Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
computers, computer, digital, transistor, of, computing, early, the, memory, calculators, data, processing, electronic, manchester, history, hardware, contents, devices, first, proposed, general, purpose, device, analog, advent, stored, program, magnetic, characteristics, integrated, circuit, semiconductor, microprocessor, epilogue, see, also, notes, references, further, reading, external, links, ancient, and, medieval, renaissance, calculating, tools, mechanical, punched, card, electromechanical, computation, programmable, baby, mark, edsac, edvac, commercial, microprogramming, peripherals, supercomputers,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (1110), and (369), was (193), #computer (190), from (173), for (123), first (114), archived (112), original (112), retrieved (105), #computing (103), computers (103), with (79), history (78), were (77), that (75), university (69), electronic (66), memory (60), machine (60), used (59), isbn (57), 2008 (55), doi (52), ibm (50), mechanical (50), machines (47), program (46), which (44), digital (43), this (40), its (40), one (38), edit (38), mark (37), design (36), early (34), data (34), pdf (34), use (33), world (32), turing (32), manchester (32), his (32), system (31), built (30), 978 (30), not (29), 2019 (29), press (28), could (28), hardware (27), punched (27), stored (27), had (27), devices (26), science (25), analog (25), eniac (25), transistor (24), colossus (24), 2020 (24), would (24), such (24), using (23), vacuum (23), also (23), systems (23), technology (23), modern (23), 1998 (23), circuit (23), other (22), integrated (22), device (22), tubes (22), but (22), binary (22), their (22), 2023 (21), john (21), semiconductor (21), work (21), later (21), edsac (21), drum (21), into (21), than (21), more (21), may (20), card (20), invented (20), logic (20), during (20), time (20), became (20), developed (20), 2006 (19), new (19), calculator (19), development (19), magnetic (19), about (18), chip (18), tube (18), numbers (18), bibcode (18), babbage (18), british (18), have (18), mos (18), transistors (18), main (18), calculations (18), 2021 (17), processing (17), has (17), zuse (17), engineering (17), circuits (17), single (17), these (17), august (16), july (16), june (16), power (16), storage (16), 1949 (16), years (16), s2cid (16), are (16), 2018 (16), engine (16), cards (16), programmable (16), speed (16), april (15), 1945 (15), von (15), quantum (15), 2014 (15), been (15), core (15), article (15), many (15), most (15), second (15), generation (15), designed (15), 2017 (14), march (14), ieee (14), 1955 (14), 1956 (14), columbia (14), 2010 (14), williams (14), neumann (14), 2011 (14), 2009 (14), war (14), intel (14), high (14), complete (14), 000 (14), software (14), only (14), point (14), paper (14), number (13), 1960s (13), 1953 (13), edvac (13), 1957 (13), calculating (13), society (13), 2007 (13), programming (13), november (13), computation (13), called (13), silicon (13), information (13), decimal (13), mechanism (13), two (13), articles (12), all (12), microprocessor (12), univac (12), museum (12), electrical (12), york (12), report (12), cambridge (12), charles (12), american (12), eckert (12), 1940 (12), arithmetic (12), made (12), controlled (12), research (12), 2012 (12), issn (12), fully (12), when (12), now (12), baby (12), known (12), read (12), implemented (12), working (12), code (11), language (11), disk (11), states (11), bit (11), december (11), annals (11), further (11), reading (11), 1109 (11), army (11), lavington (11), 2015 (11), 1971 (11), census (11), general (11), bell (11), google (11), construction (11), division (11), like (11), operation (11), between (11), before (11), they (11), then (11), instructions (11), electromechanical (11), september (10), german (10), central (10), unit (10), united (10), 1947 (10), 1944 (10), 2000 (10), electronics (10), company (10), bletchley (10), january (10), words (10), leibniz (10), automatic (10), national (10), laboratory (10), needed (10), 2016 (10), some (10), floating (10), 1948 (10), universal (10), calculators (10), there (10), set (10), based (10), switches (10), began (10), tape (10), wikipedia (9), available (9), 2013 (9), french (9), list (9), present (9), output (9), 1951 (9), engineers (9), introduction (9), third (9), springer (9), thomas (9), mit (9), school (9), pascal (9), february (9), series (9), park (9), david (9), mathematics (9), simon (9), earliest (9), 1980 (9), century (9), des (9), scientific (9), analytical (9), times (9), astronomical (9), copeland (9), 100 (9), proposed (9), office (9), electro (9), however (9), being (9), although (9), possible (9), cpu (9), basis (9), control (9), valves (9), well (9), multiplication (9), perform (9), cs1 (8), ram (8), display (8), 1958 (8), 1964 (8), 1960 (8), 1938 (8), access (8), william (8), continuous (8), mathematical (8), complex (8), book (8), practical (8), calculation (8), mass (8), kilby (8), journal (8), government (8), robert (8), logical (8), can (8), even (8), day (8), containers (8), state (8), much (8), ferranti (8), after (8), faster (8), described (8), personal (8), over (8), commercial (8), same (8), while (8), led (8), late (8), large (8), form (8), greatly (8), clock (8), operational (8), purpose (8), included (8), including (8), toggle (7), contact (7), page (7), index (7), basic (7), 1943 (7), 650 (7), harvard (7), illiac (7), oxford (7), 1984 (7), field (7), story (7), moore (7), computable (7), alan (7), mauchly (7), 1999 (7), hill (7), shannon (7), notes (7), lovelace (7), ada (7), electric (7), hollerith (7), industrial (7), help (7), scientist (7), processor (7), each (7), chips (7), concept (7), 1975 (7), 1950 (7), kilburn (7), era (7), torres (7), usa (7), year (7), several (7), medieval (7), ancient (7), bone (7), 1970s (7), napier (7), down (7), operating (7), replaced (7), tools (7), considered (7), cost (7), process (7), units (7), operations (7), yes (7), both (7), ran (7), relays (7), table (6), non (6), 2025 (6), pages (6), october (6), 2022 (6), pioneers (6), jack (6), current (6), mosfet (6), ray (6), input (6), see (6), pennsylvania (6), 1952 (6), 2005 (6), very (6), randell (6), 1941 (6), manual (6), part (6), london (6), wilkes (6), breaking (6), enigma (6), application (6), via (6), 2001 (6), 1946 (6), how (6), slide (6), problems (6), bureau (6), herman (6), applications (6), theory (6), 2004 (6), arthur (6), center (6), tom (6), architecture (6), long (6), review (6), physical (6), nature (6), qubit (6), since (6), consumption (6), secret (6), microprocessors (6), air (6), labs (6), business (6), noyce (6), values (6), project (6), cathode (6), small (6), atanasoff (6), leonardo (6), 200 (6), simple (6), model (6), least (6), million (6), multiple (6), clay (6), eventually (6), another (6), hand (6), reliable (6), did (6), next (6), until (6), altair (6), similar (6), initial (6), low (6), due (6), lsi (6), four (6), scale (6), idea (6), often (6), delivered (6), around (6), capable (6), constructed (6), what (6), boolean (6), aid (6), represented (6), add (5), search (5), link (5), statements (5), errors (5), sources (5), removable (5), 1988 (5), 1965 (5), soviet (5), revolution (5), institute (5), count (5), brian (5), berlin (5), origins (5), pictorial (5), paul (5), life (5), konrad (5), michael (5), 1986 (5), microprogramming (5), draft (5), entscheidungsproblem (5), proceedings (5), 1937 (5), internet (5), stibitz (5), george (5), telephone (5), three (5), smith (5), 1991 (5), hdl (5), analysis (5), relay (5), schmandt (5), besserat (5), cold (5), citation (5), instruments (5), vol (5), 1992 (5), martin (5), pioneer (5), 1994 (5), rule (5), standard (5), feynman (5), special (5), 177 (5), random (5), cite (5), burks (5), allen (5), create (5), gate (5), move (5), introduced (5), price (5), demonstrated (5), fairchild (5), invention (5), important (5), reported (5), gamma (5), money (5), 1895 (5), difference (5), version (5), tables (5), completed (5), earlier (5), schickard (5), gear (5), carry (5), accounting (5), specific (5), 500 (5), equations (5), example (5), served (5), contained (5), marks (5), become (5), ubiquitous (5), remained (5), line (5), 8800 (5), elements (5), less (5), smaller (5), any (5), produced (5), out (5), cdc (5), atlas (5), transistorized (5), store (5), five (5), ten (5), junction (5), cables (5), patch (5), berry (5), numerical (5), engineer (5), bomb (5), board (5), differential (5), languages (4), contents (4), view (4), under (4), additional (4), you (4), foundation (4), commons (4), maint (4), location (4), unsourced (4), short (4), related (4), port (4), serial (4), network (4), flash (4), components (4), 702 (4), iii (4), 1966 (4), 201 (4), 1959 (4), 1950s (4), csirac (4), australia (4), media (4), external (4), links (4), heidelberg (4), verlag (4), magazine (4), ceruzzi (4), england (4), der (4), 1993 (4), discrete (4), 1997 (4), maurice (4), welchman (4), gordon (4), 138 (4), books (4), blaise (4), 1969 (4), issued (4), assigned (4), 1981 (4), references (4), guide (4), station (4), 181 (4), source (4), eds (4), simplified (4), web (4), 1942 (4), content (4), log (4), brief (4), technical (4), washington (4), industry (4), punch (4), oclc (4), women (4), who (4), 1979 (4), 114 (4), methods (4), method (4), today (4), james (4), essential (4), citeseerx (4), princeton (4), study (4), stephen (4), free (4), 1970 (4), symposium (4), newell (4), acm (4), communications (4), house (4), news (4), running (4), composed (4), once (4), server (4), just (4), start (4), 1961 (4), performance (4), market (4), mahc (4), 1990 (4), real (4), conservation (4), delay (4), pioneering (4), flowers (4), others (4), bush (4), quevedo (4), machinery (4), anita (4), friden (4), 1930s (4), rapid (4), arithmometer (4), operate (4), bce (4), counting (4), top (4), conceived (4), remote (4), leo (4), calculate (4), tasks (4), despite (4), still (4), finally (4), took (4), length (4), write (4), created (4), team (4), allowed (4), consumed (4), held (4), cpus (4), commercially (4), them (4), significant (4), reduced (4), service (4), reliability (4), limited (4), bytes (4), programs (4), hybrid (4), released (4), increased (4), addition (4), enabled (4), function (4), powerful (4), size (4), required (4), designs (4), saw (4), advent (4), went (4), provided (4), executed (4), typically (4), instruction (4), branch (4), improved (4), fixed (4), far (4), thousands (4), mercury (4), germany (4), conditional (4), followed (4), direction (4), digit (4), lyons (4), multiplier (4), level (4), superseded (4), subtraction (4), performed (4), 1936 (4), subtract (4), colossi (4), wheel (4), setting (4), representing (4), thomson (4), sight (4), fire (4), weather (4), 20th (4), stepped (4), abacus (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), subsection (4), mobile (3), terms (3), organization (3), wikimedia (3), wikidata (3), needing (3), inactive (3), verification (3), deprecated (3), spanish (3), different (3), org (3), obsolete (3), supply (3), case (3), drive (3), optical (3), floppy (3), pack (3), graphics (3), sound (3), printer (3), stick (3), 1103 (3), rand (3), 701 (3), ordvac (3), edb (3), 3000 (3), union (3), 1954 (3), japan (3), course (3), 387 (3), illustrated (3), automation (3), 544 (3), online (3), 642 (3), signals (3), ann (3), 145 (3), les (3), arithmétiques (3), sons (3), mathematician (3), correction (3), lee (3), pan (3), ltd (3), codebreakers (3), 180 (3), singer (3), manufacturing (3), models (3), thesis (3), symbolic (3), claude (3), tablets (3), pmid (3), 211 (3), 262 (3), rojas (3), 464 (3), graphical (3), processes (3), 2nd (3), par (3), 1996 (3), federico (3), addison (3), wesley (3), 1642 (3), gottfried (3), antikythera (3), memories (3), kells (3), kern (3), bland (3), approach (3), iowa (3), 4004 (3), 1989 (3), art (3), 1890 (3), tabulation (3), institution (3), acis (3), sands (3), physics (3), leighton (3), pdp (3), 101 (3), 1935 (3), 112 (3), cruz (3), frank (3), sequence (3), jstor (3), coriolis (3), products (3), uses (3), advanced (3), goldstine (3), record (3), ground (3), structures (3), examples (3), 1977 (3), 1145 (3), supercomputer (3), 1962 (3), term (3), breakthrough (3), qubits (3), distance (3), spectrum (3), solve (3), spin (3), readout (3), kelly (3), error (3), will (3), bbc (3), cloud (3), something (3), die (3), centers (3), rom (3), dram (3), solid (3), metal (3), oxide (3), apollo (3), howard (3), 182 (3), age (3), monolithic (3), texas (3), encyclopedia (3), 172 (3), metrovick (3), cooke (3), yarborough (3), publishing (3), stanford (3), 2024 (3), historical (3), economy (3), our (3), star (3), replica (3), printed (3), 0958 (3), 7403 (3), resurrection (3), fensom (3), harry (3), independent (3), 107 (3), patents (3), 162 (3), account (3), 2003 (3), vannevar (3), intelligence (3), build (3), 108 (3), extended (3), labor (3), debate (3), tooth (3), few (3), 128 (3), guidobaldo (3), donald (3), robson (3), primitive (3), representation (3), ishango (3), networks (3), anything (3), terminals (3), bcd (3), widely (3), nine (3), thus (3), order (3), tally (3), timeline (3), seminal (3), started (3), microseconds (3), able (3), circuitry (3), cmos (3), forms (3), product (3), arrays (3), regular (3), prove (3), dramatically (3), except (3), gates (3), without (3), never (3), failures (3), installed (3), run (3), disks (3), unix (3), microcomputers (3), sold (3), assembled (3), microcomputer (3), presented (3), weighed (3), success (3), announced (3), having (3), popular (3), soon (3), modules (3), simpler (3), minicomputers (3), beyond (3), mhz (3), eprom (3), lack (3), hundreds (3), integration (3), effect (3), previously (3), mid (3), command (3), half (3), germanium (3), ideas (3), successfully (3), wire (3), connections (3), radar (3), royal (3), establishment (3), computational (3), generally (3), 6600 (3), said (3), capacity (3), supercomputers (3), peripheral (3), secondary (3), cycle (3), because (3), digits (3), peripherals (3), various (3), 146 (3), cadet (3), hours (3), bipolar (3), 150 (3), generate (3), 125 (3), film (3), joseph (3), characteristics (3), expanded (3), execution (3), combination (3), rotation (3), 131 (3), 132 (3), famous (3), job (3), improvements (3), left (3), presper (3), especially (3), through (3), subsequent (3), registers (3), written (3), successful (3), displayed (3), pattern (3), word (3), intended (3), ace (3), him (3), multiply (3), divide (3), effects (3), problem (3), integrator (3), messages (3), destroyed (3), lorenz (3), tunny (3), message (3), mechanisms (3), tommy (3), where (3), post (3), algebra (3), formal (3), operated (3), given (3), polish (3), period (3), wind (3), range (3), ship (3), powered (3), tide (3), navigation (3), developments (3), predicting (3), jacquard (3), loom (3), gears (3), desktop (3), rules (3), conduct (2), privacy (2), policy (2), attribution (2), edited (2), categories (2), category (2), publisher (2), numeric (2), factual (2), disputed (2), accuracy (2), dates (2), description (2), title (2), game (2), parallel (2), usb (2), interface (2), controller (2), disc (2), plotter (2), refreshable (2), braille (2), image (2), pointing (2), light (2), kingdom (2), 1978 (2), sperry (2), remington (2), fsq (2), sage (2), 704 (2), 305 (2), trask (2), facom (2), maniac (2), smil (2), silliac (2), sara (2), weizac (2), vlsi (2), mainframe (2), histories (2), collection (2), bob (2), 1982 (2), selected (2), papers (2), www (2), 1967 (2), issues (2), haigh (2), massachusetts (2), translated (2), mein (2), lebenswerk (2), ross (2), 3rd (2), macmillan (2), 370 (2), 126 (2), 115 (2), comp (2), 309 (2), 295 (2), penguin (2), six (2), vidal (2), vogt (2), clermont (2), ferrand (2), 1112 (2), plms (2), net (2), archive (2), 230 (2), france (2), histoire (2), calcul (2), 198 (2), patent (2), dover (2), 220 (2), 226 (2), annotated (2), smolin (2), strategy (2), 1929 (2), mcgraw (2), 1939 (2), 1721 (2), 11173 (2), switching (2), transactions (2), 4479 (2), 1126 (2), 283 (2), denise (2), architectures (2), 521 (2), volume (2), elsevier (2), reserve (2), bank (2), prentice (2), hall (2), signal (2), library (2), mourlevat (2), patterson (2), hennessy (2), ocagne (2), 1893 (2), 231 (2), conservatoire (2), arts (2), métiers (2), montaner (2), 1887 (2), hispano (2), ciencias (2), english (2), publications (2), cultural (2), mead (2), conway (2), mayo (2), newcomb (2), 117 (2), fair (2), douglas (2), caminer (2), marguin (2), jean (2), fold (2), spindle (2), 1703 (2), arithmétique (2), lazos (2), addressable (2), kohonen (2), nobel (2), lecture (2), kalman (2), prediction (2), modular (2), hunt (2), fluid (2), 30d (2), lewis (2), fry (2), richardson (2), horowitz (2), phd (2), adopted (2), flamm (2), kenneth (2), 815 (2), brookings (2), support (2), international (2), competition (2), matthew (2), lectures (2), mechanics (2), heat (2), evans (2), untold (2), eckhouse (2), richard (2), morris (2), perturbations (2), watson (2), 2027 (2), wallace (2), 1086 (2), root (2), 364 (2), 1063 (2), chronology (2), ascc (2), britain (2), 1836 (2), note (2), codebreaking (2), department (2), 139 (2), parameter (2), chua (2), leon (2), 519 (2), 507 (2), preliminary (2), discussion (2), budiansky (2), aberdeen (2), proving (2), fugaku (2), frontier (2), break (2), bill (2), 041032 (2), cited (2), 1038 (2), phase (2), merging (2), going (2), every (2), shankland (2), cnet (2), 160 (2), servers (2), kilowatts (2), r2e (2), micral (2), dynamic (2), space (2), guidance (2), materials (2), johns (2), hopkins (2), companies (2), rise (2), 120 (2), patented (2), corporation (2), 140 (2), interpretive (2), 4020 (2), education (2), soc (2), platform (2), 1049 (2), 103 (2), 106 (2), 1007 (2), whirlwind (2), pulse (2), soap (2), wolontis (2), laboratories (2), platoni (2), kara (2), birth (2), bull (2), 1800 (2), antiquarian (2), deflator (2), mccusker (2), 1973 (2), tutorial (2), simulator (2), campbell (2), precise (2), squares (2), rebuilt (2), cam (2), 5718 (2), why (2), name (2), summer (2), wiley (2), 104 (2), generations (2), 1983 (2), obituary (2), coombs (2), jim (2), cracking (2), register (2), innovation (2), building (2), 494 (2), gottlob (2), frege (2), philosophical (2), raúl (2), make (2), 1998iahc (2), conception (2), anticipated (2), stanley (2), 1985 (2), helmut (2), norden (2), 114x (2), 1016 (2), 003 (2), sobre (2), las (2), máquinas (2), algébricas (2), libraries (2), asee (2), conference (2), 1094 (2), letters (2), analyst (2), 1353 (2), 40098349 (2), 2307 (2), 174 (2), 2008013 (2), 2002 (2), 1017 (2), silent (2), 134 (2), leslie (2), comrie (2), archives (2), 1920 (2), force (2), entire (2), condition (2), eleventh (2), commissioner (2), charge (2), works (2), propagated (2), places (2), along (2), monte (2), routledge (2), near (2), 184 (2), channel (2), musical (2), automata (2), looms (2), eleanor (2), calculi (2), iraq (2), 2350 (2), evolution (2), writing (2), lebombo (2), western (2), pure (2), fastest (2), 102 (2), back (2), 127 (2), cannot (2), defense (2), considerable (2), implementation (2), 2300 (2), comparison (2), generalized (2), together (2), wait (2), terminal (2), connected (2), country (2), test (2), prototype (2), existence (2), kept (2), character (2), coded (2), bones (2), recommended (2), 5114 (2), 260 (2), 1670 (2), according (2), tokens (2), total (2), transferred (2), avoid (2), open (2), impressions (2), placed (2), outside (2), systematically (2), numerals (2), 5000 (2), evolved (2), baboon (2), tool (2), found (2), fibula (2), paleolithic (2), equipment (2), shift (2), supercomputing (2), laptops (2), greek (2), analogue (2), anyone (2), implementing (2), own (2), continued (2), epilogue (2), currently (2), chains (2), cryogenics (2), distances (2), local (2), 191 (2), energy (2), enabling (2), thermal (2), telephones (2), cams (2), cell (2), allows (2), 1980s (2), types (2), unlike (2), multi (2), require (2), eight (2), shut (2), might (2), fail (2), off (2), hard (2), hot (2), pluggable (2), tests (2), replacing (2), farms (2), develop (2), cern (2), object (2), pre (2), features (2), larger (2), apple (2), consisted (2), named (2), rather (2), achieved (2), matter (2), stages (2), initially (2), rapidly (2), technologies (2), influenced (2), appeared (2), stack (2), containing (2), internal (2), parts (2), right (2), 8742 (2), includes (2), microcontroller (2), exact (2), realized (2), fourth (2), rate (2), predicted (2), leading (2), dawon (2), kahng (2), volatile (2), static (2), mohamed (2), atalla (2), agc (2), prior (2), weighing (2), lunar (2), carried (2), came (2), solved (2), whereas (2), laid (2), those (2), planar (2), 164 (2), demonstrating (2), difficult (2), innovative (2), successor (2), 1963 (2), per (2), fetch (2), tens (2), quantity (2), capability (2), thousand (2), stage (2), amplifiers (2), too (2), meant (2), minutes (2), featured (2), moving (2), khz (2), waveforms (2), 147 (2), harwell (2), leadership (2), newly (2), instead (2), 300 (2), giving (2), compared (2), longer (2), contain (2), 144 (2), boards (2), rotating (2), stock (2), dickinson (2), numeral (2), 1940s (2), usage (2), quickly (2), dominate (2), navy (2), continuing (2), diagram (2), lines (2), specialized (2), base (2), defined (2), published (2), proved (2), originally (2), limitations (2), optimal (2), front (2), panel (2), europe (2), configuration (2), primary (2), sign (2), management (2), techniques (2), take (2), 130 (2), milliseconds (2), almost (2), quarter (2), ballistics (2), inventors (2), commenced (2), architectural (2), floundered (2), brain (2), common (2), keeping (2), easier (2), include (2), frederic (2), ssem (2), repeated (2), divisor (2), producing (2), correct (2), answer (2), crt (2), proper (2), experimental (2), joined (2), detailed (2), variable (2), physically (2), contrast (2), combined (2), programmed (2), equivalent (2), end (2), capacitors (2), flexible (2), mechanically (2), vast (2), throughout (2), cipher (2), result (2), enciphered (2), trajectory (2), positions (2), ever (2), patterns (2), panels (2), way (2), moved (2), projects (2), allied (2), encryption (2), quite (2), max (2), newman (2), attacked (2), heath (2), robinson (2), encrypted (2), military (2), performing (2), electrically (2), bombes (2), unknown (2), primarily (2), changeable (2), portion (2), exchange (2), purely (2), showed (2), concepts (2), certain (2), essentially (2), adder (2), correspondence (2), 1879 (2), thought (2), voltage (2), usually (2), bombing (2), advances (2), key (2), america (2), substantial (2), tabulating (2), improvement (2), drove (2), algorithm (2), results (2), gödel (2), solution (2), showing (2), whether (2), reached (2), integrators (2), torque (2), analyzer (2), 1916 (2), drift (2), 19th (2), fed (2), adjustments (2), wheels (2), precision (2), lord (2), kelvin (2), explored (2), automatically (2), sir (2), quantities (2), advancements (2), potential (2), innovations (2), adapted (2), automated (2), significantly (2), 1804 (2), marie (2), regarded (2), steam (2), mechanized (2), 1822 (2), functions (2), inventor (2), reckoner (2), curta (2), print (2), workers (2), bands (2), moveable (2), carriage (2), operator (2), cursor (2), wilhelm (2), european (2), rods (2), quadrant (2), logarithmic (2), involved (2), gunter (2), renaissance (2), astrolabe (2), claim (2), song (2), notches (2), roman (2), probably (2), aids (2), south (2), gradually (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), bahasa (2), donate (2), menu (2), topic, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, text, apply, site, agree, registered, trademark, profit, inc, creative, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, last, 2026, utc, hidden, citations, formatnum, arguments, parameters, disputes, dmy, kind, https, php, history_of_computing_hardware, oldid, 1372339594, vga, dvi, esata, 1394, firewire, hdmi, displayport, audio, thunderbolt, ethernet, ports, expansion, fax, modem, vrm, smps, sshd, nvme, sata, ssd, hdd, bios, motherboard, blu, dvd, speakers, screen, monitor, softcam, webcam, microphone, gpu, scanner, keyboard, trackball, touchscreen, touchpad, trackpad, mouse, pen, tablet, raydac, raytheon, 1105, 1101, emcc, mainframes, 709, 705, 610, ramac, trusted, cedar, illinois, cyclone, musasino, mistic, dask, oracle, johnniac, besk, avidac, ias, family, electronika, elbrus, svs, mars, 2701, besm, sweden, fujic, israel, introductory, microchips, shook, bemer, japanese, historic, things, old, wikiversity, learning, resources, swade, doron, 883175, texts, monographs, 11319, computermuseum, stan, augarten, ocr, permission, author, 195812, 196712, mckenna, patricia, andrew, 08151, 540, 56292, ziemer, roger, tranter, fannin, ronald, 431641, los, alamitos, california, 8186, 7739, genesis, hist, harmondsworth, hut, codes, nathalie, dominique, muséum, henri, lecoq, 9528068, 1976, scribner, autobiography, 684, 14391, adventures
Text of the page (random words):
rom 60 ad vol 2611 new scientist archived from the original on 2017 12 13 koetsier teun 2001 on the prehistory of programmable machines musical automata looms calculators mechanism and machine theory 36 5 elsevier 589 603 doi 10 1016 s0094 114x 01 00005 2 episode 11 ancient robots ancient discoveries history channel archived from the original on 2014 03 01 retrieved 2008 09 06 turner howard r 1997 science in medieval islam an illustrated introduction austin university of texas press p 184 isbn 978 0 292 78149 8 hill donald routledge may 1991 mechanical engineering in the medieval near east scientific american pp 64 69 cf hill donald routledge ix mechanical engineering history of sciences in the islamic world archived from the original on 2007 12 25 kells kern bland 1943 p 92 kells kern bland 1943 p 82 meli domenico bertolini 1992 guidobaldo dal monte and the archimedean revival nuncius 7 1 3 34 doi 10 1163 182539192x00019 williams 1997 p 128 the single tooth gear like that used by schickard would not do for a general carry mechanism the single tooth gear works fine if the carry is only going to be propagated a few places but if the carry has to be propagated several places along the accumulator the force needed to operate the machine would be of such magnitude that it would do damage to the delicate gear works pascal blaise 1645 la machine d arithmétique in french marguin 1994 p 48 ocagne 1893 p 245 mourlevat 1988 p 12 falk jim schickard versus pascal an empty debate archived from the original on 2014 04 08 retrieved 2014 05 15 smith 1929 pp 180 181 leibniz 1703 discovering the arithmometer cornell university 2005 archived from the original on 2006 09 13 retrieved 2023 08 26 herman hollerith columbia university computing history columbia university acis archived from the original on 2011 05 13 retrieved 2010 01 30 truesdell leon e 1965 the development of punch card tabulation in the bureau of the census 1890 1940 us gpo pp 47 55 report of the commissioner of labor in charge of the eleventh census to the secretary of the interior for the fiscal year ending june 30 1895 washington dc united states government publishing office 29 july 1895 p 9 hdl 2027 osu 32435067619882 oclc 867910652 you may confidently look for the rapid reduction of the force of this office after the 1st of october and the entire cessation of clerical work during the present calendar year the condition of the work of the census division and the condition of the final reports show clearly that the work of the eleventh census will be completed at least two years earlier than was the work of the tenth census carroll d wright commissioner of labor in charge 1920 ibm archives 23 january 2003 archived from the original on 2020 10 29 retrieved 2020 12 01 chronological history of ibm 1930s ibm archives 23 january 2003 archived from the original on 2020 12 03 retrieved 2020 12 01 leslie comrie 1928 on the construction of tables by interpolation eckert 1935 erskine ralph smith michael eds 2011 the bletchley park codebreakers biteback publishing ltd p 134 isbn 978 184954078 0 updated and extended version of action this day from breaking of the enigma code to the birth of the modern computer bantam press 2001 frank da cruz a chronology of computing at columbia university columbia university computing history columbia university archived from the original on 2023 08 22 retrieved 2023 08 31 eckert 1940 pp 101 114 light jennifer s july 1999 when computers were women technology and culture 40 3 455 483 doi 10 1353 tech 1999 0128 s2cid 108407884 hunt 1998 friden model stw 10 electro mechanical calculator archived from the original on 2011 05 14 retrieved 2015 08 11 simple and silent office magazine december 1961 p 1244 anita der erste tragbare elektonische rechenautomat anita the first portable electronic computer buromaschinen mechaniker november 1961 p 207 babbage charles 12 october 2011 passages from the life of a philosopher cambridge university press doi 10 1017 cbo9781139103671 isbn 978 1 108 03788 4 babbage charles 4 march 2010 on the economy of machinery and manufactures cambridge university press doi 10 1017 cbo9780511696374 isbn 978 1 108 00910 2 hutton d m 1 august 2002 the difference engine charles babbage and the quest to build the first computer kybernetes 31 6 doi 10 1108 k 2002 06731fae 009 issn 0368 492x tropp henry s december 1975 the origins of digital computers selected papers brian randell isis 66 4 572 573 doi 10 1086 351520 issn 0021 1753 w j w hyman anthony april 1986 charles babbage pioneer of the computer mathematics of computation 46 174 759 doi 10 2307 2008013 issn 0025 5718 jstor 2008013 campbell kelly martin aspray william ensmenger nathan yost jeffrey r 20 april 2018 computer doi 10 4324 9780429495373 isbn 978 0 429 49537 3 turing alan 9 september 2004 computing machinery and intelligence 1950 the essential turing oxford university pressoxford pp 433 464 doi 10 1093 oso 9780198250791 003 0017 isbn 978 0 19 825079 1 retrieved 2024 10 30 davis martin 28 february 2018 the universal computer doi 10 1201 9781315144726 isbn 978 1 315 14472 6 d ucel jeanne dib mohammed 1958 le métier à tisser books abroad 32 3 278 doi 10 2307 40098349 issn 0006 7431 jstor 40098349 heide lars 2009 punched card systems and the early information explosion 1880 1945 johns hopkins university press doi 10 1353 book 3454 isbn 978 0 8018 9143 4 bromley a g 1998 charles babbage s analytical engine 1838 ieee annals of the history of computing 20 4 29 45 bibcode 1998iahc 20d 29b doi 10 1109 85 728228 issn 1058 6180 toole betty alexandra march 1991 ada an analyst and a metaphysician acm sigada ada letters xi 2 60 71 doi 10 1145 122028 122031 issn 1094 3641 howard emily de roure david 2015 turning numbers into notes ada lovelace symposium 2015 celebrating 200 years of a computer visionary on ada lovelace symposium 15 new york new york usa acm press p 13 doi 10 1145 2867731 2867746 isbn 978 1 4503 4150 9 haugtvedt erica abata duane 2021 ada lovelace first computer programmer and hacker 2021 asee virtual annual conference content access proceedings asee conferences doi 10 18260 1 2 36646 blodgett john h 1968 herman hollerith data processing pioneer thesis drexel university libraries doi 10 17918 00004750 torres y quevedo leonardo 1982 essays on automatics the origins of digital computers berlin heidelberg springer berlin heidelberg pp 89 107 doi 10 1007 978 3 642 61812 3_6 isbn 978 3 642 61814 7 retrieved 2024 10 30 6 vannevar bush from as we may think 1945 information columbia university press 2021 doi 10 7312 hayo18620 032 isbn 978 0 231 54654 6 haigh thomas ceruzzi paul e 14 september 2021 a new history of modern computing the mit press doi 10 7551 mitpress 11436 001 0001 isbn 978 0 262 36648 9 chua 1971 pp 507 519 1 2 3 4 the modern history of computing stanford encyclopedia of philosophy metaphysics research lab stanford university 2017 archived from the original on 2010 07 12 retrieved 2014 01 07 girvan ray may june 2003 the revealed grace of the mechanism computing after babbage scientific computing world archived from the original on 2012 11 03 torres leonardo 10 october 1895 memória sobre las máquinas algébricas pdf revista de obras públicas in spanish 28 217 222 leonardo torres memoria sobre las máquinas algébricas con un informe de la real academia de ciencias exactas fisicas y naturales misericordia 1895 thomas federico 1 august 2008 a short account on leonardo torres endless spindle mechanism and machine theory 43 8 iftomm 1055 1063 doi 10 1016 j mechmachtheory 2007 07 003 hdl 10261 30460 issn 0094 114x norden m9 bombsight national museum of the usaf archived from the original on 2007 08 29 retrieved 2008 05 17 coriolis 1836 pp 5 9 tomayko james e 1985 helmut hoelzer s fully electronic analog computer ieee annals of the history of computing 7 3 227 240 bibcode 1985iahc 7c 227t doi 10 1109 mahc 1985 10025 s2cid 15986944 neufeld michael j 10 september 2013 the rocket and the reich peenemunde and the coming of the ballistic missile era smithsonian institution p 138 isbn 9781588344663 archived from the original on 2023 02 02 retrieved 2020 10 18 ulmann bernd 22 july 2013 analog computing walter de gruyter p 38 isbn 9783486755183 archived from the original on 2023 02 02 retrieved 2021 12 27 1 2 turing 1937 1938 copeland 2004 p 22 von neumann firmly emphasized to me and to others i am sure that the fundamental conception is owing to turing insofar as not anticipated by babbage lovelace and others letter by stanley frankel to brian randell 1972 1 2 zuse horst part 4 konrad zuse s z1 and z3 computers the life and work of konrad zuse epe online archived from the original on 2008 06 01 retrieved 2008 06 17 smith 2007 p 60 welchman 1984 p 77 a computer pioneer rediscovered 50 years on the new york times 20 april 1994 archived from the original on 2016 11 04 retrieved 2017 02 16 zuse 1993 p 55 zuse crash the story of it archived from the original on 2008 03 18 rojas raúl 1998 how to make zuse s z3 a universal computer ieee annals of the history of computing 20 3 51 bibcode 1998iahc 20c 51r citeseerx 10 1 1 37 665 doi 10 1109 85 707574 cite journal cite uses deprecated parameter citeseerx help williams f c kilburn t 25 september 1948 electronic digital computers nature 162 4117 487 bibcode 1948natur 162 487w doi 10 1038 162487a0 s2cid 4110351 da cruz 2008 computer pioneers george stibitz history computer org archived from the original on 2018 10 05 retrieved 2018 11 08 ritchie david 1986 the computer pioneers new york simon and schuster p 35 isbn 067152397x dunn j michael hardegree gary m 2001 algebraic methods in philosophical logic oxford university press us p 2 isbn 978 0 19 853192 0 archived from the original on 2023 02 02 retrieved 2016 06 04 arthur gottlob frege begriffsschrift eine der arithmetischen nachgebildete formelsprache des reinen denkens shannon 1938 shannon 1940 shannon 1938 pp 494 495 verification needed guarnieri m 2012 the age of vacuum tubes merging with digital computing historical ieee industrial electronics magazine 6 3 52 55 doi 10 1109 mie 2012 2207830 s2cid 41800914 pugh emerson w 1996 building ibm shaping an industry and its technology the mit press patents and innovation ibm 100 7 march 2012 archived from the original on 2020 12 02 retrieved 2020 12 01 15 january 1941 notice in the des moines register burks alice r burks arthur w 1988 the first electronic computer the atanasoff story ann arbor university of michigan press isbn 0 472 10090 4 copeland 2006 p 107 welchman 1984 pp 138 145 295 309 copeland 2006 p 182 randell 1980 p 9 budiansky 2000 p 314 bletchley s code cracking colossus bbc news 2 february 2010 archived from the original on 2020 03 08 retrieved 2012 10 19 fensom jim 8 november 2010 harry fensom obituary the guardian archived from the original on 2013 09 17 retrieved 2012 10 17 sale tony colossus the rebuild story the national museum of computing archived from the original on 2015 04 18 copeland 2006 p 75 copeland 2006 p 2 small albert w december 1944 the special fish report college campus washington the american national archive nara archived from the original on 2011 05 15 retrieved 2019 01 11 randell brian fensom harry milne frank a 15 march 1995 obituary allen coombs the independent archived from the original on 2012 02 03 retrieved 2012 10 18 flowers t h 1983 the design of colossus annals of the history of computing 5 3 239 252 doi 10 1109 mahc 1983 10079 s2cid 39816473 archived from the original on 2006 03 26 retrieved 2019 03 03 loerner brendan i 25 november 2014 how the world s first computer was rescued from the scrap heap wired archived from the original on 2017 05 02 retrieved 2017 03 07 evans 2018 p 39 generations of computer archived from the original on 2015 07 02 retrieved 2015 08 11 copeland 2004 pp 21 22 copeland 2006 p 104 1 2 wilkes m v 1956 automatic digital computers new york john wiley sons pp 305 pages qa76 w5 1956 alan turing 1945 proposed electronic calculator pdf report retrieved 2023 08 24 enticknap nicholas summer 1998 computing s golden jubilee resurrection 20 the computer conservation society issn 0958 7403 archived from the original on 2012 01 09 retrieved 2008 04 19 early computers at manchester university resurrection 1 4 the computer conservation society summer 1992 issn 0958 7403 archived from the original on 2017 08 28 retrieved 2010 07 07 why williams kilburn tube is a better name for the williams tube computer 50 archived from the original on 2013 06 06 kilburn tom 1990 from cathode ray tube to ferranti mark i resurrection 1 2 the computer conservation society issn 0958 7403 archived from the original on 2020 06 27 retrieved 2012 03 15 early electronic computers 1946 51 computer 50 university of manchester archived from the original on 2009 01 05 retrieved 2008 11 16 napper r b e introduction to the mark 1 computer 50 the university of manchester archived from the original on 2008 10 26 retrieved 2008 11 04 lavington 1998 p 20 ward mark 13 january 2011 pioneering edsac computer to be built at bletchley park bbc news archived from the original on 2018 06 20 retrieved 2018 06 21 wilkes w v renwick w 1950 the edsac electronic delay storage automatic calculator math comp 4 30 61 65 doi 10 1090 s0025 5718 1950 0037589 7 a brief informal history of the computer laboratory edsac 99 university of cambridge computer laboratory archived from the original on 2013 05 06 retrieved 2020 12 01 the manchester mark 1 computer 50 archived from the original on 2014 02 09 retrieved 2014 01 05 pioneer computer to be rebuilt cam 62 5 2011 to be precise edsac s first program printed a list of the squares of the integers from 0 to 99 inclusive edsac 99 15 16 april 1999 pdf university of cambridge computer laboratory 6 may 1999 pp 68 69 archived pdf from the original on 2020 09 26 retrieved 2013 06 29 campbell kelly martin july 2001 tutorial guide to the edsac simulator pdf department of computer science university of warwick archived from the original pdf on 2015 12 22 retrieved 2016 11 18 tutorial guide to the edsac simulator pdf the edsac replica project the national museum of computing march 2018 archived pdf from the original on 2015 12 22 retrieved 2020 12 02 lavington 1998 p 25 our computer heritage pilot study deliveries of ferranti mark i and mark i star computers computer conservation society archived from the original on 2016 12 11 retrieved 2010 01 09 lavington simon a brief history of british computers the first 25 years 1948 1973 british computer society archived from the original on 2010 07 05 retrieved 2010 01 10 1 2 1634 1699 mccusker j j 1997 how much is that in real money a historical price index for use as a deflator of money values in the economy of the united states addenda et corrigenda pdf american antiquarian society 1700 1799 mccusker j j 1992 how much is that in real money a historical price index for use as a deflator of money values in the economy of the united states pdf american anti...
|
