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of the ones complement sum of all 16 bit words in the header and text the checksum computation needs to ensure the 16 bit alignment of the data being summed if a segment contains an odd number of header and text octets alignment can be achieved by padding the last octet with zeros on its right to form a 16 bit word for checksum purposes the pad is not transmitted as part of the segment while computing the checksum the checksum field itself is replaced with zeros in other words after appropriate padding all 16 bit words are added using ones complement arithmetic the sum is then bitwise complemented and inserted as the checksum field a pseudo header that mimics the ipv4 packet header used in the checksum computation is as follows tcp pseudo header for checksum computation ipv4 offset octet 0 1 2 3 octet bit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 0 0 source address 4 32 destination address 8 64 zeroes protocol 6 tcp length 12 96 source port destination port 16 128 sequence number 20 160 acknowledgement number 24 192 data offset reserved flags window 28 224 checksum urgent pointer 32 256 options 36 288 data 40 320 the checksum is computed over the following fields source address 32 bits the source address in the ipv4 header destination address 32 bits the destination address in the ipv4 header zeroes 8 bits all zeroes protocol 8 bits the protocol value for tcp 6 tcp length 16 bits the length of the tcp header and data measured in octets for example let s say we have ipv4 packet with total length of 200 bytes and ihl value of 5 which indicates a length of 5 bits 32 bits 160 bits 20 bytes we can compute the tcp length as total length ipv4 header length i e 200 20 which results in 180 bytes tcp checksum for ipv6 edit when tcp runs over ipv6 the method used to compute the checksum is changed 139 any transport or other upper layer protocol that includes the addresses from the ip header in its checksum computation must be modified for use over ipv6 to include the 128 bit ipv6 addresses instead of 32 bit ipv4 addresses a pseudo header that mimics the ipv6 header for computation of the checksum is shown below tcp pseudo header for checksum computation ipv6 offset octet 0 1 2 3 octet bit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 0 0 source address 4 32 8 64 12 96 16 128 destination address 20 160 24 192 28 224 32 256 tcp length 36 288 zeroes next header 6 40 320 source port destination port 44 352 sequence number 48 384 acknowledgement number 52 416 data offset reserved flags window 56 448 checksum urgent pointer 60 480 options 64 512 data 68 544 the checksum is computed over the following fields source address 128 bits the address in the ipv6 header destination address 128 bits the final destination if the ipv6 packet doesn t contain a routing header tcp uses the destination address in the ipv6 header otherwise at the originating node it uses the address in the last element of the routing header and at the receiving node it uses the destination address in the ipv6 header tcp length 32 bits the length of the tcp header and data measured in octets zeroes 24 bits zeroes 0 all zeroes next header 8 bits the protocol value for tcp 6 checksum offload edit many tcp ip software stack implementations provide options to use hardware assistance to automatically compute the checksum in the network adapter prior to transmission onto the network or upon reception from the network for validation this may reduce cpu load associated with calculating the checksum potentially increasing overall network performance this feature may cause packet analyzers that are unaware or uncertain about the use of checksum offload to report invalid checksums in outbound packets that have not yet reached the network adapter 140 this will only occur for packets that are intercepted before being transmitted by the network adapter all packets transmitted by the network adaptor on the wire will have valid checksums 141 this issue can also occur when monitoring packets being transmitted between virtual machines on the same host where a virtual device driver may omit the checksum calculation as an optimization knowing that the checksum will be calculated later by the vm host kernel or its physical hardware see also edit micro bursting networking tcp global synchronization tcp fusion tcp pacing tcp stealth transport layer comparison of transport layer protocols wtcp a proxy based modification of tcp for wireless networks notes edit 1 2 added to header by rfc 3168 windows size units are by default bytes window size is relative to the segment identified by the sequence number in the acknowledgment field equivalently a pair of network sockets for the source and destination each of which is made up of an address and a port as of the latest standard http 3 quic is used as a transport instead of tcp references edit comer d e 2021 internetworking with tcp ip 6th ed 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