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he took this to london to become an apprentice to the celebrated painter peter lely 35 hooke also had some instruction in drawing from the limner samuel cowper 34 but the smell of the oil colours did not agree with his constitution increasing his head ache to which he was ever too much subject and he became a pupil at westminster school living with its master richard busby 37 hooke quickly mastered latin greek and euclid s elements 11 he also learnt to play the organ 38 and began his lifelong study of mechanics 11 he remained an accomplished draughtsman as he was later to demonstrate in his drawings that illustrate the work of robert boyle and hooke s own micrographia 39 oxford 1689 portrait of robert boyle by johann kerseboom at gawthorpe hall lancashire in 1653 hooke secured a place at christ church oxford receiving free tuition and accommodation as an organist and a chorister and a basic income as a servitor 40 d despite the fact he did not officially matriculate until 1658 40 in 1662 hooke was awarded a master of arts degree 38 while a student at oxford hooke was also employed as an assistant to dr thomas willis a physician chemist and member of the oxford philosophical club 42 e the philosophical club had been founded by john wilkins warden of wadham college who led this important group of scientists who went on to form the nucleus of the royal society 44 in 1659 hooke described to the club some elements of a method of heavier than air flight but concluded human muscles were insufficient to the task 45 through the club hooke met seth ward the university s savilian professor of astronomy and developed for ward a mechanism that improved the regularity of pendulum clocks used for astronomical time keeping 46 hooke characterised his oxford days as the foundation of his lifelong passion for science 47 the friends he made there particularly christopher wren were important to him throughout his career willis introduced hooke to robert boyle who the club sought to attract to oxford 48 in 1655 boyle moved to oxford and hooke became nominally his assistant but in practice his co experimenter 48 boyle had been working on gas pressures the possibility a vacuum might exist despite aristotle s maxim nature abhors a vacuum had just begun to be considered hooke developed an air pump for boyle s experiments rather than use ralph greatorex s pump which hooke considered as too gross to perform any great matter 49 hooke s engine enabled the development of the eponymous law that was subsequently attributed to boyle 50 f hooke had a particularly keen eye and was an adept mathematician neither of which applied to boyle hooke taught boyle euclid s elements and descartes s principles of philosophy 9 it also caused them to recognise fire as a chemical reaction and not as aristotle taught a fundamental element of nature 52 royal society hooke s scientific work while employed by the society is summarised in the section science below according to henry robinson librarian of the royal society in 1935 without his weekly experiments and prolific work the society could scarcely have survived or at least would have developed in a quite different way it is scarcely an exaggeration to say that he was historically the creator of the royal society 53 the royal society for the improvement of natural knowledge by experiment g was founded in 1660 and given its royal charter in july 1662 54 on 5 november 1661 robert moray proposed the appointment of a curator to furnish the society with experiments and this was unanimously passed and hooke was named on boyle s recommendation 9 the society did not have a reliable income to fully fund the post of curator of experiments but in 1664 john cutler settled an annual gratuity of 50 on the society to found a mechanick lectureship at gresham college 55 on the understanding the society would appoint hooke to this task 56 on 27 june 1664 hooke was confirmed to the office and on 11 january 1665 he was named curator by office for life with an annual salary of 80 h consisting of 30 from the society and cutler s 50 annuity 56 i in june 1663 hooke was elected a fellow of the royal society frs 57 on 20 march 1665 he was also appointed gresham professor of geometry 58 59 on 13 september 1667 hooke became acting secretary of the society 60 and on 19 december 1677 he was appointed its joint secretary 61 personality relationships health and death illustration from the posthumous works of robert hooke published in acta eruditorum 1707 although john aubrey described hooke as a person of great virtue and goodness 62 much has been written about the unpleasant side of hooke s personality according to his first biographer richard waller hooke was in person but despicable and melancholy mistrustful and jealous 63 waller s comments influenced other writers for more than 200 years such that many books and articles especially biographies of isaac newton portray hooke as a disgruntled selfish anti social curmudgeon for example arthur berry said hooke claimed credit for most of the scientific discoveries of the time 64 sullivan wrote he was positively unscrupulous and had an uneasy apprehensive vanity in dealings with newton 65 manuel described hooke as cantankerous envious vengeful 66 according to more hooke had both a cynical temperament and a caustic tongue 67 andrade was more sympathetic but still described hooke as difficult suspicious and irritable 68 in october 1675 the council of the royal society considered a motion to expel hooke because of an attack he made on christiaan huygens over scientific priority in watch design but it did not pass 69 according to hooke s biographer ellen drake if one studies the intellectual milieu of the time the controversies and rivalries of the type in which he was involved seem almost to be the rule rather than the exception and hooke s reaction to such controversy involving his own discoveries and inventions seems mild in comparison to the behaviour of some of his contemporaries 70 the publication of hooke s diary in 1935 71 revealed previously unknown details about his social and familial relationships his biographer margaret espinasse said the picture which is usually painted of hooke as a morose recluse is completely false 72 he interacted with noted artisans such as clock maker thomas tompion 73 and instrument maker christopher cocks cox 74 hooke often met christopher wren with whom he shared many interests and had a lasting friendship with john aubrey his diaries also make frequent reference to meetings at coffeehouses and taverns as well as to dinners with robert boyle on many occasions hooke took tea with his lab assistant harry hunt although he largely lived alone apart from the servants who ran his home his niece grace hooke and his cousin tom giles lived with him for some years as children 75 hooke never married according to his diary hooke had a sexual relationship with his niece grace after she had turned 16 grace was in his custody since the age of 10 76 77 he also had sexual relations with several maids and housekeepers hooke s biographer stephen inwood considers grace to have been the love of his life and he was devastated when she died in 1687 inwood also mentions the age difference between him and grace was commonplace and would not have upset his contemporaries as it does us the incestuous relationship would nevertheless have been frowned upon and tried by an ecclesiastical court had it been discovered it was not however a capital felony after 1660 78 j since childhood hooke suffered from migraine tinnitus dizziness and bouts of insomnia 80 he also had a spinal deformity that was consistent with a diagnosis of scheuermann s kyphosis giving him in middle and later years a thin and crooked body over large head and protruding eyes 81 approaching these in a scientific spirit he experimented with self medication diligently recording symptoms substances and effects in his diary he regularly used sal ammoniac emetics laxatives and opium which appear to have had an increasing effect on his physical and mental health over time 82 hooke died in london on 3 march 1703 having been blind and bedridden during the last year of his life a chest containing 8 000 in money and gold was found in his room at gresham college 83 k his library contained over 3 000 books in latin french italian and english 83 although he had talked of leaving a generous bequest to the royal society which would have given his name to a library laboratory and lectures no will was found and the money passed to a cousin named elizabeth stephens 84 hooke was buried at st helen s church bishopsgate in the city of london 85 but the precise location of his grave is unknown science hooke s role at the royal society was to demonstrate experiments from his own methods or at the suggestion of members among his earliest demonstrations were discussions of the nature of air and the implosion of glass bubbles that had been sealed with enclosed hot air 57 he also demonstrated that a dog could be kept alive with its thorax opened provided air was pumped in and out of its lungs 86 l he noted the difference between venous blood and arterial blood and thus demonstrated that the pabulum vitae food of life m and flammae flames were the same thing 89 90 there were also experiments on gravity the falling of objects the weighing of bodies the measurement of barometric pressure at different heights and the movement of pendulums up to 200 ft 61 m long 89 his biographer margaret espinasse described him as england s first meteorologist in her description of his essay method for making a history of the weather 91 hooke specifies that a thermometer a hygrometer a wind gauge and a record sheet be used for proper weather records 92 n astronomy hooke noted the shadows a and b cast by both the globe and the rings on each other in this drawing of saturn drawings of the moon and the pleiades from hooke s micrographia in may 1664 using a 12 ft 3 7 m refracting telescope hooke observed the great red spot of jupiter for two hours as it moved across the planet s face in march 1665 he published his findings and from them the italian astronomer giovanni cassini calculated the rotation period of jupiter to be nine hours and fifty five minutes 93 one of the most challenging problems hooke investigated was the measurement of the distance from earth to a star other than the sun hooke selected the star gamma draconis and chose the method of parallax determination in 1669 after several months of observing hooke believed the desired result had been achieved it is now known his equipment was far too imprecise to obtain an accurate measurement 94 hooke s micrographia contains illustrations of the pleiades star cluster and lunar craters he conducted experiments to investigate the formation of these craters and concluded their existence meant the moon must have its own gravity a radical departure from the contemporaneous aristotelian celestial model 95 he also was an early observer of the rings of saturn 96 and discovered one of the first observed double stars gamma arietis a visual binary in 1664 97 to achieve these discoveries hooke needed better instruments than those that were available at the time accordingly he invented three new mechanisms the hooke joint a sophisticated universal joint that allowed his instruments to smoothly follow the apparent motion of the observed body the first clockwork drive to automate the process and a micrometer screw that allowed him to achieve a precision of ten seconds of arc 98 99 hooke was dissatisfied with refracting telescopes so he built the first practical gregorian telescope that used a silvered glass mirror 100 101 o mechanics further information hooke s law and simple harmonic motion in 1660 hooke discovered the law of elasticity that bears his name and describes the linear variation of tension with extension in an elastic spring hooke first described this discovery in an anagram ceiiinosssttuv whose solution he published in 1678 as ut tensio sic vis as the extension so the force 103 his work on elasticity culminated in his development of the balance spring or hairspring which for the first time enabled a portable timepiece a watch to keep time with reasonable accuracy a bitter dispute between hooke and christiaan huygens on the priority of this invention was to continue for centuries after the death of both but a note dated 23 june 1670 in the journals of the royal society 104 describing a demonstration of a balance controlled watch before the royal society may support hooke s claim to priority for the idea nevertheless it is huygens who is credited with building the first watch to use a balance spring 105 106 hooke s announcement of his law of elasticity using an anagram was a method scientists such as hooke huygens and galileo sometimes used to establish priority for a discovery without revealing details 107 hooke used mechanical analogues to understand fundamental processes such as the motion of a spherical pendulum and of a ball in a hollow cone to demonstrate central force due to gravity 108 and a hanging chain net with point loads to provide the optimum shape for a dome with heavy cross on top 109 despite continuing reports to the contrary 110 hooke did not influence thomas newcomen s invention of the steam engine this myth which originated in an article in the third edition of encyclopædia britannica has been found to be mistaken 111 gravitation further information newton hooke priority controversy for the inverse square law while many of hooke s contemporaries such as isaac newton believed in aether as a medium for transmitting attraction and repulsion between separated celestial bodies 112 113 hooke argued for an attracting principle of gravitation in micrographia 1665 114 in a communication to the royal society in 1666 115 he wrote i will explain a system of the world very different from any yet received it is founded on the following positions 1 that all the heavenly bodies have not only a gravitation of their parts to their own proper centre but that they also mutually attract each other within their spheres of action 2 that all bodies having a simple motion will continue to move in a straight line unless continually deflected from it by some extraneous force causing them to describe a circle an ellipse or some other curve 3 that this attraction is so much the greater as the bodies are nearer as to the proportion in which those forces diminish by an increase of distance i own i have not discovered it hooke s 1674 gresham lecture an attempt to prove the motion of the earth by observations published 1679 said gravitation applies to all celestial bodies 116 and restated these three propositions 117 hooke s statements up to 1674 make no mention however that an inverse square law applies or might apply to these attractions his model of gravitation was also not yet universal though it approached universality more ...
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