Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
art, ethiopian, and, other, of, contents, overview, types, contemporary, gallery, see, also, notes, references, external, links, painting, crosses, metalwork, arts, crafts, illuminated, manuscripts, from, religious, groups, ethiopia, ajami, script, ajamization, stylistic, parallels, representation, islamic,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (211), and (95), ethiopian (52), art (44), with (40), from (39), century (36), #ethiopia (34), islamic (24), #manuscripts (22), are (20), edit (19), other (17), church (17), for (13), page (12), doi (12), also (12), africa (11), manuscript (11), have (11), wikipedia (10), this (10), harari (10), 978 (10), isbn (10), crosses (10), these (10), script (10), often (10), text (9), christian (9), arabic (9), harar (9), contemporary (9), cross (9), painting (9), african (8), collections (8), 2017 (8), its (8), icons (8), texts (8), religious (8), many (8), was (7), has (7), gori (7), university (7), mary (7), traditions (7), illuminated (7), types (7), region (6), george (6), museum (6), christianity (6), qur (6), 1163 (6), 21540993 (6), studies (6), practices (6), addis (6), ababa (6), press (6), modern (6), history (6), child (6), orthodox (6), parallels (6), used (6), ajami (6), usually (6), painted (6), paintings (6), may (5), links (5), culture (5), related (5), through (5), two (5), institute (5), artists (5), 16th (5), icon (5), 17th (5), late (5), such (5), byzantine (5), some (5), main (5), churches (5), they (5), been (5), were (5), which (5), lalibela (5), languages (4), toggle (4), contents (4), search (4), about (4), use (4), commons (4), october (4), template (4), articles (4), number (4), retrieved (4), kingdom (4), saint (4), republic (4), eritrea (4), mirza (4), afriques (4), visual (4), 18th (4), 2015 (4), jstor (4), ʿajamization (4), oclc (4), 2019 (4), tradition (4), scribal (4), article (4), needed (4), global (4), arts (4), notes (4), early (4), processional (4), 12th (4), 4th (4), stone (4), representation (4), within (4), that (4), stylistic (4), ajamization (4), traditional (4), produced (4), one (4), both (4), muslim (4), style (4), well (4), there (4), range (4), decoration (4), although (4), examples (4), cloth (4), until (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), table (3), view (3), contact (3), wikimedia (3), wikidata (3), cite (3), grove (3), different (3), country (3), states (3), guinea (3), sana (3), indian (3), ocean (3), muhammad (3), 192 (3), islam (3), alessandro (3), 2014 (3), volume (3), collection (3), archived (3), gossage (3), carolyn (3), chojnacki (3), skira (3), 2012 (3), original (3), 2024 (3), solomon (3), scene (3), form (3), éthiopie (3), fuente (3), citada (3), iglesia (3), see (3), pendant (3), scenes (3), debre (3), selassie (3), bce (3), made (3), national (3), can (3), beyond (3), written (3), local (3), influenced (3), during (3), more (3), regarded (3), distinct (3), known (3), earliest (3), city (3), colourful (3), basketry (3), 7th (3), groups (3), common (3), styles (3), crafts (3), textiles (3), western (3), top (3), very (3), though (3), their (3), crown (3), important (3), version (3), closed (3), wood (3), metal (3), highly (3), smaller (3), diptychs (3), walls (3), however (3), dated (3), rock (3), tools (3), topic (2), privacy (2), policy (2), terms (2), using (2), site (2), categories (2), link (2), wayback (2), incorporating (2), short (2), description (2), united (2), island (2), arab (2), democratic (2), limited (2), recognition (2), sudan (2), south (2), somalia (2), egypt (2), congo (2), central (2), library (2), special (2), external (2), ross (2), 2002 (2), december (2), 4000 (2), 2052 (2), resonances (2), connec (2), kawo (2), hassen (2), 200 (2), 90017383 (2), 00602012 (2), 2001 (2), hernández (2), adday (2), 10261 (2), 204784 (2), hdl (2), 00801004 (2), 171 (2), esoteric (2), textual (2), manifestations (2), regourd (2), delamarter (2), s2cid (2), emergence (2), multiple (2), july (2), smarthistory (2), fani (2), sara (2), fuṣḥā (2), ʿajamī (2), 170 (2), 00801002 (2), 144 (2), stanley (2), 2000 (2), 848786240 (2), 8118 (2), 646 (2), catalogue (2), biasio (2), 2003 (2), 8th (2), references (2), june (2), journal (2), girma (2), 2023 (2), transformation (2), contextual (2), reading (2), cultural (2), historical (2), hansberry (2), william (2), leo (2), christianisme (2), world (2), ortodoxa (2), etíope (2), religion (2), architecture (2), 15th (2), diptych (2), christ (2), chapel (2), holy (2), folding (2), shape (2), roof (2), berhan (2), 19th (2), angel (2), virgin (2), 1540 (2), gunda (2), gunde (2), monastery (2), 13th (2), lake (2), tana (2), axum (2), stelae (2), royal (2), tiya (2), 6th (2), 5th (2), tigray (2), gallery (2), government (2), codices (2), help (2), research (2), private (2), most (2), include (2), remain (2), foreign (2), little (2), bodies (2), without (2), lack (2), variety (2), scholar (2), cultures (2), adaptations (2), influence (2), red (2), aesthetic (2), between (2), decorative (2), day (2), northeast (2), mamluk (2), sultanate (2), refers (2), primarily (2), eastern (2), growing (2), literature (2), introduction (2), people (2), indigenous (2), khalili (2), because (2), wide (2), margins (2), creating (2), elongated (2), gold (2), colour (2), prophet (2), only (2), while (2), trade (2), became (2), figures (2), neighboring (2), housed (2), products (2), high (2), wider (2), great (2), secular (2), woven (2), geometric (2), plain (2), elaborate (2), now (2), largely (2), type (2), aksum (2), increasingly (2), life (2), presence (2), distinctive (2), worn (2), crowns (2), circular (2), european (2), arms (2), especially (2), hand (2), coptic (2), originally (2), heads (2), typically (2), design (2), base (2), recent (2), mostly (2), head (2), mounted (2), long (2), treasury (2), metalwork (2), her (2), image (2), who (2), intervening (2), wing (2), frame (2), support (2), but (2), since (2), layer (2), based (2), giving (2), not (2), kept (2), where (2), altar (2), allowed (2), general (2), surviving (2), gospels (2), simple (2), 1st (2), overview (2), civilization (2), alongside (2), artistic (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), read (2), subsection (2), log (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, available, under, additional, apply, you, agree, registered, trademark, non, profit, organization, foundation, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, last, edited, 2026, utc, hidden, suffix, category, webarchive, parameter, needing, citations, 2022, https, org, index, php, title, ethiopian_art, oldid, 1383070791, tristan, cunha, ascension, helena, france, réunion, mayotte, portugal, madeira, spain, plazas, soberanía, melilla, ceuta, canary, islands, territories, dependencies, somaliland, sahrawi, zimbabwe, zambia, uganda, tunisia, togo, tanzania, sierra, leone, seychelles, senegal, são, tomé, príncipe, rwanda, nigeria, niger, namibia, mozambique, morocco, mauritius, mauritania, mali, malawi, madagascar, libya, liberia, lesotho, kenya, ivory, coast, bissau, ghana, gambia, gabon, eswatini, equatorial, djibouti, comoros, chad, cape, verde, cameroon, burundi, burkina, faso, botswana, benin, angola, algeria, sovereign, ethiopic, ucla, media, emma, metropolitan, horowitz, deborah, ellen, third, millennium, 903942, walters, 172, 90017961, anne, steve, wipf, stock, publishers, 1196177778, 4982, 1761, handlist, case, mawlid, šayḫ, hāšim, fatḥ, raḥmānī, 214291690, 064598, 1515, 9783110645989, 003, gnisci, jacopo, accessed, machine, 90017960, subscription, access, required, public, membership, wikilibrary, elisabeth, 56159, 263, 1093, gao, 9781884446054, t026878, oxford, music, online, handicraft, habte, evangelatou, maria, 2018, gorgias, 198628084, 4632, 4022, 31826, 9781463240226, ritual, stanisław, 2006, 838853616, 7624, 831, chronology, lorenzi, james, boydell, brewer, 58046, 519, guardians, historians, writing, briggs, philip, bradt, travel, guides, 242, 84162, 922, 2016, jacques, mercier, gérard, prunier, karthala, 2007, pgs, 257, 260, contemporaine, pillars, notebook, washington, howard, 1974, mathurin, veyssière, lacroze, joão, bermudez, histoire, arménie, vve, vier, paupie, 1739, asin, b001bmux7g, cia, factbook, véase, también, copta, católica, etiopía, religión, list, crowned, thorns, descent, 1750, mid, marian, 1630, 1700, sepulchre, fan, book, around, 1800, guardian, small, gospel, bible, obelisk, cemetery, statue, province, addi, galamo, despite, challenges, academics, curators, increasing, efforts, inventory, collaboration, published, catalog, facilitate, future, due, ownership, prominent, institutions, house, yet, majority, hands, tourism, 1970s, brought, buyers, knowledge, relevance, work, privatization, easier, collectors, europe, countries, acquire, going, institutional, channels, conjunction, destruction, aggressors, disputing, citizens, trust, smuggling, cataloging, preserving, sacred, remains, difficult, task, compared, mainstream, scholarship, attributed, reasons, leading, sub, saharan, ascribes, disproportionate, academia, socio, political, factors, claims, change, 1991, geopolitics, classical, contributed, understudied, field, regime, transcultural, illumination, illustrations, observed, likeness, geographic, positioning, junction, mediterranean, sea, reflected, similarities, notably, drawn, devices, syria, calligraphic, letterform, india, biḥārī, horn, anic, circa, 1375, itself, differing, native, alphabet, write, adapted, spoken, represents, enrichment, period, broadly, process, subject, communities, modified, accommodate, palates, ānic, reflects, intersection, assimilation, preservation, adapting, taste, displaying, single, 290, folios, representative, part, recorded, additionally, documented, oldest, datable, containing, 1460, horizontal, optics, across, filled, ornate, decorations, diagonally, vertical, zigzagging, effect, others, blocking, patterns, gray, serve, functional, purpose, each, indicating, sayings, old, mus, haf, wasn, artistry, emerge, dominate, emerging, home, rich, located, crossroads, migration, routes, epicentre, islamization, 14th, followed, previous, introductions, coasts, confluence, nomadic, partners, resulted, unique, governor, mansion, coiled, construction, rural, uses, storing, grains, seeds, food, being, tables, bowls, quality, craft, minority, relate, ethnic, linguistic, diversity, vary, greatly, parts, make, deal, widely, vestments, hangings, curtains, wrappings, supplanted, fabrics, seen, picture, normally, veiled, semi, transparent, opaque, thin, cotton, specialty, pattern, chiffon, jar, spout, ancient, 21st, blended, aesthetics, influences, julie, mehretu, elias, sime, aida, muluneh, received, international, innovative, materials, themes, identity, urban, heritage, works, featured, exhibitions, venice, biennale, reflecting, forms, ceremonial, contexts, royalty, noble, officials, senior, clergy, rose, bands, resemble, typical, four, joined, surmounted, venerated, perhaps, stolen, 1997, eventually, recovered, returned, collector, belgian, another, plated, least, silver, flat, plates, complex, motif, emerges, whole, forming, rotated, square, designs, varied, inventive, incorporate, curved, motifs, rising, called, except, figure, incorporates, numerous, engraved, figurative, imagery, sometimes, added, either, wooden, staff, carried, processions, shorter, handle, same, casting, jewelry, liturgy, corpus, adam, openwork, cast, brass, copper, alloy, tablet, popular, versions, flanked, iconic, depictions, she, depicted, linked, carrying, messages, human, affairs, behalf, dragon, archangels, theotokos, primary, second, size, sides, allow, open, views, glued, above, binding, medium, paint, animal, glue, matt, finish, then, mineral, pigments, palette, reds, yellows, blues, underdrawing, visible, reinforced, edges, areas, final, varnished, gesso, fully, sign, than, commemorating, donors, unusually, houses, talismanic, scrolls, instead, ark, cases, consecrated, boxes, inside, lid, placed, mass, somewhat, equivalent, laity, them, wrapped, when, taken, procession, antimins, tabot, books, closely, simplified, antique, typified, simplistic, almost, cartoonish, large, almond, shaped, eyes, colours, bright, vivid, nature, decorating, bibles, best, pictured, famed, covered, angels, represented, winged, murals, dating, commonly, began, exert, conservative, retained, much, character, times, production, continued, present, pilgrimages, jerusalem, clerical, roman, catholic, triptychs, gondar, iconography, likely, far, back, come, 11th, followers, fled, temporary, exile, mentioned, decorated, those, nearby, geneta, maryam, predate, instance, centuries, contain, imitating, garima, hewn, our, lady, zion, selam, mikael, emperor, theodore, depicting, mercurius, gondarene, narga, dek, depiction, john, evangelist, prehistoric, comparable, sites, survives, places, arrival, carved, reliefs, erected, grave, markers, purposes, regions, pre, axumite, north, settlers, cities, temples, ruined, continuations, powerful, emerged, dominated, 10th, become, arabia, kush, iron, age, cut, biete, ghiogis, gondarine, chronical, manifestation, developed, millennia, over, expressions, goldsmithing, illuminations, istifanos, free, encyclopedia, item, projects, printable, download, pdf, print, export, switch, legacy, parser, get, shortened, url, information, permanent, what, here, actions, english, talk, kiswahili, slovenščina, македонски, 한국어, igbo, español, català, asturianu, personal, pages, community, portal, learn, contribute, random, current, events, navigation, jump, content,
Text of the page (random words):
adam except in recent western influenced examples they usually have no corpus or figure of christ and the design often incorporates numerous smaller crosses engraved figurative imagery has sometimes been added crosses are mostly either processional crosses with the metal head mounted on a long wooden staff carried in religious processions and during the liturgy or hand crosses with a shorter metal handle in the same casting as the head smaller crosses worn as jewelry are also common the lalibela cross is an especially venerated hand cross perhaps of the 12th century which was stolen from a church in lalibela in 1997 and eventually recovered and returned from a belgian collector in 2001 distinctive forms of the crown were worn in ceremonial contexts by royalty and important noble officials as well as senior clergy royal crowns rose high with a number of circular bands while church crowns often resemble an elongated version of the typical european closed crown with four arms joined at the top and surmounted by a cross contemporary art edit in the 21st century contemporary ethiopian artists have increasingly blended traditional aesthetics with global and modern influences artists such as julie mehretu elias sime and aida muluneh have received international recognition for their innovative use of materials and themes related to identity urban life and cultural heritage 12 13 their works have been featured in exhibitions such as the venice biennale and the museum of modern art reflecting ethiopia s growing presence in the global contemporary art scene 14 girma h 2023 modern ethiopian art tradition and transformation addis ababa university press solomon m 2024 ethiopian artists in the global contemporary scene african arts journal 57 2 45 59 other arts and crafts edit a jar spout from the ancient kingdom of aksum ethiopia has great ethnic and linguistic diversity and styles in secular traditional crafts vary greatly in different parts of the country there is a range of traditions in textiles many with woven geometric decoration although many types are also usually plain ethiopian church practices make a great deal of use of colourful textiles and the more elaborate types are widely used as church vestments and as hangings curtains and wrappings in churches although they have now largely been supplanted by western fabrics examples of both types can be seen in the picture at the top of the article icons may normally be veiled with a semi transparent or opaque cloth very thin chiffon type cotton cloth is a specialty of ethiopia though usually with no pattern colourful basketry with a coiled construction is common in rural ethiopia the products have many uses such as storing grains seeds and food and being used as tables and bowls the muslim city of harar is well known for its high quality basketry 15 and many craft products of the muslim minority relate to wider islamic decorative traditions illuminated manuscripts from other religious groups of ethiopia edit islamic manuscript housed in the governor of harar s mansion basketry wasn t the only artistry to emerge from the muslim city of harar while christian illuminated manuscripts dominate the literature on religious texts emerging from this region ethiopia is also home to a rich history of islamic illuminated manuscripts located in central eastern ethiopia at the crossroads of multiple migration and trade routes harar became the epicentre for islamization by the 14th century 16 this followed previous introductions of the religion by muslim religious figures in the northeast of the country in the 7th century and coasts of neighboring somalia in the 8th century 17 the confluence of culture from both nomadic groups indigenous to the region and trade partners beyond resulted in a style of manuscript unique to the harari people the khalili manuscript a single volume qur ān of 290 folios is regarded by scholar dr sana mirza as representative of distinct harari codices known in arabic as mus haf in part because of its stylistic parallels to the 25 recorded collections produced in harar 18 additionally because it is one of the earliest documented texts from the city the oldest datable manuscript containing text in old harari was produced in 1460 19 the khalili qur ān has distinct wide horizontal margins creating the optics of a script elongated across the page the wide margins are filled with notes and ornate decorations some notes are written diagonally to the main text creating a vertical zigzagging effect and others are written in blocking patterns the colourful gray gold and red text serve both an aesthetic and functional purpose each colour indicating a different reading of the text or sayings of the prophet 18 table displaying some of the adaptations of arabic script to ajami script ajami script and ajamization of ethiopian art edit the text itself is written in ajami differing from the native ge ez script an alphabet used to write languages local to ethiopia and eritrea ajami refers to an adapted arabic script influenced by local languages primarily spoken in eastern africa 17 beyond the script ajami represents the contextual enrichment of islamic traditions within the region during this period more broadly a process growing literature on the subject refers to as ajamization 16 17 with the introduction of islamic texts culture and art to africa communities modified these traditions to accommodate local palates the ajamization of qur ānic texts by the harari people reflects this intersection of assimilation and preservation through adapting traditional islamic practices to indigenous culture and taste qur anic art of the mamluk sultanate circa 1375 with stylistic parallels to harari manuscripts stylistic parallels edit transcultural parallels and adaptations in the illumination of the text such as the byzantine influence on christian illustrations within the region can also be observed in islamic art beyond visual likeness to byzantine art ethiopia s geographic positioning in the horn of africa at the junction of the mediterranean red sea and the indian ocean is reflected in the aesthetic similarities between harari script and other visual cultures 18 notably dr mirza has drawn parallels between the harari manuscripts and the decorative devices from the islamic texts of the mamluk sultanate modern day egypt and syria and the calligraphic letterform of the biḥārī script northeast india 18 representation of ethiopian islamic art edit the lack of representation for islamic manuscripts compared to other religious texts from ethiopia in mainstream scholarship can be attributed to a variety of reasons a leading scholar in islamic manuscript cultures in sub saharan africa dr alessandro gori ascribes this disproportionate representation within academia to a variety of socio political factors dr gori claims that a change in regime in 1991 and the geopolitics of classical arabic studies have contributed to an understudied field 20 research on islam is also limited due to private ownership the most prominent ethiopian institutions to house these manuscripts include the institute of ethiopian studies the national museum of ethiopia and the harar national museum 21 yet the majority of these collections remain in private hands the emergence of tourism in the 1970s brought foreign buyers with little knowledge of the historical relevance of these bodies of work 20 this privatization made it easier for collectors from europe the united states and arab countries to acquire these texts without going through institutional channels 21 in conjunction with the destruction of manuscripts by foreign aggressors or disputing citizens 20 lack of trust in government bodies and smuggling 21 cataloging and preserving these sacred texts remains a difficult task despite these challenges academics curators and the ethiopian government have made increasing efforts to inventory harari and other islamic manuscripts in collaboration with the institute of ethiopian studies dr gori published a catalog of islamic codices in 2014 to help facilitate future research on these manuscripts 20 gallery edit stone statue from addi galamo tigray province 6th 5th century bce stelae in the royal cemetery at tiya the obelisk of axum 4th century 12th century processional cross bible from a monastery on lake tana 12th 13th century page from gunda gunde gospel c 1540 small pendant diptych icon with st george and the virgin and child late 18th century processional cross guardian angel around 1800 folding book 19th century pendant cross the roof of debre berhan selassie church folding processional icon in the shape of a fan painting of solomon ethiopian chapel in the church of the holy sepulchre mary with child ethiopian early 16th century ethiopian orthodox icon early 16th century ethiopian orthodox icon late 17th early 18th century marian scenes c a 1630 1700 mary with child mid late 17th century pendant icon mary with child and st george 17th century diptych christ crowned with thorns descent from the cross c a 1750 mary with child and st george 15th 16th century see also edit architecture of ethiopia list of ethiopian artists notes edit hansberry william leo pillars in ethiopian history the william leo hansberry african history notebook washington howard university press 1974 fuente citada en christianity in ethiopia mathurin veyssière de lacroze joão bermudez histoire du christianisme d éthiopie et d arménie vve le vier et p paupie 1739 asin b001bmux7g fuente citada en christianisme en éthiopie cia world factbook fuente citada en religion in ethiopia véase también etiopía religión iglesia ortodoxa etíope iglesia católica etíope e iglesia ortodoxa copta jacques mercier en gérard prunier l éthiopie contemporaine karthala 2007 pgs 257 260 biasio 2003 christian ethiopian art smarthistory 2016 12 22 archived from the original on 2019 03 31 retrieved 2017 07 27 1 2 3 briggs philip 2015 ethiopia bradt travel guides p 242 isbn 978 1 84162 922 3 de lorenzi james 2015 guardians of the tradition historians and historical writing in ethiopia and eritrea boydell brewer pp 15 16 isbn 978 1 58046 519 9 gossage carolyn chojnacki stanley 2000 ethiopian icons catalogue of the collection of the institute of ethiopian studies addis ababa university skira isbn 978 88 8118 646 4 oclc 848786240 page needed ethiopia its art and icons retrieved 22 june 2012 ross 2002 chojnacki stanisław gossage carolyn 2006 ethiopian crosses a cultural history and chronology skira isbn 978 88 7624 831 3 oclc 838853616 page needed evangelatou maria 2018 a contextual reading of ethiopian crosses through form and ritual gorgias press doi 10 31826 9781463240226 isbn 978 1 4632 4022 6 s2cid 198628084 page needed girma h 2023 modern ethiopian art tradition and transformation addis ababa university press solomon m 2024 ethiopian artists in the global contemporary scene african arts journal 57 2 45 59 habte d 2024 contemporary art in ethiopia addis ababa university press ethiopian handicraft archived from the original on 1 july 2012 retrieved 22 june 2012 1 2 fani sara 17 october 2017 scribal practices in arabic manuscripts from ethiopia the ʿajamization of scribal practices in fuṣḥā and ʿajamī manuscripts from harar islamic africa 8 1 2 144 170 doi 10 1163 21540993 00801002 1 2 3 hernández adday 17 october 2017 the ʿajamization of islam in ethiopia through esoteric textual manifestations in two collections of ethiopian arabic manuscripts islamic africa 8 1 2 171 192 doi 10 1163 21540993 00801004 hdl 10261 204784 1 2 3 4 mirza sana 28 december 2017 the visual resonances of a harari qur ān an 18th century ethiopian manuscript and its indian ocean connec afriques 8 doi 10 4000 afriques 2052 gori 2019 1 2 3 4 gori regourd delamarter 2014 p page needed 1 2 3 kawo hassen muhammad 2015 islamic manuscript collections in ethiopia islamic africa 6 1 2 192 200 doi 10 1163 21540993 00602012 jstor 90017383 references edit biasio elisabeth 2003 ethiopia and eritrea grove music online 8th ed oxford university press doi 10 1093 gao 9781884446054 article t026878 isbn 978 1 56159 263 0 subscription wikilibrary access or uk public library membership required gossage carolyn chojnacki stanley 2000 ethiopian icons catalogue of the collection of the institute of ethiopian studies addis ababa university skira isbn 978 88 8118 646 4 oclc 848786240 fani sara 2017 scribal practices in arabic manuscripts from ethiopia the ʿajamization of scribal practices in fuṣḥā and ʿajamī manuscripts from harar islamic africa 8 1 2 144 170 doi 10 1163 21540993 00801002 jstor 90017960 gnisci jacopo christian ethiopian art archived 2019 03 31 at the wayback machine in smarthistory accessed 27 july 2017 gori alessandro 2019 text collections in the arabic manuscript tradition of harar the case of the mawlid collection and of šayḫ hāšim s al fatḥ al raḥmānī the emergence of multiple text manuscripts pp 59 74 doi 10 1515 9783110645989 003 isbn 978 3 11 064598 9 s2cid 214291690 gori alessandro regourd anne delamarter steve 2014 a handlist of the manuscripts in the institute of ethiopian studies volume two volume two wipf and stock publishers isbn 978 1 4982 1761 3 oclc 1196177778 hernández adday 2017 the ʿajamization of islam in ethiopia through esoteric textual manifestations in two collections of ethiopian arabic manuscripts islamic africa 8 1 2 171 172 doi 10 1163 21540993 00801004 hdl 10261 204784 jstor 90017961 horowitz deborah ellen 2001 ethiopian art the walters art museum third millennium isbn 978 1 903942 02 4 kawo hassen muhammad 2015 islamic manuscript collections in ethiopia islamic africa 6 1 2 192 200 doi 10 1163 21540993 00602012 jstor 90017383 mirza sana 28 december 2017 the visual resonances of a harari qur ān an 18th century ethiopian manuscript and its indian ocean connec afriques 8 doi 10 4000 afriques 2052 ross emma george october 2002 african christianity in ethiopia the metropolitan museum of art external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to art of ethiopia ethiopic manuscripts ucla library special collections v t e african art sovereign states algeria angola benin botswana burkina faso burundi cameroon cape verde central african republic chad comoros democratic republic of the congo republic of the congo djibouti egypt equatorial guinea eritrea eswatini ethiopia gabon the gambia ghana guinea guinea bissau ivory coast kenya lesotho liberia libya madagascar malawi mali mauritania mauritius morocco mozambique namibia niger nigeria rwanda são tomé and príncipe senegal seychelles sierra leone somalia south africa south sudan sudan tanzania togo tunisia uganda zambia zimbabwe states with limited recognition sahrawi arab democratic republic somaliland dependencies and other territories canary islands ceuta melilla plazas de soberanía spain madeira portugal mayotte réunion france saint helena ascension island tristan da cunha united kingdom retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php...
|
