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ervative major preservative manufacturers add a blue or red dye to envelope treatments blue colored timber is for use south of the tropic of capricorn and red for elsewhere the colored dye also indicates that the timber is treated for resistance to termites white ants there is an ongoing promotional campaign in australia for this type of treatment other emulsions edit light organic solvent preservatives losp edit this class of timber treatments use white spirit or light oils such as kerosene as the solvent carrier to deliver preservative compounds into timber synthetic pyrethroids are typically used as an insecticide such as permethrin bifenthrin or deltamethrin in australia and new zealand the most common formulations use permethrin as an insecticide and propiconazole and tebuconazole as fungicides while still using a chemical preservative this formulation contains no heavy metal compounds with the introduction of strict volatile organic compound voc laws in the european union losps have disadvantages due to the high cost and long process times associated with vapour recovery systems losps have been emulsified into water based solvents while this does significantly reduce voc emissions the timber swells during treatment removing many of the advantages of losp formulations epoxy edit various epoxy resins usually thinned with a solvent like acetone or methyl ethyl ketone mek can be used to both preserve and seal wood the wood coatings market in general will exceed 12 billion by 2027 26 new technologies edit biological modified timber edit paviljoen eindhoven nobelwood biological modified timber is treated with biopolymers from agricultural waste after drying and curing the soft timber becomes durable and strong with this process fast growing pinewood acquires properties similar to tropical hardwood production facilities for this process are in the netherlands and is known under the trade name nobelwood from agricultural waste like sugarcane bagasse furfuryl alcohol is manufactured theoretically this alcohol can be from any fermented bio mass waste and therefore can be called a green chemical after condensation reactions pre polymers are formed from furfuryl alcohol fast growing softwood is impregnated with the water soluble bio polymer after impregnation the wood is dried and heated which initiates a polymerisation reaction between the bio polymer and the wood cells this process results in wood cells which are resistant to microorganisms at the moment the only timber species which is being used for this process is pinus radiata this is the fastest growing tree species on earth that has a porous structure which is particularly suitable for impregnation processes the technique is applied to timber mainly for the building industry as a cladding material the technique is being further developed in order to reach similar physical and biological properties of other polyfurfuryl impregnated wood species besides the impregnation with the biopolymers the timber can also be impregnated with fire retardant resins this combination creates a timber with durability class i and a fire safety certification of euro class b acetylation of wood edit this bridge made from acetylated wood near sneek the netherlands is designed to carry heavy traffic chemical modification of wood at the molecular level has been used to improve its performance properties many chemical reaction systems for the modification of wood especially those using various types of anhydrides have been published however the reaction of wood with acetic anhydride has been the most studied 27 28 29 the physical properties of any material are determined by its chemical structure wood contains an abundance of chemical groups called free hydroxyls free hydroxyl groups readily absorb and release water according to changes in the climatic conditions to which they are exposed this is the main reason why wood s dimensional stability is impacted by swelling and shrinking it is also believed that the digestion of wood by enzymes initiates at the free hydroxyl sites which is one of the principal reasons why wood is prone to decay 30 acetylation effectively changes the compounds with free hydroxyls within wood into acetate esters 31 this is done by reacting the wood with acetic anhydride which comes from acetic acid when free hydroxyl groups are transformed to acetoxy groups the ability of the wood to absorb water is greatly reduced rendering the wood more dimensionally stable and because it is no longer digestible extremely durable in general softwoods naturally have an acetyl content from 0 5 to 1 5 and more durable hardwoods from 2 to 4 5 acetylation takes wood well beyond these levels with corresponding benefits these include an extended coatings life due to acetylated wood acting as a more stable substrate for paints and translucent coatings acetylated wood is non toxic and does not have the environmental issues associated with traditional preservation techniques the acetylation of wood was first done in germany in 1928 by fuchs in 1946 tarkow stamm and erickson first described the use of wood acetylation to stabilize wood from swelling in water since the 1940s many laboratories around the world have looked at acetylation of many different types of woods and agricultural resources in spite of the vast amount of research on chemical modification of wood and more specifically on the acetylation of wood commercialization did not come easily the first patent on the acetylation of wood was filed by suida in austria in 1930 later in 1947 stamm and tarkow filed a patent on the acetylation of wood and boards using pyridine as a catalyst in 1961 the koppers company published a technical bulletin on the acetylation of wood using no catalysis but with an organic cosolvent 32 in 1977 in russia otlesnov and nikitina came close to commercialization but the process was discontinued presumably because cost effectiveness could not be achieved in 2007 titan wood a london based company with production facilities in the netherlands achieved cost effective commercialization and began large scale production of acetylated wood under the trade name accoya 33 natural edit copper plating edit copper plating or copper sheathing is the practice of covering wood most commonly wooden hulls of ships with copper metal as metallic copper is both repellent and toxic to fungus insects such as termites and marine bi valves this would preserve the wood and also act as an anti fouling measure to prevent aquatic life from attaching to the ship s hull and reducing a ship s speed and maneuverability modern marine bottom paints often incorporate a significant amount of copper in their formulations for the same reason although they are not recommended for aluminum hulls because of the possibilities for galvanic corrosion 34 naturally rot resistant woods edit these species are resistant to decay in their natural state due to high levels of organic chemicals called extractives mainly polyphenols providing them antimicrobial properties 35 extractives are chemicals that are deposited in the heartwood of certain tree species as they convert sapwood to heartwood they are present in both parts though 36 huon pine lagarostrobos franklinii merbau intsia bijuga ironbark eucalyptus spp totara podocarpus totara puriri vitex lucens kauri agathis australis and many cypresses such as coast redwood sequoia sempervirens and western red cedar thuja plicata fall in this category however many of these species tend to be prohibitively expensive for general construction applications huon pine was used for ship hulls in the 19th century but over harvesting and huon pine s extremely slow growth rate makes this now a specialty timber huon pine is so rot resistant that fallen trees from many years ago are still commercially valuable merbau is still a popular decking timber and has a long life in above ground applications but it is logged in an unsustainable manner and is too hard and brittle for general use ironbark is a good choice where available it is harvested from both old growth and plantation in australia and is highly resistant to rot and termites it is most commonly used for fence posts and house stumps eastern red cedar juniperus virginiana and black locust robinia pseudoacacia have long been used for rot resistant fence posts and rails in eastern united states with the black locust also planted in modern times in europe coast redwood is commonly used for similar applications in the western united states totara and puriri were used extensively in new zealand during the european colonial era when native forests were mined even as fence posts of which many are still operating totara was used by the māori to build large waka canoes today they are specialty timbers as a result of their scarcity although lower grade stocks are sold for landscaping use kauri is a superb timber for building the hulls and decks of boats it too is now a specialty timber and ancient logs in excess of 3 000 years that have been mined from swamps are used by wood turners and furniture makers the natural durability or rot and insect resistance of wood species is always based on the heartwood or truewood the sapwood of all timber species should be considered to be non durable without preservative treatment natural extractives edit natural substances purified from naturally rot resistant trees and responsible for natural durability also known as natural extractives are another promising wood preservatives several compounds have been described to be responsible for natural durability including different polyphenols lignins lignans such as gmelinol plicatic acid hinokitiol α cadinol and other sesquiterpenoids flavonoids such as mesquitol and other substances 37 38 39 these compounds are mostly identified in the heartwood although they are also present in minimal concentrations in the sapwood 40 tannins which have also shown to act as protectants are present in the bark of trees 41 treatment of timber with natural extractives such as hinokitiol tannins and different tree extracts has been studied and proposed to be another environmentally friendly wood preservation method 42 43 44 45 tung oil edit tung oil has been used for hundreds of years in china where it was used as a preservative for wood ships the oil penetrates the wood and then hardens to form an impermeable hydrophobic layer up to 5 mm into the wood as a preservative it is effective for exterior work above and below ground but the thin layer makes it less useful in practice it is not available as a pressure treatment heat treatments edit main article thermally modified wood by going beyond kiln drying wood heat treatment may make timber more durable by heating timber to a certain temperature 46 it may be possible to make the wood fibre less appetizing to insects heat treatment can also improve the properties of the wood with respect to water with lower equilibrium moisture less moisture deformation and weather resistance it is weather resistant enough to be used unprotected in facades or in kitchen tables where wetting is expected however heating can reduce the amount of volatile organic compounds 36 which generally have antimicrobial properties 47 there are four similar heat treatments westwood developed in the united states retiwood developed in france thermowood developed in finland by vtt and platowood developed in the netherlands these processes autoclave the treated wood subjecting it to pressure and heat along with nitrogen or water vapour to control drying in a staged treatment process ranging from 24 to 48 hours at temperatures of 180 c to 230 c depending on timber species these processes increase the durability dimensional stability and hardness of the treated wood by at least one class however the treated wood is darkened in colour and there are changes in certain mechanical characteristics specifically the modulus of elasticity is increased to 10 and the modulus of rupture is diminished by 5 to 20 48 49 thus the treated wood requires drilling for nailing to avoid splitting the wood certain of these processes cause less impact than others in their mechanical effects upon the treated wood wood treated with this process is often used for cladding or siding flooring furniture and windows for the control of pests that may be harbored in wood packaging material i e crates and pallets the ispm 15 requires heat treatment of wood to 56 c for 30 minutes to receive the ht stamp this is typically required to ensure the killing of the pine wilt nematode and other kinds of wood pests that could be transported internationally mud treatment edit wood and bamboo can be buried in mud to help protect them from insects and decay this practice is used widely in vietnam to build farm houses consisting of a wooden structural frame a bamboo roof frame and bamboo with mud mixed with rice hay for the walls while wood in contact with soil will generally decompose more quickly than wood not in contact with it it is possible that the predominantly clay soils prevalent in vietnam provide a degree of mechanical protection against insect attack which compensates for the accelerated rate of decay also since wood is subject to bacterial decay only under specific temperature and moisture content ranges submerging it in water saturated mud can retard decay by saturating the wood s internal cells beyond their moisture decay range application processes edit introduction and history edit probably the first attempts made to protect wood from decay and insect attack consisted of brushing or rubbing preservatives onto the surfaces of the treated wood through trial and error the most effective preservatives and application processes were slowly determined in the industrial revolution demands for such things as telegraph poles and railroad ties uk railway sleepers helped to fuel an explosion of new techniques that emerged in the early 19th century the sharpest rise in inventions took place between 1830 and 1840 when bethell boucherie burnett and kyan were making wood preserving history since then numerous processes have been introduced or existing processes improved the goal of modern day wood preservation is to ensure a deep uniform penetration with reasonable cost without endangering the environment the most widespread application processes today are those using artificial pressure through which many woods are being effectively treated but several species such as spruce douglas fir larch hemlock and fir are very resistant to impregnation with the use of incising the treatment of these woods has been somewhat successful but with a higher cost and not always satisfactory results one can divide the wood preserving methods roughly into either non pressure processes or pressure processes non pressure processes edit there are numerous non pressure processes of treating wood which vary primarily in their procedure the most common of these t...
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