, expressing, somewhat, due, different, mergers, usually, reconstructed, there, four, counting, ones, evolved, daughter, follows, emphatic, coronal, grid, adopted, never, currently, corresponds, exclusively, rather, than, despite, resemblance, ksi, minuscule, citation, needed, esh, etruscan, gave, rise, whereas, reflected, otherwise, unrelated, sigma, 350, 750, 800, 1000, undergoes, developments, vertical, stroke, drawn, either, across, below, three, horizontal, strokes, developed, continue, possibly, based, tent, such, pillar, סמך, סֶמֶךְ, semekh, סוֹמֵךְ, somekh, post, סוֹמְכָה, somkha, armrest, סָמוֹכָה, smokha, stake, indirectly, סַמְכָא, samkha, socket, base, סְמַךְ, smakh, semkha, raise, elevate, سَمَكَ, ܣܡܟܐ, סמיכה, mikhah, djed, bronze, age, replaced, 15th, 12th, hija, sīn, pronunciation, dotted, alveolar, including, however, present, immediate, predecessor, simkath, sāmeḵ, sāmek, alphabetic, derivatives, phonemic, representation, many, free, encyclopedia, 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samekh wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 origin 2 hebrew samekh toggle hebrew samekh subsection 2 1 talmudic legend 3 syriac semkat 4 character encodings 5 see also 6 references toggle the table of contents samekh 12 languages brezhoneg català español euskara bahasa indonesia italiano македонски polski português ไทย tagalog 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia fifteenth letter of many semitic abjads nun samekh ayin phoenician 𐤎 hebrew ס samaritan ࠎ aramaic 𐡎 syriac ܣ nabataean 𐢖 south arabian 𐩯 north arabian 𐪏 ugaritic 𐎒 phonemic representation s position in alphabet 15 numerical value 60 alphabetic derivatives of the phoenician greek ξ cyrillic ѯ samekh or samech is the fifteenth letter of the semitic abjads including phoenician sāmek 𐤎 hebrew sāmeḵ ס aramaic samek 𐡎 and syriac semkaṯ ܣ samekh is the only letter of the semitic abjad that has no surviving descendant in the arabic alphabet however it was present in the nabataean alphabet the arabic alphabet s immediate predecessor as the letter simkath 𐢖 which was related to the ancient north arabian 𐪏 and south arabian 𐩯 the numerical value of samekh is 60 samekh represents a voiceless alveolar fricative s in the hebrew language the samekh ס has the same pronunciation as the left dotted shin שׂ in arabic samekh is replaced by the letter sīn س s which is the 15th letter in the common abjadi order and the 12th letter in the hija i order it has the same numerical abjad value of 60 in the common abjadi order origin edit the phoenician letter may continue a glyph from the middle bronze age alphabets possibly based on a hieroglyph for a tent peg or support such as the djed pillar hieroglyph 𓊽 1 cf hebrew root סמך s m kh support סֶמֶךְ semekh support rest סוֹמֵךְ somekh support peg post סוֹמְכָה somkha armrest סָמוֹכָה smokha stake support indirectly s mikhah סמיכה aramaic סַמְכָא samkha socket base סְמַךְ smakh support help syriac ܣܡܟܐ semkha support arabic سَمَكَ to raise to elevate the shape of samek undergoes complicated developments in archaic scripts the vertical stroke can be drawn either across or below the three horizontal strokes the closed form of hebrew samek is developed only in the hasmonean period 2 phoenician paleo hebrew c 1000 bc imperial aramaic c 800 bc greek xi letter 750 bc hebrew from ca 350 bc the phoenician letter gave rise to the greek xi ξ 3 whereas its name may also be reflected in the name of the otherwise unrelated greek letter sigma 4 the archaic grid shape of western greek xi was adopted in the early etruscan alphabet 𐌎 esh but was never included in the latin alphabet the letter samekh is currently the only letter of the semitic abjad that has no surviving descendant in the arabic alphabet and the letter س corresponds exclusively to ש citation needed rather than ס despite its resemblance to greek minuscule xi ξ cyrillic ksi ѯ and to the syriac semkaṯ ܣ the history of the letters expressing sibilants in the various semitic alphabets is somewhat complicated due to different mergers between proto semitic phonemes as usually reconstructed there are four plain proto semitic coronal voiceless fricative phonemes not counting emphatic ones that evolved into the various voiceless sibilants of its daughter languages as follows voiceless consonants 5 proto semitic old south arabian old north arabian modern south arabian 1 2 standard arabic aramaic modern hebrew ge ez phoenician akkadian s s s ts 𐩯 𐪏 s س s ס s ס s ሰ s 𐤎 s s s š ʃ s 𐩪 𐪊 ʃ sometimes h ש š שׁ ʃ 𐤔 š š ṯ θ 𐩻 𐪛 θ ث θ ש later ת ṯ š later t s ś ɬ 𐩦 𐪆 ɬ ش ʃ ש later ס ś s שׂ s ሠ ś s š is ʃ sometimes h and j ɦ in soqotri ʃ and ɕ w for some speakers of jibbali ṯ θ ḏ ð and ṯ̣ θʼ merge with t d and tʼ in soqotri note hebrew ש represents both s and ʃ when distinguishing is required they can be distinguished a dot above the left hand side of the letter for s שׂ and above the right hand side for ʃ שׁ hebrew samekh edit hebrew samekh develops a closed cursive form in the middle hasmonean period 1st century bc this becomes the standard form in early herodian hands 2 orthographic variants various print fonts cursive hebrew solitreo rashi script serif sans serif monospaced ס ס ס talmudic legend edit in talmudic legend samekh is said to have been a miracle of the ten commandments exodus 32 15 records that the tablets were written on both their sides the jerusalem talmud interprets this as meaning that the inscription went through the full thickness of the tablets the stone in the center parts of the letters ayin and teth should have fallen out as these letters are closed in the ktav ivri script and would not be connected to the rest of the tablet but miraculously remained in place the babylonian talmud tractate shabbat 104a also cites the opinion that these closed letters included samekh attributed to rav chisda d ca 320 6 syriac semkat edit the syriac letter semkaṯ ܣܡܟܬ develops from the imperial aramaic hook shape 𐡎 into a rounded form by the 1st century the old syriac form further develops into a connected cursive both in the eastern and western script variants aramaic old syriac eastern western position in word isolated final medial initial glyph form help ܣ ـܣ ـܣ ـ ܣ ـ character encodings edit character information preview ס ܣ ܤ ࠎ unicode name hebrew letter samekh syriac letter semkath syriac letter final semkath samaritan letter singaat encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex unicode 1505 u 05e1 1827 u 0723 1828 u 0724 2062 u 080e utf 8 215 161 d7 a1 220 163 dc a3 220 164 dc a4 224 160 142 e0 a0 8e numeric character reference 1505 x5e1 1827 x723 1828 x724 2062 x80e character information preview 𐎒 𐡎 𐤎 𐢖 unicode name ugaritic letter samka imperial aramaic letter samekh phoenician letter semka nabataean letter samekh encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex unicode 66450 u 10392 67662 u 1084e 67854 u 1090e 67734 u 10896 utf 8 240 144 142 146 f0 90 8e 92 240 144 161 142 f0 90 a1 8e 240 144 164 142 f0 90 a4 8e 240 144 162 150 f0 90 a2 96 utf 16 55296 57234 d800 df92 55298 56398 d802 dc4e 55298 56590 d802 dd0e 55298 56470 d802 dc96 numeric character reference 66450 x10392 67662 x1084e 67854 x1090e 67734 x10896 see also edit sin letter references edit wikimedia commons has media related to samekh letter betro m c 1996 hieroglyphics abbeyville press ny p 209 1 2 frank moore cross leaves from an epigrapher s notebook collected papers in hebrew and west semitic palaeography and epigraphy 2018 p 30 archived 2023 09 03 at the wayback machine muss arnolt w 1892 on semitic words in greek and latin transactions of the american philological association v 23 p 35 156 the johns hopkins university press jeffery lilian h 1961 the local scripts of archaic greece oxford clarendon pp 25 27 schneider roey 2024 the semitic sibilants the semitic sibilants 31 33 36 the william davidson talmud shabbat 104a archived 2020 10 03 at the wayback machine v t e arabic language overviews language alphabet history romanization numerals influence on other languages scripts nabataean script arabic script ancient north arabian ancient south arabian script arabic numerals eastern numerals arabic braille algerian braille maltese braille diacritics ijam tashkil harakat nunation tanwin shaddah hamza dagger alif maltese alphabet letters alif ba ta tha gim ḥa kha dal dhal ra zay sin shin ṣad ḍad ṭa ẓa ayn ghayn fa qaf kaf lam mim nun ha waw ya varieties pre islamic proto arabic nabataean arabic old arabic old hijazi arabic pre classical arabic literary classical modern standard modern spoken maghrebi pre hilalian andalusi sicilian maltese australian cottenera gozitan qormi żejtun żurrieqi urban ceuta tunis north eastern tunisian fessi village eastern sahili sahel sfaxian jijel lesser kabylia western traras msirda jebli mountain judeo maghrebi judeo moroccan judeo tripolitanian judeo tunisian hilalian central hilal algerian judeo algerian algerian saharan eastern algerian eastern hilal tunisian maqil hassaniya nemadi moroccan eastern western western algerian sulaym libyan western egyptian bedawi nile valley egyptian saʽidi sudanese levantine north cilician lebanese syrian aleppine damascene south jordanian palestinian mesopotamian gilit baghdadi khuzestani shawi south north qeltu anatolian cypriot judeo iraqi baghdadi peninsular bahrani bareqi bedawi dhofari gulf bahraini emirati kuwaiti khamseh hejazi k group yafiʽi najdi omani shihhi yemeni hadhrami indonesian sanʽani taʽizzi adeni tihami judeo yemeni others central asian bactrian bukhara kashkadarya khorasani shirvani chadian nigerian sociological bedouin arabic judeo arabic judeo algerian judeo egyptian judeo iraqi baghdadi judeo moroccan kjal wqal judeo palestinian judeo syrian judeo tripolitanian judeo tunisian tunisene judeo yemeni adeni beda habban sanʽani creoles and pidgins bimbashi bongor gulf pidgin jordanian bengali pidgin juba maridi nubi pidgin madam turku academic literature names linguistics standard arabic phonology sun and moon letters tajwid imala irab case grammar triliteral root mater lectionis ipa quranic arabic corpus calligraphy script ajami script diwani hijazi script jawi script jeli thuluth kairouani kufic maghrebi mashq muhaqqaq naskh script nastaliq rasm ruqʽa script shahmukhi sini script taliq script tawqi thuluth technical arabic keyboard arabic script in unicode iso iec 8859 6 windows 1256 ms dos codepages 708 709 710 711 720 864 macarabic encoding other islam and arabic language italics indicate extinct languages languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left category v t e hebrew language history biblical northern dialect mishnaic medieval modern writing alphabet history transliteration to english from english gematria ancient hebrew writings inscriptions papyri list of hebrew bible manuscripts reading traditions ashkenazi sephardi romaniote italian mizrahi syrian yemenite samaritan tiberian extinct palestinian extinct babylonian extinct orthography eras biblical scripts rashi braille ashuri cursive crowning paleo hebrew samaritan solitreo alphabet alef beth gimel daleth he waw zayin heth teth yod kaf lamed mem nun samech ayin pe sade qof resh shin taw niqqud tiberian babylonian palestinian samaritan shewa hireq sere segol pathah qames holem qibbus shureq dagesh mappiq maqqaf rafe sin shin dot spelling with niqqud missing full mater lectionis abbreviations plene scriptum punctuation diacritics metheg cantillation geresh gershayim inverted nun shekel sign numerals phonology biblical hebrew modern hebrew philippi s law law of attenuation grammar biblical modern verbal morphology semitic roots prefixes suffixes segolate waw consecutive academic revival academy study ulpan keyboard hebrew israeli literature names surnames unicode and html reference works gesenius hebrew grammar gesenius hebrew and chaldee lexicon to the old testament scriptures brown driver briggs strong s concordance hebrew and aramaic lexicon of the old testament v t e the northwest semitic abjad ʾ b g d h w z ḥ ṭ y k l m n s ʿ p ṣ q r š t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 history inscriptions phoenician paleo hebrew hebrew aramaic syriac retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title samekh oldid 1373259909 categories phoenician alphabet hebrew letters hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata pages with plain ipa articles containing old south arabian language text articles containing hebrew language text articles containing arabic language text webarchive template wayback links all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from august 2026 articles containing syriac language text articles containing imperial aramaic 700 300 bce language text commons category link is on wikidata articles with text in semitic languages this page was last edited on 4 september 2026 at 22 47 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety 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