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wife ava helped further the study of gorillas when they sent harold bigham to africa yerkes also wrote a book in 1929 about the great apes citation needed after world war ii george schaller was one of the first researchers to go into the field and study primates in 1959 he conducted a systematic study of the mountain gorilla in the wild and published his work years later at the behest of louis leakey and the national geographic dian fossey conducted a much longer and more comprehensive study of the mountain gorilla when she published her work many misconceptions and myths about gorillas were finally disproved including the myth that gorillas are violent citation needed western lowland gorillas g g gorilla are believed to be one of the zoonotic origins of hiv aids the sivgor simian immunodeficiency virus that infects them is similar to a certain strain of hiv 1 90 91 92 93 genome sequencing the gorilla became the next to last great ape genus to have its genome sequenced the first gorilla genome was generated with short read and sanger sequencing with dna from a female western lowland gorilla named kamilah this gave scientists further insight into the evolution and origin of humans although chimpanzees being the closest extant relatives of humans 15 of the human genome was found to be more similar to that of the gorilla 94 in addition 30 of the gorilla genome is closer to human or chimpanzee than the latter are to each other this is rarer around coding genes indicating pervasive selection throughout great ape evolution and has functional consequences in gene expression 95 analysis of the gorilla genome has cast doubt on the idea that the rapid evolution of hearing genes gave rise to language in humans as it also occurred in gorillas 96 several western lowland gorillas in captivity in japan 2009 captivity a gorilla at the basel zoo gorillas became highly prized by western zoos since the 19th century though the earliest attempts to keep them in captive facilities ended in their early death in the late 1920s the care of captive gorillas significantly improved 97 colo 22 december 1956 17 january 2017 of the columbus zoo and aquarium was the first gorilla to be born in captivity 98 captive gorillas exhibit stereotypic behaviors including eating disorders such as regurgitation reingestion and coprophagy self injurious or conspecific aggression pacing rocking sucking of fingers or lip smacking and overgrooming 99 negative vigilance of visitor behaviors have been identified as starting posturing and charging at visitors 100 groups of bachelor gorillas containing young silverbacks have significantly higher levels of aggression and wounding rates than mixed age and sex groups 101 102 the use of both internal and external privacy screens on exhibit windows has been shown to alleviate stresses from visual effects of high crowd densities leading to decreased stereotypic behaviors in the gorillas 100 playing naturalistic auditory stimuli as opposed to classical music rock music or no auditory enrichment which allows for crowd noise machinery etc to be heard has been noted to reduce stress behavior as well 103 enrichment modifications to feed and foraging where clover hay is added to an exhibit floor decrease stereotypic activities while simultaneously increasing positive food related behaviors 100 recent research on captive gorilla welfare emphasizes a need to shift to individual assessments instead of a one size fits all group approach to understanding how welfare increases or decreases based on a variety of factors 102 individual characteristics such as age sex personality and individual histories are essential in understanding that stressors will affect each individual gorilla and their welfare differently 100 102 conservation status an eastern lowland gorilla in the kahuzi biega national park democratic republic of the congo all species and subspecies of gorilla are listed as endangered or critically endangered on the iucn red list 104 105 all gorillas are listed in appendix i of the convention on international trade in endangered species cites meaning that international export import of the species including in parts and derivatives is regulated 106 in 2016 around 316 000 western lowland gorillas were thought to exist in the wild 22 4 000 in zoos thanks to conservation eastern lowland gorillas have a population of under 5 000 in the wild and 24 in zoos mountain gorillas are the most severely endangered with an estimated population of about 880 left in the wild and none in zoos 16 104 threats to gorilla survival include habitat destruction and poaching for the bushmeat trade gorillas are closely related to humans and are susceptible to diseases that humans also get infected by in 2004 a population of several hundred gorillas in the odzala national park republic of congo was essentially wiped out by the ebola virus 107 a 2006 study published in science concluded more than 5 000 gorillas may have died in recent outbreaks of the ebola virus in central africa the researchers indicated in conjunction with commercial hunting of these apes the virus creates a recipe for rapid ecological extinction 108 in captivity it has also been observed that gorillas can also be infected with covid 19 109 conservation efforts include the great apes survival project a partnership between the united nations environment programme and the unesco and also an international treaty the agreement on the conservation of gorillas and their habitats concluded under unep administered convention on migratory species the gorilla agreement is the first legally binding instrument exclusively targeting gorilla conservation it came into effect in june 2008 governments of countries where gorillas live placed a ban on their killing and trading but weak law enforcement still poses a threat to them since the governments rarely apprehend poachers traders and consumers that rely on gorillas for profit 110 cultural significance a 1917 u s army enlistment propaganda poster representing germany as a gorilla with a woman as he stomps onto the shore of america in cameroon s lebialem highlands folk stories connect people and gorillas via totems a gorilla s death means the connected person will die also this creates a local conservation ethic 111 many different indigenous peoples interact with wild gorillas 111 some have detailed knowledge the baka have words to distinguish at least ten types of gorilla individuals by sex age and relationships 111 in 1861 alongside tales of hunting enormous gorillas the traveller and anthropologist paul du chaillu reported the cameroonian story that a pregnant woman who sees a gorilla will give birth to one 111 112 in 1911 the anthropologist albert jenks noted the bulu people s knowledge of gorilla behaviour and ecology and their gorilla stories in one such story the gorilla and the child a gorilla speaks to people seeking help and trust and stealing a baby a man accidentally kills the baby while attacking the gorilla 111 even far from where gorillas live savannah tribes pursue cult like worship of the apes 111 113 some beliefs are widespread among indigenous peoples the fang name for gorilla is ngi while the bulu name is njamong the root ngi means fire denoting a positive energy from the central african republic to cameroon and gabon stories of reincarnations as gorillas totems and transformations similar to those recorded by du chaillu are still told in the 21st century 111 since gaining international attention gorillas have been a recurring element of many aspects of popular culture and media 114 they were usually portrayed as murderous and aggressive inspired by emmanuel frémiet s gorilla carrying off a woman gorillas have been depicted kidnapping human women 115 this theme was used in films such as ingagi 1930 and most notably king kong 1933 116 the comedic play the gorilla which debuted in 1925 featured an escaped gorilla taking a woman from her house 117 several films used the escaped gorilla trope including the strange case of doctor rx 1942 the gorilla man 1943 gorilla at large 1954 and the disney cartoons the gorilla mystery 1930 and donald duck and the gorilla 1944 118 gorillas have been used as opponents to jungle themed heroes such as tarzan and sheena queen of the jungle 119 as well as superheroes the dc comics supervillain gorilla grodd is an enemy of the flash 120 gorillas also serve as antagonists in the 1968 film planet of the apes 121 more positive and sympathetic portrayals of gorillas include the films son of kong 1933 mighty joe young 1949 gorillas in the mist 1988 and instinct 1999 and the 1992 novel ishmael 122 gorillas have been featured in video games as well notably donkey kong 120 in american english the idiom 800 pound gorilla is a common way to refer to an entity so powerful that it can act without regard to the rights of others or the law 123 the phrase is rooted in a riddle joke about how a human cannot stop a 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