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ring on the treaty of waitangi to increase the standing of māori in wider new zealand society and achieve social justice traditional māori culture has enjoyed a significant revival which was further bolstered by a māori protest movement that emerged in the 1960s however disproportionate numbers of māori face significant economic and social obstacles and generally have lower life expectancies and incomes than other new zealand ethnic groups they suffer higher levels of crime health problems imprisonment poverty and educational under achievement a number of socio economic initiatives have been instigated with the aim of closing the gaps between māori and other new zealanders political and economic redress for historical grievances is also ongoing see treaty of waitangi claims and settlements māori are the second largest ethnic group in new zealand after european new zealanders commonly known by the māori name pākehā in addition more than 170 000 māori live in australia the māori language is spoken to some extent by about a fifth of all māori representing three per cent of the total population māori are active in all spheres of new zealand culture and society with independent representation in areas such as media politics and sport naming and identification in the māori language the word māori means normal natural or ordinary in legends and oral traditions the word distinguished ordinary mortal human beings tāngata māori from deities and spirits wairua 20 ii likewise wai māori denotes fresh water as opposed to salt water there are cognate words in most polynesian languages iii all deriving from proto polynesian ma a qoli which has the reconstructed meaning true real genuine 21 early visitors from europe to new zealand generally referred to the indigenous inhabitants as new zealanders or as natives 22 the māori used the term māori to describe themselves in a pan tribal sense iv māori people often use the term tangata whenua literal meaning people of the land to identify in a way that expresses their relationship with a particular area of land a tribe may be the tangata whenua in one area but not in another 23 the term can also refer to the māori people as a whole in relation to new zealand aotearoa as a whole the official definition of māori for electoral purposes has changed over time before 1974 the government required documented ancestry to determine the status of a māori person and only those with at least 50 māori ancestry were allowed to choose which seats they wished to vote in the māori affairs amendment act 1974 changed this allowing individuals to self identify as to their cultural identity until 1986 the census required at least 50 per cent māori ancestry to claim māori affiliation currently in most contexts authorities require some documentation of ancestry or continuing cultural connection such as acceptance by others as being of the people however there is no minimum ancestry requirement 24 v history main article māori history origins in polynesia the māori settlement of new zealand represents an end point of a long chain of island hopping voyages in the south pacific no credible evidence exists of pre māori settlement of new zealand compelling evidence from archaeology linguistics and physical anthropology indicates that the first settlers migrated from polynesia and became the māori 14 26 evidence indicates that their ancestry as part of the larger group of austronesian peoples stretches back 5 000 years to the indigenous peoples of taiwan polynesian people settled a large area encompassing tonga samoa tahiti hawaiʻi easter island rapa nui and finally new zealand 27 the date of first arrival and settlement is a matter of debate 28 radiocarbon dating of rat bones and rat gnawed seeds and woody seed cases has indicated that polynesian rats and therefore humans arrived circa 1280 ad 29 30 a 2022 study using radiocarbon technology found that settlement probably occurred in the north island between 1250 and 1275 31 confirmed archaeological evidence lags this though as no human remains artefacts or structures are confidently dated to earlier than an eruption of mount tarawera around 1314 32 a consideration of archaeological and genetic evidence hypothesised that regardless of whether or not some settlers arrived earlier the main settlement period was in the first half of the 14th century 14 this broadly aligns with analyses from māori oral traditions which describe the arrival of ancestors in large ocean going canoes waka as a planned migration c 1350 33 34 there is definitive archaeological evidence of brief settlement as far south as enderby island 35 but there is no evidence of travel further south into antarctic waters despite occasional speculation 36 early history further information archaeology of new zealand early archaic period artefacts from the wairau bar archaeological site on display at the canterbury museum in christchurch the earliest period of māori settlement which has been called the colonisation phase 37 east polynesian phase 38 the archaic period and the moahunter period 39 dates from the time of arrival to c 1500 the early māori diet included an abundance of moa and other large birds and fur seals that had never been hunted before this archaic period is known for its distinctive reel necklaces 40 and also remarkable for the lack of weapons and fortifications typical of the later classic māori 41 the best known and most extensively studied archaic site at wairau bar in the south island 42 shows evidence of occupation from the early 13th century to the early 15th century 43 it is the only known new zealand archaeological site containing the bones of people who were born elsewhere 43 model of a pā hillfort built on a headland pā proliferated as competition and warfare increased among a growing population factors that operated in the transition to the classic period the culture at the time of european contact include a significantly cooler period from 1500 44 and the extinction of the moa and of other food species 45 46 47 48 49 the classic period is characterised by finely made pounamu greenstone weapons and ornaments elaborately carved war canoes and wharenui meeting houses 50 māori lived in autonomous settlements in extended hapū groups descended from common iwi ancestors the settlements had farmed areas and food sources for hunting fishing and gathering fortified pā were built at strategic locations due to occasional warfare over wrongdoings or resources this practice varied over different locations throughout new zealand with more populations in the far north 28 51 52 there is a stereotype that māori were natural warriors however warfare and associated practices like cannibalism were not a dominant part of māori culture 53 54 55 around the 15th century 56 a group of polynesians migrated from new zealand to the chatham islands and developed into a people known as the moriori 57 with pacifism a key part of their culture 16 contact with europeans a drawing from abel tasman s travel journal of the first encounter between europeans and māori in 1642 the first european explorers of new zealand were abel tasman who arrived in 1642 captain james cook in 1769 and marion du fresne in 1772 initial contact between māori and europeans proved problematic and sometimes fatal with tasman having four of his men killed and probably killing at least one māori without ever landing 58 cook s men shot at least eight māori within three days of his first landing 59 60 although he later had good relations with māori three years later after a promising start du fresne and 26 men of his crew were killed from the 1780s māori also increasingly encountered european and american sealers whalers and christian missionaries relations were mostly peaceful although marred by several further violent incidents the worst of which was the boyd massacre in 1807 and subsequent revenge attacks 61 european settlement in new zealand began in the early 19th century leading to an extensive sharing of culture and ideas many māori valued europeans whom they called pākehā as a means to acquire western knowledge and technology māori quickly adopted writing as a means of sharing ideas and many of their oral stories and poems were converted to the written form 62 the introduction of the potato revolutionised agriculture and the acquisition of muskets 63 by māori iwi led to a period of particularly bloody intertribal warfare known as the musket wars in which many groups were decimated and others driven from their traditional territory 64 the pacifist moriori in the chatham islands similarly suffered massacre and subjugation in an invasion by some taranaki iwi 65 at the same time the māori suffered high mortality rates from eurasian infectious diseases such as influenza smallpox and measles which killed an estimated 10 to 50 per cent of māori 66 67 depiction of the signing of the treaty of waitangi in 1840 bringing new zealand and the māori into the british empire by 1839 estimates placed the number of europeans living in new zealand as high as 2 000 68 and the british crown acceded to repeated requests from missionaries and some māori chiefs rangatira to intervene the british government sent royal navy captain william hobson to negotiate a treaty between the british crown and the māori which became known as the treaty of waitangi in 1840 starting on 6 february at waitangi and by the end of the year at about 50 other events around the country this treaty was signed by the crown and over 500 rangatira māori 69 70 the treaty gave māori the rights of british subjects and guaranteed māori property rights and tribal autonomy in return for accepting british sovereignty and the annexation of new zealand as a colony in the british empire 71 however disputes continue over aspects of the treaty of waitangi including wording differences in the two versions in english and māori as well as misunderstandings of different cultural concepts notably the māori version did not cede sovereignty to the british crown 72 in an 1877 court case the treaty was declared a simple nullity on the grounds that the signatories had been primitive barbarians 73 74 nevertheless relations between māori and pākehā new zealand europeans during the early colonial period were largely peaceful many māori groups set up substantial businesses supplying food and other products for domestic and overseas markets when violence did break out as in the wairau affray flagstaff war hutt valley campaign and wanganui campaign it was generally limited and concluded with a peace treaty however by the 1860s rising settler numbers and tensions over disputed land purchases led to the later new zealand wars fought by the colonial government against numerous māori iwi using local and british imperial troops and some allied iwi these conflicts resulted in the colonial government confiscating tracts of māori land as punishment for what were called rebellions pākehā settlers would occupy the confiscated land 75 several minor conflicts arose after the wars including the incident at parihaka in 1881 and the dog tax war from 1897 to 1898 the native land court was established to transfer māori land from communal ownership into individual title as a means to assimilation and to facilitate greater sales to european settlers 76 decline and revival members of the 28th māori battalion performing a haka dance in 1941 by the late 19th century a widespread belief existed amongst both pākehā and māori that the māori population would cease to exist as a separate race or culture and become assimilated into the european population 77 from the late 19th to the mid 20th century various laws policies and practices were instituted in new zealand society with the effect of inducing māori to conform to pākehā norms notable among these are the tohunga suppression act 1907 and the suppression of the māori language by schools 78 often enforced with corporal punishment 79 in the 1896 census new zealand had a māori population of 42 113 by which time europeans numbered more than 700 000 80 the rapid decline did not continue and the māori population continued to recover in the 20th century influential māori politicians such as james carroll āpirana ngata te rangi hīroa and māui pōmare aimed to revitalise the māori people after the devastation of the previous century they believed the future path called for a degree of assimilation 81 with māori adopting european practices such as western medicine while also retaining traditional cultural practices māori also fought during both world wars in specialised battalions the māori pioneer battalion in wwi and the 28th māori battalion in wwii māori were also badly hit by the 1918 influenza epidemic with death rates for māori being five to seven times higher than for pākehā 82 83 whina cooper leading the māori land march in 1975 seeking redress for historical grievances since the 1960s māoridom has undergone a cultural revival 84 concurrent with activism for social justice and a protest movement 85 kōhanga reo māori language pre schools were established in 1982 to promote māori language use and halt the decline in its use 86 two māori language television channels broadcast content in the māori language 87 88 while words such as kia ora have entered widespread use in new zealand english 89 government recognition of the growing political power of māori and political activism have led to limited redress for historic land confiscations in 1975 the crown set up the waitangi tribunal to investigate historical grievances 90 and since the 1990s the new zealand government has negotiated and finalised treaty settlements with many iwi across new zealand by june 2008 the government had provided over nz 900 million in settlements much of it in the form of land deals 91 there is a growing māori leadership who are using these settlements as an investment platform for economic development 92 despite a growing acceptance of māori culture in wider new zealand society treaty settlements have generated significant controversy some māori have argued that the settlements occur at a level of between one and two and a half cents on the dollar of the value of the confiscated lands and do not represent adequate redress conversely some non māori denounce the settlements and socioeconomic initiatives as amounting to race based preferential treatment 93 both of these sentiments were expressed during the new zealand foreshore and seabed controversy in 2004 94 95 māori king movement tāwhiao the second māori king reigned from 1860 to 1894 the māori king movement called the kīngitanga vi in māori arose among some of the māori iwi in the central north island in the 1850s to establish a role similar in status to that of the monarch of the british colonists as a way of halting the alienation of māori land 98 the māori monarch operates in a non constitutional capacity with no legal or judicial power within the new zealand g...