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ble for a variety of platforms including ms dos apple ii dos 3 3 and prodos commodore 64 mac 68k 5 and amiga from the 1980s and continuing throughout the 1990s until manx software systems disappeared the ms dos version of aztec c 6 was offered both as a native mode compiler or as a cross compiler for other platforms with different processors including the commodore 64 7 and apple ii 8 internet distributions still exist for aztec c including their ms dos based cross compilers they are still in use today manx s aztec c86 their native mode 8086 ms dos compiler was also a cross compiler although it did not compile code for a different processor like their aztec c65 6502 cross compilers for the commodore 64 and apple ii it created binary executables for then legacy operating systems for the 16 bit 8086 family of processors when the ibm pc was first introduced it was available with a choice of operating systems cp m 86 and pc dos being two of them aztec c86 was provided with link libraries for generating code for both ibm pc operating systems throughout the 1980s later versions of aztec c86 3 xx 4 xx and 5 xx added support for ms dos transitory versions 1 and 2 9 and which were less robust than the baseline ms dos version 3 and later which aztec c86 targeted until its demise finally aztec c86 provided c language developers with the ability to produce rom able hex code which could then be transferred using a rom burner directly to an 8086 based processor paravirtualization may be more common today but the practice of creating low level rom code was more common per capita during those years when device driver development was often done by application programmers for individual applications and new devices amounted to a cottage industry it was not uncommon for application programmers to interface directly with hardware without support from the manufacturer this practice was similar to embedded systems development today thomas fenwick and james goodnow ii were the two principal developers of aztec c fenwick later became notable as the author of the microsoft windows ce kernel or nk new kernel as it was then called 10 microsoft c cross compilers edit early history 1980s edit microsoft c msc has a shorter history than others 11 dating back to the 1980s the first microsoft c compilers were made by the same company who made lattice c and were rebranded by microsoft as their own until msc 4 was released which was the first version that microsoft produced themselves 12 in 1987 many developers started switching to microsoft c and many more would follow throughout the development of microsoft windows to its present state products like clipper and later clarion emerged that offered easy database application development by using cross language techniques allowing part of their programs to be compiled with microsoft c borland c california company was available for purchase years before microsoft released its first c product 1987 edit c programs had long been linked with modules written in assembly language most c compilers even current compilers offer an assembly language pass that can be tweaked for efficiency then linked to the rest of the program after assembling compilers like aztec c converted everything to assembly language as a distinct pass and then assembled the code in a distinct pass and were noted for their very efficient and small code but by 1987 the optimizer built into microsoft c was very good and only mission critical parts of a program were usually considered for rewriting in fact c language programming had taken over as the lowest level language with programming becoming a multi disciplinary growth industry and projects becoming larger with programmers writing user interfaces and database interfaces in higher level languages and a need had emerged for cross language development that continues to this day by 1987 with the release of msc 5 1 microsoft offered a cross language development environment for ms dos 16 bit binary object code written in assembly language masm and microsoft s other languages including quickbasic pascal and fortran could be linked together into one program in a process they called mixed language programming and now interlanguage calling 13 if basic was used in this mix the main program needed to be in basic to support the internal runtime system that compiled basic required for garbage collection and its other managed operations that simulated a basic interpreter like qbasic in ms dos the calling convention for c code in particular was to pass parameters in reverse order on the stack and return values on the stack rather than in a processor register there were other programming rules to make all the languages work together but this particular rule persisted through the cross language development that continued throughout windows 16 and 32 bit versions and in the development of programs for os 2 and which persists to this day it is known as the pascal calling convention another type of cross compilation that microsoft c was used for during this time was in retail applications that require handheld devices like the symbol technologies pdt3100 used to take inventory which provided a link library targeted at an 8088 based barcode reader the application was built on the host computer then transferred to the handheld device via a serial cable where it was run similar to what is done today for that same market using windows mobile by companies like motorola who bought symbol early 1990s edit throughout the 1990s and beginning with msc 6 their first ansi c compliant compiler microsoft re focused their c compilers on the emerging windows market and also on os 2 and in the development of gui programs mixed language compatibility remained through msc 6 on the ms dos side but the api for microsoft windows 3 0 and 3 1 was written in msc 6 msc 6 was also extended to provide support for 32 bit assemblies and support for the emerging windows for workgroups and windows nt which would form the foundation for windows xp a programming practice called a thunk was introduced to allow passing between 16 and 32 bit programs that took advantage of runtime binding dynamic linking rather than the static binding that was favoured in monolithic 16 bit ms dos applications static binding is still favoured by some native code developers but does not generally provide the degree of code reuse required by newer best practices like the capability maturity model cmm ms dos support was still provided with the release of microsoft s first c compiler msc 7 which was backwardly compatible with the c programming language and ms dos and supported both 16 and 32 bit code generation msc took over where aztec c86 left off the market share for c compilers had turned to cross compilers which took advantage of the latest and greatest windows features offered c and c in a single bundle and still supported ms dos systems that were already a decade old and the smaller companies that produced compilers like aztec c could no longer compete and either turned to niche markets like embedded systems or disappeared ms dos and 16 bit code generation support continued until msc 8 00c which was bundled with microsoft c and microsoft application studio 1 5 the forerunner of microsoft visual studio which is the cross development environment that microsoft provide today late 1990s edit msc 12 was released with microsoft visual studio 6 and no longer provided support for ms dos 16 bit binaries instead providing support for 32 bit console applications but provided support for windows 95 and windows 98 code generation as well as for windows nt link libraries were available for other processors that ran microsoft windows a practice that microsoft continues to this day msc 13 was released with visual studio 2003 and msc 14 was released with visual studio 2005 both of which still produce code for older systems like windows 95 but which will produce code for several target platforms including the mobile market and the arm architecture net and beyond edit in 2001 microsoft developed the common language runtime clr which formed the core for their net framework compiler in the visual studio ide this layer on the operating system which is in the api allows the mixing of development languages compiled across platforms that run the windows operating system the net framework runtime and clr provide a mapping layer to the core routines for the processor and the devices on the target computer the command line c compiler in visual studio will compile native code for a variety of processors and can be used to build the core routines themselves microsoft net applications for target platforms like windows mobile on the arm architecture cross compile on windows machines with a variety of processors and microsoft also offer emulators and remote deployment environments that require very little configuration unlike the cross compilers in days gone by or on other platforms runtime libraries such as mono provide compatibility for cross compiled net programs to other operating systems such as linux libraries like qt and its predecessors including xvt provide source code level cross development capability with other platforms while still using microsoft c to build the windows versions other compilers like mingw have also become popular in this area since they are more directly compatible with the unixes that comprise the non windows side of software development allowing those developers to target all platforms using a familiar build environment free pascal edit free pascal was developed from the beginning as a cross compiler the compiler executable ppcxxx where xxx is a target architecture is capable of producing executables or just object files if no internal linker exists or even just assembly files if no internal assembler exists for all os of the same architecture for example ppc386 is capable of producing executables for i386 linux i386 win32 i386 go32v2 dos and all other oses see 14 for compiling to another architecture however a cross architecture version of the compiler must be built first the resulting compiler executable would have additional ross before the target architecture in its name i e if the compiler is built to target x64 then the executable would be ppcrossx64 to compile for a chosen architecture os the compiler switch for the compiler driver fpc p and t can be used this is also done when cross compiling the compiler itself but is set via make option cpu_target and os_target gnu assembler and linker for the target platform is required if free pascal does not yet have internal version of the tools for the target platform clang edit clang is natively a cross compiler at build time you can select which architectures you want clang to be able to target by using the target flag 15 plan 9 edit the heterogenous system plan 9 and its toolchain does not distinguish between cross and native compilation makefiles are architecture independent see also edit mingw tombstone diagram scratchbox 2 free pascal cross assembler references edit 4 9 canadian crosses crossgcc archived from the original on october 9 2004 retrieved 2012 08 08 this is called a canadian cross because at the time a name was needed canada had three national parties ritchie d m october 1984 the unix system the evolution of the unix time sharing system at t bell laboratories technical journal 63 8 1577 1593 doi 10 1002 j 1538 7305 1984 tb00054 x cross compilation automake cross compilation obsolete macintosh computers archived from the original on 2008 02 26 retrieved 2008 03 10 aztec c commodore 64 apple ii ms dos timeline archived 2008 05 01 at the wayback machine inside windows ce search for fenwick microsoft language utility version history history of pc based c compilers archived december 15 2007 at the wayback machine which basic versions can call c fortran pascal masm free pascal supported platform list platform list retrieved 2010 06 17 i386 cross compilation using clang llvm org retrieved 1 march 2026 external links edit cross compilation tools reference for configuring gnu cross compilation tools building cross toolchains with gcc is a wiki of other gcc cross compilation references scratchbox is a toolkit for linux cross compilation to arm and x86 targets grand unified builder gub for linux to cross compile multiple architectures e g win32 mac os freebsd linux used by gnu lilypond crosstool is a helpful toolchain of scripts which create a linux cross compile environment for the desired architecture including embedded systems crosstool ng is a rewrite of crosstool and helps building toolchains buildroot is another set of scripts for building a uclibc based toolchain usually for embedded systems it is utilized by openwrt eldk embedded linux development kit utilized by das u boot t2 sde is another set of scripts for building whole linux systems based on either gnu libc uclibc or dietlibc for a variety of architectures cross linux from scratch project ibm has a very clear structured tutorial about cross building a gcc toolchain in french cross compilation avec gcc 4 sous windows pour linux a tutorial to build a cross gcc toolchain but from windows to linux a subject rarely developed v t e embedded systems general terms asic board support package bootloader consumer electronics cross compiler embedded database embedded hypervisor embedded os embedded software fpga iot memory footprint microcontroller single board computer raspberry pi soc firmware controls firmware custom firmware proprietary firmware closed platform crippleware defective by design hacking of consumer electronics homebrew video games ios jailbreaking playstation 3 jailbreak rooting android uefi vendor lock in boot loaders u boot barebox software libraries uclibc dietlibc embedded glibc lwip musl programming tools almquist shell bitbake buildroot busybox openembedded stand alone shell toybox yocto project operating systems linux on embedded systems linux for mobile devices light weight linux distribution real time operating system windows iot win ce programming languages ada assembly language capl embedded c embedded c embedded java misra c micropython lightweight browsers list of open source hardware open source robotics retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title cross_compiler oldid 1366850989 categories cross compilers compiler theory hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles to be expanded from july 2012 all articles to be expanded webarchive template wayback links articles with french language sources fr this page was last edited on 30 july 2026 at 16 23 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia 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