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of independent states cis as a loose replacement confederation on 12 december the agreement was ratified by the supreme soviet the parliament of the russian sfsr therefore the russian sfsr had renounced the treaty on the creation of the ussr and de facto declared russia s independence from the ussr itself and the ties with the other soviet republics on 25 december 1991 following the resignation of gorbachev as president of the soviet union the russian sfsr was renamed the russian federation c the next day the ussr was self dissolved by the soviet of the republics on 26 december which by that time was the only functioning parliamentary chamber of the all union supreme soviet after the dissolution russia took full responsibility for all the rights and obligations of the ussr under the charter of the united nations including the financial obligations as such russia assumed the soviet union s un membership and permanent membership on the security council nuclear stockpile and the control over the armed forces soviet embassies abroad became russian embassies 16 the 1978 constitution of the russian sfsr was amended several times to reflect the transition to democracy private property and market economy the new russian constitution coming into effect on 25 december 1993 after a constitutional crisis completely abolished the soviet form of government and replaced it with a semi presidential system the economy of russia became heavily industrialised accounting for about two thirds of the electricity produced in the ussr by 1961 it was the third largest producer of petroleum due to new discoveries in the volga urals region 17 and siberia 18 in 1974 there were 475 institutes of higher education in the republic providing education in 47 languages to some 23 941 000 students a network of territorially organised public health services provided health care 14 the economy began to be liberalised starting in 1985 under gorbachev s perestroika restructuring policies including the introduction of non state owned enterprises e g cooperatives nomenclature this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed february 2022 learn how and when to remove this message under the leadership of vladimir lenin 1870 1924 and leon trotsky 1879 1940 the bolsheviks established the soviet state on 7 november o s 25 october 1917 this happened immediately after the october revolution toppled the interim russian provisional government most recently led by opposing democratic socialist alexander kerensky 1881 1970 which had governed the new russian republic after the abdication of the russian empire government of the romanov imperial dynasty of tsar nicholas ii the previous march old style february the october revolution was thus the second of the two russian revolutions of the turbulent year of 1917 initially the new soviet state lacked an official name and was unrecognised by neighboring countries for five months anti bolsheviks soon suggested new names however by 1919 they had coined the mocking label sovdepia russian совдепия for the nascent state of the soviets of workers and peasants deputies 19 speakers of colloquial english coined the term bololand 20 to refer to the land of the bolos a term identified from 1919 onwards with the bolsheviks 21 on 25 january 1918 the third meeting of the all russian congress of soviets proclaimed the establishment of the russian soviet republic 22 23 12 in july 1918 the fifth all russian congress of soviets adopted both the new name russian socialist federative soviet republic rsfsr and the constitution of the russian sfsr 24 better source needed internationally the russian sfsr was recognised as an independent state in 1920 only by its bordering neighbors estonia finland latvia and lithuania in the treaty of tartu and by the short lived irish republic of 1919 1922 in ireland 25 on 30 december 1922 with the treaty on the creation of the soviet union russia the rsfsr alongside the transcaucasian sfsr the ukrainian ssr and the byelorussian ssr formed the union of soviet socialist republics the final soviet name for the constituent republic the russian soviet federative socialist republic was adopted in the later soviet constitution of 1936 by that time soviet russia had gained roughly the same borders of the old tsardom of russia before the great northern war of 1700 to 1721 on 25 december 1991 during the collapse of the soviet union which concluded on the next day the rsfsr s official name was changed to the russian federation which it remains to this day 26 this name and russia were specified as the official state names on 21 april 1992 in an amendment to the then existing constitution of 1978 and were retained as such in the subsequent 1993 constitution of russia geography at a total of about 17 125 200 km 6 612 100 sq mi the russian sfsr was the largest of the fifteen soviet republics with its southerly neighbor the kazakh ssr being second the international borders of the rsfsr touched poland on the west norway and finland on the northwest and to its southeast in eastern asia were the democratic people s republic of korea north korea mongolian people s republic now mongolia and the people s republic of china china formerly the republic of china 1912 1949 within the soviet union the rsfsr bordered the slavic states ukrainian ssr now ukraine byelorussian ssr now belarus the baltic states estonian ssr now estonia latvian ssr now latvia and lithuanian ssr now lithuania included into ussr in 1940 to its west and the azerbaijan ssr now azerbaijan georgian ssr now georgia and kazakh ssr now kazakhstan to the south 14 roughly 70 of the area in the rsfsr consisted of broad plains with mountainous tundra regions mainly concentrated in the east of siberia with central asia and east asia the area is rich in mineral resources including petroleum natural gas and iron ore 27 history eastern bloc republics of the ussr armenia azerbaijan byelorussia estonia georgia kazakhstan kirghizia latvia lithuania moldova russia tajikistan turkmenistan ukraine uzbekistan allied and satellite states afghanistan 1978 1989 albania until 1961 angola benin bulgaria china until 1961 congo cuba czechoslovakia until 1989 east germany until 1989 ethiopia derg grenada 1979 1983 hungary until 1989 kampuchea state of cambodia laos mongolia mozambique north korea poland until 1989 romania until 1989 somalia until 1977 south yemen vietnam north vietnam prg yugoslavia 1945 1948 related organizations warsaw pact comecon cominform world federation of trade unions world federation of democratic youth opposition anti soviet partisans albania bulgaria croatia poland romania serbia ukraine guerrilla war in the baltic states soviet occupation estonia latvia lithuania operation jungle protests and uprisings poland 1944 1989 poznań 1956 1980 89 plzeň 1953 east germany 1953 georgia 1956 hungary 1956 quỳnh lưu 1956 novocherkassk 1962 prague 1968 invasion moscow czechoslovakia 1976 1990 romania 1977 kazakhstan 1986 brașov 1987 tbilisi 1989 ukraine 1989 1991 baku 1990 lithuania 1991 riga 1991 dissent soviet poland east germany to hong kong north korea cuba cold war events marshall plan czechoslovak coup tito stalin split berlin blockade korean war vietnam war secret speech sino soviet split albanian soviet split de satellization of the socialist republic of romania berlin wall cuban missile crisis cuban intervention in angola afghan war 1980 moscow olympics 1984 los angeles olympics gulf war fall singing revolution polish round table agreement revolutions of 1989 fall of the berlin wall january events barricades in latvia breakup of yugoslavia yugoslav wars dissolution of the soviet union post soviet conflicts fall of communism in albania dissolution of czechoslovakia v t e part of a series on the history of russia periods prehistory antiquity early slavs rus people pre 9th century rus khaganate arthania garðaríki 862 1240 ancient rus rurik baptism of rus russkaya pravda council of liubech council of uvetichi mongol conquest novgorod land 862 1136 principality of polotsk 987 1397 principality of chernigov 988 1402 rostov suzdal 1093 1157 full list 1240 1547 appanage russia black death battle of kulikovo muscovite civil war great stand on the ugra river sudebnik of 1497 principality of smolensk 1125 1404 principality of murom 1127 1392 principality of ryazan 1129 1521 novgorod republic 1136 1478 vladimir suzdal 1157 1389 principality of tver 1246 1485 grand principality of moscow 1263 1547 nizhny novgorod suzdal 1341 1392 pskov republic 1348 1510 full list 1547 1917 tsarist russia time of troubles zemsky sobor treaty of nystad petrovian reforms patriotic war decembrist revolt emancipation reform russo japanese war 1905 revolution october manifesto second patriotic war tsardom of russia 1547 1721 russian empire 1721 1917 russian america 1799 1867 grand duchy of finland 1809 1917 congress poland 1867 1915 russian manchuria 1900 1905 uryankhay krai 1914 1921 1917 1922 russian revolution february revolution provisional government dvoyevlastiye july days kornilov affair directorate constituent assembly election bolshevik coup civil war white guard red army soviet polish war priamurye govt war communism ussr emigrants russian republic 1917 1918 history 1917 1918 general secretariat of ukraine 1917 1918 russian sfsr 1917 1922 ukrainian ssr 1919 1922 byelorussian ssr 1920 1922 transcaucasian sfsr 1922 1922 russian state 1918 1920 provisional priamurye govt 1921 1922 full list 1922 1991 soviet russia nep cultural revolution korenization stalinism collectivization industrialization gulag great purge great patriotic war cold war warsaw pact comecon crimea transfer era of stagnation afghan war perestroika chernobyl disaster karabakh war parade of sovereignties war of laws soviet union 1922 1991 russian sfsr 1922 1991 karelo finnish ssr 1940 1956 full list tannu tuva 1921 1944 1991 present post soviet russia august coup belavezha accords alma ata protocol ussr dissolution cis near abroad constitutional crisis privatization csto chechen wars 1st 2nd oligarchy putinism five days war presidential terms amendments eurasian economic union annexation of crimea war in donbas 2020 amendments invasion of ukraine prelude mass emigration debt default sanctions mobilization 2022 annexation russian federation 1991 present republic of tatarstan 1994 present chechen republic 2000 present republic of crimea a 2014 present donetsk people s republic a b 2022 present luhansk people s republic a b 2022 present kherson oblast a b 2022 present zaporizhzhia oblast a b 2022 present full list a not internationally recognized b not fully controlled timeline 860 1721 1721 1796 1796 1855 1855 1894 1894 1917 1917 1927 1927 1953 1953 1964 1964 1982 1982 1991 1991 present russia portal v t e early years 1917 1920 vladimir lenin founder of the soviet union and the leader of the bolshevik party leon trotsky founder of the red army and a key figure in the october revolution the soviet government first came to power on 7 november 1917 immediately after the interim russian provisional government headed by alexander kerensky which governed the russian republic was overthrown in the october revolution the second of the two russian revolutions the state it governed which lacked an official name went unrecognised by neighboring countries for another five months the initial stage of the october revolution which involved the assault on petrograd occurred largely without any casualties 28 29 30 on 18 january 1918 the newly elected constituent assembly proclaimed russia a democratic federal republic under the name russian democratic federal republic however the bolsheviks dissolved the assembly on the following day and nullified its decrees 31 conversely the bolsheviks also reserved a number of vacant seats in the soviets and central executive for the opposition parties in proportion to their vote share at the congress 32 at the same time a number of prominent members of the left socialist revolutionaries had assumed positions in lenin s government and lead commissariats in several areas this included agriculture kolegaev property karelin justice steinberg post offices and telegraphs proshian and local government trutovsky 33 lenin s government also instituted a number of progressive measures such as universal education healthcare and equal rights for women 34 35 36 on 25 january 1918 at the third meeting of the all russian congress of soviets the establishment of the russian socialist federative soviet republic rsfsr was proclaimed 22 23 12 on 3 march 1918 the treaty of brest litovsk was signed giving away much of the westernmost lands of the former russian empire to the german empire in exchange for peace on the eastern front of world war i in july 1918 the fifth all russian congress of soviets adopted the constitution of the russian sfsr 24 better source needed by 1918 during the russian civil war several states within the former russian empire had seceded reducing the size of the country even more although some were conquered by the bolsheviks 1920s the russian famine of 1921 22 also known as povolzhye famine killed an estimated 5 million primarily affecting the volga and ural river regions 37 the economic impact of the civil war was devastating a black market emerged in russia despite the threat of martial law against profiteering the ruble collapsed with barter increasingly replacing money as a medium of exchange 38 and by 1921 heavy industry output had fallen to 20 of 1913 levels 90 of wages were paid with goods rather than money 39 70 of locomotives were in need of repair citation needed and food requisitioning combined with the effects of seven years of war and a severe drought contributed to a famine that caused between 3 and 10 million deaths 40 coal production decreased from 27 5 million tons 1913 to 7 million tons 1920 while overall factory production also declined from 10 000 million roubles to 1 000 million roubles according to the noted historian david christian the grain harvest was also slashed from 80 1 million tons 1913 to 46 5 million tons 1920 41 on 30 december 1922 the first congress of the soviets of the ussr approved the treaty on the creation of the ussr by which russia was united with the ukrainian soviet socialist republic byelorussian soviet socialist republic and transcaucasian soviet federal socialist republic into a single federal state the soviet union the treaty was included in the 1924 soviet constitution clarification needed adopted on 31 january 1924 by the second congress of soviets of the ussr one of the early ambitious economic plans of the soviet government was goelro russian abbreviation for state commission for electrification of russia государственная комиссия по электрификации россии which sought to achieve total electrification of the entire country soviet propaganda declare...
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