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in june 1981 after fear of offending the iranian government 284 the islamic republic changed the foreign policy of the pahlavi dynasty by supporting third worldist movements like the anti apartheid movement in south africa the pahlavis and south africa had relations dating back to when reza shah went there in exile after the first shah s ousting by the soviets and british during world war ii he spent the remainder of his life in johannesburg 285 pre revolution iran provided 90 of south africa s oil 286 after the revolution iran cut south africa off from its oil supply and financially supported the african national congress 286 this was part of the larger want by khomeini to support the downtrodden of the world including non aligned countries in 1980 the anc attended the gather of world liberation hosted in tehran for the third worldist movement 287 in 2015 the international relations and cooperation minister of south africa said of iran the islamic republic stood by us during our darkest days cutting ties with the apartheid regime your revolution was our revolution you showed us that emancipation was possible whatever the odds 288 a connection with the anc continued even when tested during the apartheid era and the iran iraq war in 1985 iran and south africa traded weapons for oil 289 the belief in third worldism seemed to have superseded the change in behavior by iran persian gulf and the iran iraq war main article iran iraq war obverse reverse iranian 20 rials coin monument of 3rd anniversary of iranian revolution supporters of the revolution both within and outside of iran began calling for the overthrow of monarchies in the region and for them to be replaced by islamic republics this alarmed many of iran s neighbours particularly kuwait iraq and saudi arabia as well as western nations dependent on middle eastern oil for their energy needs in september 1980 iraq took advantage of the febrile situation and invaded iran at the centre of iraq s objectives was the annexation of the east bank of the shaat al arab waterway that makes up part of the border between the two nations and which had been the site of numerous border skirmishes between the two countries going back to the late 1960s the president of iraq saddam hussein also wanted to annex the iranian province of khuzestan substantially populated by iranian arabs there was also concern that a shia centric revolution in iran may stimulate a similar uprising in iraq where the country s sunni minority ruled over the shia majority hussein was confident that with iraq s armed forces being well equipped with new technology and with high morale would enjoy a decisive strategic advantage against an iranian military that had recently had much of its command officers purged following the revolution iran was also struggling to find replacement parts for much of its us and british supplied equipment hussein believed that victory would therefore come swiftly however iran was galvanized 290 by the invasion and the populace of iran rallied behind their new government in an effort to repel the invaders after some early successes the iraqi invasion stalled and was then repelled and by 1982 iran had recaptured almost all of its territories in june 1982 with iraqi forces all but expelled from iranian territory the iraqi government offered a ceasefire this was rejected by khomeini who declared that the only condition for peace was that the regime in baghdad must fall and must be replaced by an islamic republic 291 the war would continue for another six years during which time countries like saudi arabia kuwait and other gulf states provided financial assistance to iraq in an effort to prevent an iranian victory even though their relations with iraq were often hostile kuwait itself was invaded by iraq two years after the peace agreement between iraq and iran was signed the war served in part as an opportunity for the government to strengthen revolutionary ardour and revolutionary groups the revolutionary guard and committees at the expense of its remaining allies turned opponents such as the mek 292 293 while enormously costly and destructive the war rejuvenate d the drive for national unity and islamic revolution and inhibited fractious debate and dispute in iran 294 foreign relations main articles iran united kingdom relations iran israel relations iran russia relations and china iran relations see also foreign relations of iran and iran israel proxy conflict the islamic republic of iran experienced difficult relations with some western countries especially the united states saudi arabia and the eastern bloc nations led by the soviet union iran was under constant us unilateral sanctions which were tightened under the presidency of bill clinton most european countries despite their significant investments within iran stood in solidarity with the united states and also imposed economic sanctions on the theocratic regime 295 britain suspended all diplomatic relations with iran and did not re open their embassy in tehran until 1988 296 the european country that maintained the closest relations with the new iranian government was switzerland which was neither a part of the european economic community nor the north atlantic treaty organization 297 relations with the ussr became strained as well after the soviet government condemned khomeini s repression of certain minorities after the revolution 298 diplomatic relations between iran and the apartheid government of south africa were completely severed following khomeini s rise to power 299 in 1950 iran became the second muslim majority country to extend de facto recognition to israel following its establishment in 1948 300 after the shah regained his throne after the 1953 iranian coup d état that overthrew prime minister mohammad mossadegh iran expanded relations between the two nations posting ambassadors to each other establishing military contacts and supplying more than half of israel s oil 301 302 relations were cut on 18 february 1979 when iran adopted an anti zionist stance with the former embassy of israel tehran handed over to the palestine liberation organization 303 iran has allied and funded several anti israeli islamist militant groups since 304 after the us sanctions were tightened and the collapse of the soviet union the russian federation and the people s republic of china became the principal allies for iran 305 relations between the two countries improved after vladimir putin took office in 2000 and increasingly warmer in recent years following an international backlash over the annexation of crimea in 2014 which led to sanctions by the western powers russia had sought iran on expanding arms trade over the past three decades especially with the cooperation with the assad government during the syrian civil war 306 307 iran also began its economic cooperation with china that includes political strategic and economic components between the two nations 308 309 310 311 in the muslim world see also the policy of exporting the islamic revolution and iran saudi arabia proxy conflict in the muslim world particularly in its early years the revolution inspired enormous enthusiasm and redoubled opposition to western imperialism intervention and influence islamist insurgents rose in saudi arabia 1979 egypt 1981 syria 1982 and lebanon 1983 312 in pakistan it has been noted that the press was largely favorable towards the new government the islamist parties were even more enthusiastic while the ruler general zia ul haq himself on an islamization drive since he took power in 1977 talked of simultaneous triumph of islamic ideology in both our countries and that khomeini is a symbol of islamic insurgence some american analysts noted that at this point khomeini s influence and prestige in pakistan was greater than zia ul haq s himself 313 after khomeini claimed that americans were behind the 1979 grand mosque seizure student protesters from the quaid e azam university in islamabad attacked the us embassy setting it on fire and taking hostages while the crisis was quickly defused by the pakistan military the next day before some 120 pakistani army officers stationed in iran on the road to hajj khomeini said it is a cause of joy that all pakistan has risen against the united states and the struggle is not that of the us and iran but the entire world of disbelief and the world of islam according to journalist yaroslav trofimov the pakistani officers many of whom had graduated from western military academies seemed swayed by the ayatollah s intoxicating words 314 ultimately only the lebanese islamists succeeded the islamic revolutionary government itself is credited with helping establish hezbollah in lebanon 315 and the supreme council for the islamic revolution in iraq on the other side of the ledger at least one observer argues that despite great effort and expense the only countries outside iran the revolution had a measure of lasting influence on are lebanon and iraq 316 others claim the devastating iran iraq war mortally wounded the ideal of spreading the islamic revolution 209 or that the islamic republic s pursuit of an ideological rather than a nationalist pragmatic foreign policy has weakened iran s place as a great regional power 317 domestic impact further information history of the islamic republic of iran and interim government of iran 1981 views differ on the impact of the revolution note 11 for some it was the most significant hopeful and profound event in the entirety of contemporary islamic history 319 while other iranians believe that the revolution was a time when for a few years we all lost our minds 320 and which promised us heaven but created a hell on earth 321 people celebrating anniversary of the revolution in mashhad in 2014 internally iran has had some success with the governmental promotion of islam and the elimination of secularism and american influence in government criticisms have been raised with regards to political freedom governmental honesty and efficiency economic equality and self sufficiency or even popular religious devotion 322 323 opinion polls and observers report widespread dissatisfaction including a rift between the revolutionary generation and younger iranians who find it impossible to understand what their parents were so passionate about 324 to honor the 40th anniversary of revolution around 50 000 prisoners were forgiven by order ali khamenei to receive islamic clemency 325 326 327 many religious minorities such as christians baháʼís jews and zoroastrians have had to flee iran since the islamic revolution of 1979 328 329 literacy has continued to increase under the islamic republic 330 331 by 2002 illiteracy rates dropped by more than half 332 333 maternal and infant mortality rates have also been cut significantly 334 population growth was first encouraged but discouraged after 1988 335 overall iran s human development index rating has climbed significantly from 0 569 in 1980 to 0 732 in 2002 on a par with neighbouring turkey 336 337 in the latest hdi however iran has since fallen 8 ranks below turkey 338 politics and government main article politics of iran iran has elected governmental bodies at the national provincial and local levels although these bodies are subordinate to theocracy which has veto power over who can run for parliament or islamic consultative assembly and whether its bills can become law they have more power than equivalent organs in the shah s government iran s sunni minority about 8 has seen some unrest 339 five of the 290 parliamentary seats are allocated to their communities 340 the members of the baháʼí faith have been declared heretical and subversive 341 while persecution occurred before the revolution since then more than 200 baháʼís have been executed or presumed killed and many more have been imprisoned deprived of jobs pensions businesses and educational opportunities baháʼí holy places have been confiscated vandalized or destroyed more recently baháʼís in iran have been deprived of education and work several thousand young baháʼís between the ages of 17 and 24 have been expelled from universities whether the islamic republic has brought more or less severe political repression is disputed grumbling once done about the tyranny and corruption of the shah and his court is now directed against the mullahs 342 fear of savak has been replaced by fear of revolutionary guards and other religious revolutionary enforcers 230 violations of human rights by the theocratic government is said to be worse than during the monarchy 343 and in any case extremely grave 344 reports of torture imprisonment of dissidents and the murder of prominent critics have been made by human rights groups censorship is handled by the ministry of culture and islamic guidance without whose official permission no books or magazines are published no audiotapes are distributed no movies are shown and no cultural organization is established men and women are not allowed to dance or swim with each other 345 women see also women s rights in iran women s rights movement in iran and 1979 international women s day protests in tehran throughout the beginning of the 20th century and prior to the revolution many women leaders emerged and demanded basic social rights for women 346 during the reign of reza shah the government mandated the removal of the veil and promoted the education of young girls 346 however the push back of the shia clerics made progress difficult and the government had to contain its promotion of basic women s rights to the norms of the patriarchal social hierarchy to accommodate the clerics 346 after the abdication of reza shah in 1941 the discipline of the government decreased and women were able to further exercise their rights including the ability to wear the veil if they wanted 346 more organization of women s groups occurred in the 1960s and 70s and they used the government s modernization to define and advocate for women s issues 346 during these decades women became active in formerly male domains such as the parliament the cabinet armed forces legal professions and fields of science and technology 346 additionally women achieved the right to vote in 1963 346 many of these achievements and rights that iranian women had gained in the decades leading up to the revolution were reversed by the islamic revolution 346 the revolutionary government rewrote laws in an attempt to force women to leave the workforce by promoting the early retirement of female government employees the closing of childcare centers enforcing full islamic cover in offices and public places as well as preventing women from studying in 140 fields in higher education 346 women fought back against these changes and as activist and writer mahnaz afkhami writes the regime succeeded in putting women back in the veil in public places but not in resocializing them into fundamentalist norms 346 after the revolutio...
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