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ng seabird species including the heard island cormorant a species unique to heard island commercial fishing of patagonian toothfish and mackerel icefish takes place in the surrounding waters heard island has seen rapid melting of its glaciers and other environmental changes in recent decades largely due to climate change history edit 1887 drawing of heard island the first confirmed sighting of heard island took place in 1853 when the island was spotted by the american captain john heard aboard oriental other sailors had reported observing land south of the kerguelen islands during the 1830s and 1840s but whether they in fact sighted heard island is unclear 1 researchers have suggested that earlier sightings of the island may have been kept secret for commercial reasons but no evidence has been found on the island of human inhabitation or visitation prior to the 1850s 2 heard named the island heard island and claimed it for the united states but the country s government declined to endorse the claim 3 4 in 1854 the british captain william mcdonald sighted the mcdonald islands aboard samarang he likewise named the islands after himself a party of sealers led by the american captain erasmus darwin rogers of the ship corinthian made the first recorded landing on heard island in 1855 4 5 6 sealers continued to occupy the island over the following decades with more than 40 vessels collectively making over 100 visits to hunt elephant seals and process their blubber into oil 5 between 1855 and 1880 more than 100 000 barrels of oil were produced on the island 1 at the peak of production in 1859 there were 24 vessels stationed at heard island 3 the majority of the sealing companies were american and were based out of ports in new england although some of the sealers were from cape verde the island was also exploited by australian sealers including james william robinson who conducted an expedition on behalf of the tasmanian merchant william crowther in 1858 robinson wrote a memoir about the expedition which is now held by the w l crowther library 7 8 during the sealing period 14 ships were wrecked near the island according to one estimate 30 sealers died on heard island between 1857 and 1881 and 30 died on their way to the island largely after being washed overboard 9 by the 1880s the elephant seal population on the island had been severely depleted and sealing activity declined substantially 10 processing of elephant seals on heard island brief scientific expeditions to heard island took place in 1874 1902 and 1929 with their observations limited to the north western side of the island 1 11 12 the first two expeditions were undertaken by the ships challenger and gauss in 1874 and 1902 respectively each remained at heard island for just a few hours two scientific parties landed on the island in 1929 and remained for eight days one was led by the swiss geologist edgar aubert de la rüe while the other was composed of members of the british australian and new zealand antarctic research expedition banzare party the banzare party had planned to spend just three days on the island but were forced by poor weather to remain for an additional five days 9 between 1907 and 1930 some sealing activity resumed on the island and whaling ships made occasional visits 5 11 heard island and the mcdonald islands were claimed by the united kingdom in 1908 1 the british flag was raised on heard island in 1910 and 1929 and between 1910 and 1926 the british government issued licences for sealing and whaling on the island 9 11 a british company was allowed to lease the islands from the british government in 1926 although by 1930 it was no longer exercising its lease 13 by the 1930s the british government felt that australia s proximity to its antarctic possessions would provide a firmer claim to sovereignty particularly over sectors of the antarctic continent and would reduce the logistical complexity of administering the territories 14 after britain s transfer of the australian antarctic territory to australia in 1933 the australian government began preparing to also take possession of heard island and the mcdonald islands 15 on 11 december 1947 a party of 14 men from the australian national antarctic research expeditions anare led by stuart campbell landed at atlas cove on heard island and established a research station the goal of the expedition was to establish an observatory on the island reinforce australia s strategic and economic interests in the territory and lay the foundations for a permanent anare presence on the antarctic continent 16 17 they raised the australian flag and conducted weather observations performed geological and wildlife surveys and mapped the island over the next 14 months 16 the station was occupied until 1955 by a rotating series of seven anare parties each of which spent 12 14 months on the island 11 18 on 19 december 1950 the territory was transferred from britain to australia via an exchange of notes with the transfer backdated to december 1947 19 the australian government passed the heard island and mcdonald islands act in 1953 to establish a mechanism for the administration of its newly acquired territory 20 the anare expedition parties operated a radio outpost and weather monitoring station on heard island and conducted research 21 beginning in 1950 they also bred and trained sled dogs many of which eventually supported australian stations on the antarctic continent 22 the anare station which eventually grew to about 25 buildings was closed in 1955 to fund the establishment of mawson station on the antarctic continent 23 24 much of the equipment on heard island was also transferred to mawson station 25 king penguins at corinthian bay during a 2016 private expedition to heard island nineteen short research expeditions to the island took place between 1956 and 2004 26 in 1992 one of these expedition parties remained on the island over the winter for the first time since the closure of the anare station in 1955 27 infrequent visits by tourists and private expeditions have also taken place since 1963 28 29 the island was the site of the 1991 heard island feasibility test which investigated whether transmission of acoustic signals through the ocean could be used to study changes in ocean temperatures 30 the islands were inscribed on the world heritage list in 1997 in the same year the australian ship austral leader began commercial fishing in the surrounding waters 31 32 33 the heard island and mcdonald islands marine reserve was established in 2002 and was the world s largest marine protected area at the time 34 the establishment of a marine reserve had been proposed in 2000 as part of a report commissioned by the australian government and was intended to protect the territory s marine fauna and comply with australia s obligations under the convention on biological diversity 35 in october 2025 and january 2026 the australian antarctic division conducted voyages to heard island on rsv nuyina marking the first environmental management visits to the island in more than two decades the scientists conducted wildlife and vegetation surveys removed more than one tonne of waste and asbestos from the island and installed equipment to allow for remote monitoring of the ecosystem the visit provided scientists with confirmation that h5 bird flu had reached the island 36 37 human activity edit governance and administration edit satellite image of heard island the territory of heard island and mcdonald islands is one of seven australian external territories 38 the islands and the surrounding waters form an uninhabited strict nature reserve managed by the australian antarctic division part of the department of climate change energy the environment and water 39 40 unauthorised entry to the territory has been prohibited since may 2014 and all visitors to the islands are required to complete a training program and comply with quarantine procedures 41 42 despite these restrictions some unauthorised landings on the islands are known to have taken place while the frequency of these unauthorised visits is unknown they have been identified as a potential biosecurity risk to the territory 43 there have been just two recorded successful human landings on the mcdonald islands which took place in 1971 and 1980 41 44 the heard island and mcdonald islands marine reserve was established in october 2002 and was expanded in 2014 and 2025 45 44 it now covers an area of about 380 000 square kilometres 150 000 sq mi and sits within the 410 722 square kilometre 158 581 sq mi australian exclusive economic zone eez that surrounds the islands 46 47 the australian parliament passed the heard island and mcdonald islands act in 1953 to establish a legal framework for the administration of the territory 44 this was followed by the 1987 heard island and mcdonald islands environment protection and management ordinance and then by the first heard island wilderness reserve management plan in 1995 45 33 the territory is governed by the non criminal laws of the australian capital territory and by the criminal laws of the jervis bay territory commonwealth laws apply to the territory only if it is explicitly included within their jurisdiction the governor general of australia is also able to issue ordinances for the administration of heard island and mcdonald islands under the heard island and mcdonald islands act 1953 48 the environmental protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 serves as the main legislative framework for the environmental conservation of the territory 49 in april 2025 a ten percent tariff was imposed on the territory by the administration of u s president donald trump this was attributed to erroneous data indicating that the united states had imported 1 4 million u s dollars in goods largely machinery and electrical imports from heard island and mcdonald islands in 2022 at the time of the tariff imposition there had been no known visits to the islands by humans in approximately ten years 50 51 52 53 maritime boundaries edit the territory of heard island and mcdonald islands includes a territorial sea extending to a radius of 12 nautical miles from the islands this is surrounded by an australian eez with a radius of 200 nautical miles which borders the french eez generated by the kerguelen islands to the north west 54 43 55 the heard island and mcdonald islands marine reserve which covers about 90 percent of the australian eez includes a marine sanctuary zone iucn 1a that encompasses the islands territorial seas and a portion of the eez waters to the north of the islands as well as a 140 000 square kilometre 54 000 sq mi national park zone iucn ii and a 170 000 square kilometre 66 000 sq mi habitat protection zone iucn iv 43 56 in 2012 australia proclaimed an extended continental shelf covering an area of 1 130 000 square kilometres 440 000 sq mi surrounding heard island and mcdonald islands thereby claiming exclusive rights to harvest its seabed resources 57 fishery edit while fishing is prohibited within the territorial waters of heard island and mcdonald islands commercial fishing takes place elsewhere within the surrounding eez 58 59 the heard island and mcdonald islands fishery is managed by the australian fisheries management authority afma which sets quotas on fishing catches and monitors compliance with the convention on the conservation of antarctic marine living resources the species targeted are the patagonian toothfish and the mackerel icefish 60 61 62 there are typically about 1 3 vessels harvesting patagonian toothfish primarily using longlines and about 2 5 vessels gathering mackerel icefish largely through trawl fishing each year two afma observers are required to be present on each vessel 63 64 bycatch of protected species has been identified as a possible threat to the sustainability of the heard island and mcdonald islands fishery 65 illegal fishing has historically been reported near the islands particularly by fishers targeting the valuable patagonian toothfish 59 66 in october 1997 a vessel was arrested for unlicensed fishing within the heard and mcdonald islands australian fishing zone for the first time that year it was estimated that up to 70 vessels may have been operating illegally in the region by 2004 eight vessels had been arrested near the islands with seven of those arrests involving the australian defence force 67 australian civilian and military vessels have conducted patrols in the waters surrounding the islands to deter and respond to illegal fishing 61 australia signed a treaty with france in 2003 to enable cooperation in surveilling and patrolling the waters around the islands as well as the nearby french territory of the kerguelen islands 68 69 since the mid 2000s illegal fishing has reportedly been eliminated from the waters surrounding the heard and mcdonald islands as of 2019 there had been no reports of illegal fishing activity since 2006 2007 70 71 72 structures and archaeology edit atlas cove featuring modified water tank shelters and ruins of the anare research station the first known human made structures on heard island were rudimentary shelters dug into the ground by sealers in the 1850s by the 1860s sealers had begun to build above ground shelters out of rocks the remains of which are still visible on the island a wooden hut may also have been constructed on the island by a shipwrecked party in the late 19th century 73 some sealers constructed rudimentary stone platforms on which to work while others modified lava caves to use as shelters 74 one of the first conventional structures erected on heard island was admiralty hut built in 1928 by the crew of the whaling ship kildalkey under commission by the british admiralty the hut has been degraded by the weather over time and is now in ruins 7 75 the remains of the research station occupied by anare expedition parties between 1947 and 1955 have largely been cleared from the site by the australian antarctic division with only the ruins of the recreation hut still standing 76 more recent expeditions have used temporary fibreglass shelters that were removed after use as well as modified water tanks 77 five of these modified water tank shelters remain at spit bay while two are present at atlas cove 78 the island contains various pieces of machinery and equipment that have been left by past research expeditions including the wreckage of a landing craft a bulldozer diesel generators fuel barrels and water tanks 79 wooden debris from the wreckage of sealing vessels can be found on the shores of the island 80 there are also various artefacts on the island left by sealers including try pots large pots used for processing blubber into seal oil and barrels 81 some of these sealing artefacts have been taken to australia and a blubber press from the island is now held by a museum 82 geography edit main article geography of the heard and mcdonald islan...
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