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principate which he saw as italy s patrimony 318 following in paribeni s footsteps the german historian alfred heuss saw in trajan the accomplished human embodiment of the imperial title die ideale verkörperung des humanen kaiserbegriffs 319 trajan s first english language biography by julian bennett is also a positive one in that it assumes that trajan was an active policy maker concerned with the management of the empire as a whole something his reviewer lendon considers an anachronistic outlook that sees in the roman emperor a kind of modern administrator 320 during the 1980s the romanian historian eugen cizek took a more nuanced view as he described the changes in the personal ideology of trajan s reign stressing the fact that it became ever more autocratic and militarized especially after 112 and towards the parthian war as only an universal monarch a kosmocrator could dictate his law to the east 321 the biography by the german historian karl strobel stresses the continuity between domitian s and trajan s reigns saying that trajan s rule followed the same autocratic and sacred character as domitian s culminating in a failed parthian adventure intended as the crown of his personal achievement 322 page needed it is in modern french historiography that trajan s reputation becomes most markedly deflated paul petit writes about trajan s portraits as a lowbrow boor with a taste for booze and boys 323 for paul veyne what is to be retained from trajan s stylish qualities was that he was the last roman emperor to think of the empire as a purely italian and rome centred hegemony of conquest in contrast his successor hadrian would stress the notion of the empire as ecumenical and of the emperor as universal benefactor and not kosmocrator 324 in romanian culture edit in romania trajan romanian traian is regarded as one of the founders of the romanian nation and a historical figure of great importance to the romanian people and culture this is due to his orchestration of the dacian wars that led to the foundation of the daco roman culture and the latin based romanian language 325 326 the creation of roman dacia is therefore seen by whom in the country as the ethnogenesis of the romanian nation in jewish legend edit in the jewish homiletical works such as esther rabbah trajan is described with the epitaph may his bones be crushed hebrew שְׁחִיק עֲצָמוֹת romanized sh hik atzamot 327 328 the same epitaph is also used for hadrian 329 nerva antonine family tree edit v t e nerva antonine family tree q marcius barea soranus q marcius barea sura antonia furnilla m cocceius nerva sergia plautilla p aelius hadrianus titus r 79 81 marcia furnilla marcia trajanus pater nerva r 96 98 ulpia i aelius hadrianus marullinus flavia ii marciana iii c salonius matidius iv trajan r 98 117 plotina p acilius attianus p aelius afer v paulina major vi lucius mindius 2 libo rupilius frugi 3 salonia matidia vii l vibius sabinus 1 viii paulina minor vi l julius ursus servianus ix matidia minor vii sabina iii hadrian v x vi r 117 138 antinous xi c fuscus salinator i julia serviana paulina m annius verus xii rupilia faustina xiii xiv boionia procilla cn arrius antoninus l ceionius commodus appia severa c fuscus salinator ii l caesennius paetus arria antonina arria fadilla xv t aurelius fulvus l caesennius antoninus l commodus plautia unknown xvi c avidius nigrinus m annius verus xiii calvisia domitia lucilla xvii fundania xviii m annius libo xiii faustina xv antoninus pius r 138 161 xv l aelius caesar xvi avidia xvi cornificia xiii marcus aurelius r 161 180 xix faustina minor xix aurelia fadilla xv lucius verus r 161 169 xvi 1 ceionia fabia xvi plautius quintillus xx q servilius pudens ceionia plautia xvi cornificia minor xxi m petronius sura commodus r 177 192 xix fadilla xxi m annius verus caesar xix ti claudius pompeianus 2 lucilla xix m plautius quintillus xvi junius licinius balbus servilia ceionia petronius antoninus l aurelius agaclytus 2 aurelia sabina xxi l antistius burrus 1 plautius quintillus plautia servilla c furius sabinus timesitheus maecia faustina junius licinius balbus furia sabinia tranquillina gordian iii r 238 244 1 1st spouse 2 2nd spouse 3 3rd spouse reddish purple indicates emperor of the nerva antonine dynasty lighter purple indicates designated imperial heir of said dynasty who never reigned grey indicates unsuccessful imperial aspirants bluish purple indicates emperors of other dynasties dashed lines indicate adoption dotted lines indicate love affairs unmarried relationships small caps posthumously deified augusti augustae or other notes except where otherwise noted the notes below indicate that an individual s parentage is as shown in the above family tree sister of trajan s father giacosa 1977 p 7 giacosa 1977 p 8 1 2 levick 2014 p 161 husband of ulpia marciana levick 2014 p 161 1 2 giacosa 1977 p 7 1 2 3 dir contributor herbert w benario 2000 hadrian 1 2 giacosa 1977 p 9 husband of salonia matidia levick 2014 p 161 smith 1870 julius servianus smith 1870 hadrian pp 319 322 lover of hadrian lambert 1984 p 99 and passim deification lambert 1984 pp 2 5 etc husband of rupilia faustina levick 2014 p 163 1 2 3 4 levick 2014 p 163 it is uncertain whether rupilia faustina was frugi s daughter by salonia matidia or another woman 1 2 3 4 levick 2014 p 162 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 levick 2014 p 164 wife of m annius verus giacosa 1977 p 10 wife of m annius libo levick 2014 p 163 1 2 3 4 5 giacosa 1977 p 10 husband of ceionia fabia levick 2014 p 164 1 2 3 levick 2014 p 117 references dir contributors 2000 de imperatoribus romanis an online encyclopedia of roman rulers and their families retrieved 14 april 2015 giacosa giorgio 1977 women of the caesars their lives and portraits on coins translated by holloway r ross milan edizioni arte e moneta isbn 0 8390 0193 2 lambert royston 1984 beloved and god the story of hadrian and antinous new york viking isbn 0 670 15708 2 levick barbara 2014 faustina i and ii imperial women of the golden age oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 537941 9 smith william ed 1870 dictionary of greek and roman biography and mythology see also edit biography portal history portal italy portal spain portal felicior augusto melior traiano justice of trajan trajanic art references edit notes edit the epitome de caesaribus names trajan s grandfather simply as ulpius without giving his praenomen or cognomen her name is inferred from the cognomen of marcus ulpius traianus according to antonio caballos rufino she was named traia or traiana and was the sister or daughter of an epigraphically attested m traius c filii her name is inferred from that of trajan s sister ulpia marciana bennett 2001 pp 1 3 cassius dio himself of provincial origin had little respect for the phylogeny of the emperor trajan observing with barely disguised contempt that he was an iberian and neither an italian nor even an italiote in fact one ancient account derives trajan s paternal family the gens ulpia from tuder on the northern border of ancient umbria an area where the clan is independently recorded traius like ulpius while not especially common occurs with some frequency in northern italy notably at tuder and at the nearby municipality of ameria the probable origo of trajan s mother strengthening the possibility of close family ties with the region an italian pedigree for the gens ulpia seems certain his family had settled at italica santiponce in southern spain a few miles east of modern seville strictly speaking trajan was an hispaniensis an italian domiciled or born in spain as opposed to an hispanus canto 2003 page needed argued that the traii ancestors of trajan were his paternal family and indigenous iberian turdetani rather than italic settlers but this view departs from the prevailing view in academia however canto s theory is rejected by caballos rufino 2013 page needed some sources credit sura with building a bathhouse on rome s aventine hill and naming the bathhouse after himself others claim the bathhouse was named in his honour but built by trajan in either case the association of his name with a public building was a signal honour most public buildings in the capital were named after members of the imperial family 45 sura s baths were later enlarged by the third century emperor decius to emphasise his link to trajan 46 trajan was in fact quite active in egypt separate scenes of domitian and trajan making offerings to the gods appear on reliefs on the propylon of the temple of hathor at dendera there are cartouches of domitian and trajan on the column shafts of the temple of knum at esna and on the exterior a frieze text mentions domitian trajan and hadrian 139 in the absence of literary references however the positioning of the new legions is conjectural some scholars think that legio ii traiana fortis was originally stationed on the lower danube and participated in the second dacian war being only later deployed to the east 168 169 170 171 172 according to cassius dio the deal between trajan and abgaros was sealed by the king s son offering himself as trajan s paramour 240 various authors have discussed the existence of the province and its location maricq 1965 pp 103 111 identifies assyria with southern mesopotamia lightfoot 1990 pp 115 126 doubts the actual existence of the province bertinelli 1976 pp 3 45 page needed puts assyria between mesopotamia and adiabene lepper 1948 p 146 considers assyria and adiabene to be the same province the last two were made consuls latin suffecti for the year 117 a precise description of events in judea at the time being impossible due to the non historical character of the jewish rabbinic sources and the silence of the non jewish ones 270 he was already consul in absentia 273 modern gazipaşa in cilicia afterwards called trajanopolis dio states that trajan ruled nineteen years six months and fifteen days which gives 11 august 280 dio later states that hadrian ruled exactly twenty years and eleven month using inclusive counting as in the historia augusta this reign length is repeated in corrupted form by theophilus of antioch 281 and clement of alexandria 282 the historia augusta claims that hadrian learned of his adoption on 9 august and received the news of trajan s death on 11 august 283 dio is not reckoning to trajan s death but to hadrian s accession a travel from selinus to antioch would take at least two days so trajan probably died around 9 august this appears to be corroborated by the 10th century pseudo simeon who claims that trajan lived sixty eight years ten months and twenty two days which also gives 9 august the chronograph of 354 records his death as 9 july 284 citations edit cassius dio 1925 sec 3 4 cooley 2012 p 492 strobel 2010 p 14 strobel 2010 p 15 bennett 2001 pp xii xiii 63 pliny 1990 sherwin white 1962 hooper 1980 p 427 noreña 2007 p 251 bennett 2001 p xiii pir vlpivs 575 syme 1958 pp 30 44 1 2 appian 2005 book vii ch 38 roman italic migration in spain in the origins of the social war emilio gabba 1 2 3 syme 1964 p 144 bennett 1997 p 13 syme 1970 p 22 the greek historian cassius dio made the baseless assertion that trajan was an iberian 1 2 hammond mason trajan encyclopedia britannica retrieved 21 june 2019 bennett 1997 p 3 birley 2013 p 12 birley 1997 p 2726 the epitome has clearly used a source which gave the origo vetustior or ultima origo as did the ha for hadrian h 1 1 umbrian tuder as the original home of the ulpii and the traii surely derives from maximus s vita traiani aurelius victor 2018 ch 13 ulpius traianus ex urbe tudertina cil xi 4686 and cil xi 4725 syme 1958 app 81 p 786 chase 1897 pp 103 184 craven 2020 p 156 table xviii strobel 2010 p 40 goldsworthy adrian 2003 in the name of rome the men who won the roman empire london weidenfeld nicolson p 320 strobel 2010 p 41 jackson 2022 p 5 ch 1 1 2 syme 1964 p 145 jackson 2022 p 9 ch 1 bennett 2001 pp 22 23 garzetti 2014 p 378 bennett 2001 p 13 1 2 augustan history life of hadrian 2 5 6 pompei plotina britannica retrieved 26 january 2017 bennett 2001 p 43 jackson 2022 ch 4 1 2 bennett 2001 pp 45 46 alston 2014 p 261 könig alice 2007 knowledge and power in frontinus on aqueducts in könig jason whitmarsh tim eds ordering knowledge in the roman empire cambridge uk cambridge university press p 180 isbn 978 0 521 85969 1 grainger 2004 pp 91 109 veyne 1976 p 686 note 399 fagan garrett george 2002 bathing in public in the roman world ann arbor the university of michigan press pp 113 114 isbn 978 0 472 08865 2 dyson stephen l 2010 rome a living portrait of an ancient city ancient society and history baltimore johns hopkins university press p 338 isbn 978 0 8018 9253 0 cizek eugene 1996 tacite face à trajan ítaca quaderns catalans de cultura clàssica in catalan 9 10 11 127 128 issn 2013 9519 levick barbara 2014 faustina i and ii imperial women of the golden age women in antiquity new york oxford university press p 42 isbn 978 0 19 537941 9 heichelheim fritz m veo cedric ward allen 1984 the history of the roman people 2nd ed new jersey prentice hall pp 353 354 isbn 0 13 392118 2 feriale duranum 1 14 15 v k al endas feb rarias ob imperium divi traiani jackson 2022 ch 5 grainger 2004 p 111 bennett 2001 p 52 alston 2014 p 262 peter v jones keith c sidwell eds 1997 the world of rome an introduction to roman culture cambridge cambridge university press p 254 isbn 0 521 38421 4 alston 2014 pp 200 206 jones 2002 p 178 serghidou anastasia ed 2007 fear of slaves fear of enslavement in the ancient mediterranean institut des sciences et techniques de l antiquité besançon presses universitaires de franche comté p 314 isbn 978 2 84867 169 7 rees 2012 p 198 wilkinson sam 2012 republicanism during the early roman empire london continuum p 131 isbn 978 1 4411 3793 7 rees 2012 p 121 veyne 2005 p 402 letters iii 20 12 veyne 2005 p 38 footnote kuiper kathleen ed 2010 ancient rome from romulus and remus to the visigoth invasion new york rosen publishing group p 128 isbn 978 1 61530 207 9 gsell stéphane 1887 étude sur le rôle politique du sénat romain à l époque de trajan mélanges de l école française de rome in french 7 1 339 382 doi 10 3406 mefr 1887 6514 veyne 2005 p 37 noreña 2009 p 277 rees 2012 p 137 noreña 2009 p 273 henderson bernard w 1927 five roman emperors cambridge cambridge university press via internet archive lepper 1948 salmon edward togo 2004 a history of the roman world from 30 bc to ad 138 hoboken taylor and francis p 274 isbn 978 0 415 04504 9 forbis elizabeth 1996 municipal virtues in the roman empire the evidence of italian honorary inscriptions beiträge zur altertumskunde stuttgart teubner pp 23 24 isbn 978 3 519 07628 5 1 2 hekster et al 2022 fuhrmann christopher j 2012 policing the roman empire soldiers administration and public order oxford new york oxford university press p 175 isbn 978 0 19 973784 0 veyne 2005 p 241 rice joshua 2013 paul and patronage the dynamics of power in 1 corinthians eugene pickwick publ p 84 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