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marine example is when sea urchin populations explode in coastal waters and destroy all the macroalgae present what was previously a kelp forest becomes an urchin barren that may last for years and this can have a profound effect on the food chain removal of the sea urchins by disease for example can result in the seaweed returning with an over abundance of fast growing kelp 53 fragmentation edit this section is an excerpt from habitat fragmentation edit predicted fragmentation and destruction of great ape habitat in central africa from the globio 54 and grasp projects in 2002 areas shown in black and red delineate areas of severe and moderate habitat loss respectively deforestation in europe france is the most deforested country in europe with only 15 of the native vegetation remaining deforestation in bolivia 2016 habitat fragmentation is the emergence of discontinuities fragmentation in an organism s preferred environment habitat causing population fragmentation and ecosystem decay 55 causes of habitat fragmentation include geological processes that slowly alter the layout of the physical environment 56 suspected of being one of the major causes of speciation 56 and human activity such as land conversion which can alter the environment much faster and causes the population fluctuation of many species more specifically habitat fragmentation is a process by which large and contiguous habitats get divided into smaller isolated patches of habitats 57 58 destruction edit this section is an excerpt from habitat destruction edit map of the world s biodiversity hot spots all of which are heavily threatened by habitat loss and degradation habitat destruction also termed habitat loss occurs when a natural habitat is no longer able to support its native species the organisms once living there have either moved elsewhere or are dead leading to a decrease in biodiversity and species numbers 59 60 habitat destruction is in fact the leading cause of biodiversity loss and species extinction worldwide 61 humans contribute to habitat destruction through the use of natural resources agriculture industrial production and urbanization urban sprawl other activities include mining logging and trawling environmental factors can contribute to habitat destruction more indirectly geological processes climate change 60 introduction of invasive species ecosystem nutrient depletion water and noise pollution are some of the examples loss of habitat can be preceded by an initial habitat fragmentation fragmentation and loss of habitat have become one of the most important topics of research in ecology as they are major threats to the survival of endangered species 62 habitat protection edit main article habitat conservation the protection of habitat types is a necessary step in the maintenance of biodiversity because if habitat destruction occurs the animals and plants reliant on that habitat suffer many countries have enacted legislation to protect their wildlife this may take the form of the setting up of national parks forest reserves and wildlife reserves or it may restrict the activities of humans with the objective of benefiting wildlife the laws may be designed to protect a particular species or group of species or the legislation may prohibit such activities as the collecting of bird eggs the hunting of animals or the removal of plants a general law on the protection of habitat types may be more difficult to implement than a site specific requirement a concept introduced in the united states in 1973 involves protecting the critical habitat of endangered species and a similar concept has been incorporated into some australian legislation 63 international treaties may be necessary for such objectives as the setting up of marine reserves another international agreement the convention on the conservation of migratory species of wild animals protects animals that migrate across the globe and need protection in more than one country 64 even where legislation protects the environment a lack of enforcement often prevents effective protection however the protection of habitat types needs to take into account the needs of the local residents for food fuel and other resources faced with hunger and destitution a farmer is likely to plough up a level patch of ground despite it being the last suitable habitat for an endangered species such as the san quintin kangaroo rat and even kill the animal as a pest 65 in the interests of ecotourism it is desirable that local communities are educated on the uniqueness of their flora and fauna 66 monotypic habitat edit not to be confused with monotypic a monotypic habitat type is a concept sometimes used in conservation biology in which a single species of animal or plant is the only species of its type to be found in a specific habitat and forms a monoculture even though it might seem such a habitat type is impoverished in biodiversity as compared with polytypic habitat types this is not necessarily the case monocultures of the exotic plant hydrilla support a similarly rich fauna of invertebrates as a more varied habitat 67 the monotypic habitat occurs in both botanical and zoological contexts some invasive species may create monocultural stands that prevent other species from growing there a dominant colonization can occur from retardant chemicals exuded nutrient monopolization or from lack of natural controls such as herbivores or climate that keep them in balance with their native habitat types the yellow starthistle centaurea solstitialis is a botanical monotypic habitat example of this currently dominating over 15 000 000 acres 61 000 km 2 in california alone 68 the non native freshwater zebra mussel dreissena polymorpha that colonizes areas of the great lakes and the mississippi river watershed is a zoological monotypic habitat example the predators or parasites that control it in its home range in russia are absent 69 see also edit altitudinal zonation natural layering of ecosystems by elevation ecological niche concept in ecology habitat conservation management practice for protecting types of environments habitat destruction process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species the loss of habitat habitat fragmentation discontinuities in an organism s environment causing population fragmentation landscape ecology relationships between ecological processes in the environment and particular ecosystems list of life zones by region overview of life zones notes and references edit wohlschlag donald e 1968 fishes beneath antarctic ice pdf australian natural history 16 australian museum 45 48 archived pdf from the original on 12 april 2021 retrieved 19 july 2021 beneath the sea ice and the terminal portions of the ross ice shelf and koettlitz glacier tongue is an aquatic habitat that has a nearly uniform freezing temperature of 1 9 c 28 6 f and a remarkable assemblage of animals 1 2 krausman paul r morrison michael 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