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watts is more typical these and other differences reflect the differing design goals of the two buses usb was designed for simplicity and low cost while firewire was designed for high performance particularly in time sensitive applications such as audio and video although similar in theoretical maximum signaling rate firewire 400 is faster than usb 2 0 high bandwidth in real use 115 especially in high bandwidth use such as external hard drives 116 117 118 119 the newer firewire 800 standard is twice as fast as firewire 400 and faster than usb 2 0 high bandwidth both theoretically and practically 120 however firewire s speed advantages rely on low level techniques such as direct memory access dma which in turn have created opportunities for security exploits such as the dma attack the chipset and drivers used to implement usb and firewire have a crucial impact on how much of the bandwidth prescribed by the specification is achieved in the real world along with compatibility with peripherals 121 ethernet edit the ieee 802 3af 802 3at and 802 3bt power over ethernet poe standards specify more elaborate power negotiation schemes than powered usb they operate at 48 v dc and can supply more power up to 12 95 w for 802 3af 25 5 w for 802 3at a k a poe 71 w for 802 3bt a k a 4ppoe over a cable up to 100 meters compared to usb 2 0 which provides 2 5 w with a maximum cable length of 5 meters this has made poe popular for voice over ip telephones security cameras wireless access points and other networked devices within buildings however usb is cheaper than poe provided that the distance is short and power demand is low ethernet standards require electrical isolation between the networked device computer phone etc and the network cable up to 1500 v ac or 2250 v dc for 60 seconds 122 usb has no such requirement as it was designed for peripherals closely associated with a host computer and in fact it connects the peripheral and host grounds this gives ethernet a significant safety advantage over usb with peripherals such as cable and dsl modems connected to external wiring that can assume hazardous voltages under certain fault conditions 123 124 midi edit the usb device class definition for midi devices transmits music instrument digital interface midi music data over usb 125 the midi capability is extended to allow up to sixteen simultaneous virtual midi cables each of which can carry the usual midi sixteen channels and clocks usb is competitive for low cost and physically adjacent devices however power over ethernet and the midi plug standard have an advantage in high end devices that may have long cables usb can cause ground loop problems between equipment because it connects ground references on both transceivers by contrast the midi plug standard and ethernet have built in isolation to 500 v or more esata esatap edit this section s factual accuracy may be compromised due to out of date information please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information june 2026 the esata connector is a more robust sata connector intended for connection to external hard drives and ssds esata s transfer rate up to 6 gbit s is similar to that of usb 3 0 up to 5 gbit s and usb 3 1 up to 10 gbit s a device connected by esata appears as an ordinary sata device giving both full performance and full compatibility associated with internal drives esata does not supply power to external devices this is an increasing disadvantage compared to usb even though usb 3 0 s 4 5 w is sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives technology is advancing and external drives gradually need less power diminishing the esata advantage esatap power over esata a k a esata usb is a connector introduced in 2009 that supplies power to attached devices using a new backward compatible connector on a notebook esatap usually supplies only 5 v to power a 2 5 inch hdd ssd on a desktop workstation it can additionally supply 12 v to power larger devices including 3 5 inch hdd ssd and 5 25 inch optical drives esatap support can be added to a desktop machine in the form of a bracket connecting the motherboard sata power and usb resources esata like usb supports hot plugging although this might be limited by os drivers and device firmware thunderbolt edit main article thunderbolt interface thunderbolt combines pci express and displayport into a new serial data interface original thunderbolt implementations have two channels each with a transfer speed of 10 gbit s resulting in an aggregate unidirectional bandwidth of 20 gbit s 126 thunderbolt 2 uses link aggregation to combine the two 10 gbit s channels into one bidirectional 20 gbit s channel 127 thunderbolt 3 and thunderbolt 4 use usb c 128 129 130 thunderbolt 3 has two physical 20 gbit s bi directional channels aggregated to appear as a single logical 40 gbit s bi directional channel thunderbolt 3 controllers can incorporate a usb 3 1 gen 2 controller to provide compatibility with usb devices they are also capable of providing displayport alternate mode as well as displayport over usb4 fabric making the function of a thunderbolt 3 port a superset of that of a usb 3 1 gen 2 port displayport alternate mode 2 0 usb4 requiring usb c requires that hubs support displayport 2 0 over a usb c alternate mode displayport 2 0 can support 8k resolution at 60 hz with hdr10 color 131 displayport 2 0 can use up to 80 gbit s which is double the amount available to usb data because it sends all the data in one direction to the monitor and can thus use all eight data wires at once 131 after the specification was made royalty free and custodianship of the thunderbolt protocol was transferred from intel to the usb implementers forum thunderbolt 3 has been effectively implemented in the usb4 specification with compatibility with thunderbolt 3 optional but encouraged for usb4 products 132 interoperability edit main article usb to serial adapter this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information june 2026 various protocol converters are available that convert usb data signals to and from other communications standards security threats edit see also usb flash drive security due to the usb standard s plug and play nature host computers are vulnerable to usb devices containing malicious software it is possible to create a device that looks like a flash drive but when plugged in simulates a keyboard and types malicious commands for example on a computer running microsoft windows the device can wait a set amount of time then open powershell and download a malware script the attack is called a badusb attack 133 134 another malicious device is a usb killer which sends high voltage pulses across the data lines destroying or damaging whatever it is plugged into 135 136 137 in versions of microsoft windows before windows xp windows would automatically run a script if present on certain devices via autorun one of which are usb mass storage devices which may contain malicious software 138 it is possible to gain full system control by hacking a usb controller 139 see also edit electronics portal usb edit usb communications usb hardware usb c usb hub extensible host controller interface xhci list of interface bit rates peripheral webusb derived and related standards edit dockport lio target media transfer protocol mobile high definition link thunderbolt interface windows easy transfer notes edit bhatt s team at intel included bala sudarshan cadambi jeff morriss shaun knoll and shelagh callahan biljana ognenova 22 february 2022 the king of plug and play how usb took the world by storm allaboutcircuits com retrieved 1 april 2025 references edit 82371fb piix and 82371sb piix3 pci isa ide xcelerator pdf intel may 1996 archived from the original pdf on 13 march 2016 retrieved 12 march 2016 1 2 3 4 5 usb4 specification v2 0 zip version 2 0 ed usb implementers forum october 2022 retrieved 27 february 2025 about usb if 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