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etel solingen the arab league has achieved a relatively low level of cooperation throughout its history they state that the design of the arab league reflects arab leaders individual concerns for regime survival the politics of arab nationalism and a shared identity led arab states to embrace the rhetoric of arab unity in order to legitimize their regimes and to fear arab unity in practice because it would impose greater restrictions on their sovereignty 6 the arab league was specifically designed to fail at producing the kind of greater collaboration and integration that might have weakened political leaders at home 6 geography main article geography of the arab world joining dates of member states the comoros circled joined in 1993 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s the arab league member states cover over 13 000 000 km 2 5 000 000 sq mi and straddles two continents africa and asia the area largely consists of arid deserts such as the sahara nevertheless it also contains several highly fertile lands like the nile valley the jubba valley and shebelle valley in the horn of africa the atlas mountains in the maghreb and the fertile crescent that stretches over mesopotamia and the levant the area comprises deep forests in southern arabia and parts of the world s longest river the nile membership main article member states of the arab league the charter of the arab league also known as the pact of the league of arab states is the founding treaty of the arab league adopted in 1945 it stipulates that the league of arab states shall be composed of the independent arab states that have signed this pact 5 in 1945 there were seven members 14 but the arab league now has 22 members including 10 african countries algeria bahrain comoros djibouti egypt iraq jordan kuwait lebanon libya mauritania morocco oman palestine qatar saudi arabia somalia sudan syria tunisia united arab emirates yemen and 7 observer states note the observer states below have been invited to participate during select arab league sessions but do not hold voting privileges armenia 15 brazil 16 chad 17 eritrea 18 greece 19 india 20 venezuela 21 suspensions egypt was suspended from the arab league on 26 march 1979 due to the egypt israel peace treaty with the league s headquarters moving from cairo to tunis tunisia in 1987 arab league states restored diplomatic relations with egypt the country was readmitted to the league in may 1989 and the league s headquarters were moved back to cairo in september 1990 22 libya was suspended on 22 february 2011 following the outbreak of the first libyan civil war 23 the arab league voted to restore libya s membership on 27 august 2011 by accrediting a representative of the national transitional council which was the partially recognised interim government of the country 24 syria was suspended on 16 november 2011 in the aftermath of the outbreak of the syrian civil war on 6 march 2013 the arab league gave syria s seat in the arab league to the syrian national coalition the largest opposition group 25 on 9 march 2014 secretary general nabil elaraby stated that syria s seat would remain vacant until the opposition completed the formation of its institutions 26 in 2021 the arab league initiated a process of normalisation between the syrian ba athist government and other arab nations 27 on 7 may 2023 at the meeting of the council of the arab league in cairo it was agreed to reinstate syria s membership 28 politics and administration main article politics of the arab league see also charter of the arab league council of the arab league arab parliament and foreign relations of the arab league headquarters of the arab league cairo recognition of both israel and palestinian state recognition of palestinian state only the arab league is a political organisation which tries to help integrate its members economically and solve conflicts involving member states without asking for foreign assistance it possesses elements of a state representative parliament while foreign affairs are often conducted under un supervision 29 the charter of the arab league 5 endorsed the principle of an arab nation state while respecting the sovereignty of the individual member states the internal regulations of the council of the league 30 and the committees 31 were agreed in october 1951 those of the secretariat general were agreed in may 1953 32 since then governance of the arab league has been based on the duality of supra national institutions and the sovereignty of the member states preservation of individual statehood derived its strengths from the natural preference of ruling elites to maintain their power and independence in decision making moreover feuds among arab rulers and the influence of external powers that might oppose arab unity can be seen as obstacles towards a deeper integration of the league mindful of their previous announcements in support of the arabs of palestine the framers of the pact were determined to include them within the league from its inauguration 33 this was done by means of an annex that declared 5 even though palestine was not able to control her own destiny it was on the basis of the recognition of her independence that the covenant of the league of nations determined a system of government for her her existence and her independence among the nations can therefore no more be questioned de jure than the independence of any of the other arab states therefore the states signatory to the pact of the arab league consider that in view of palestine s special circumstances the council of the league should designate an arab delegate from palestine to participate in its work until this country enjoys actual independence in september 1963 the arab league appointed ahmad shukeiri as representative of palestine at the arab league 34 xxviii at the cairo summit of 1964 the arab league initiated the creation of an organisation representing the palestinian people the first palestinian national council convened in east jerusalem on 29 may 1964 the palestine liberation organization was founded during this meeting on 2 june 1964 palestine was shortly admitted in to the arab league represented by the plo today state of palestine is a full member of the arab league at the beirut summit on 28 march 2002 the league adopted the arab peace initiative 35 a saudi inspired peace plan for the arab israeli conflict the initiative offered full normalisation of the relations with israel in exchange israel was required to withdraw from all occupied territories including the golan heights to recognise palestinian independence in the west bank and gaza strip with east jerusalem as its capital as well as a just solution for the palestinian refugees the peace initiative was again endorsed at 2007 in the riyadh summit in july 2007 the arab league sent a mission consisting of the jordanian and egyptian foreign ministers to israel to promote the initiative following venezuela s move to expel israeli diplomats amid the 2008 2009 israel gaza conflict kuwaiti member of parliament waleed al tabtabaie proposed moving arab league headquarters to caracas venezuela 36 on 13 june 2010 amr mohammed moussa secretary general of the arab league visited the gaza strip the first visit by an official of the arab league since hamas armed takeover in 2007 the arab league is a member of the china arab states cooperation forum cascf which was formed in 2004 cascf is the arab league s earliest participation in a cooperation forum with another country or region 37 cascf is the primarily multi lateral coordination mechanism between the arab states and china and within cascf the arab league represents its member states as a relatively unified force 38 the arab league s coordination allows arab states to negotiate actively for collective projects involving multiple states such as railway projects nuclear power projects and dead sea initiatives 37 in 2015 the arab league voiced support for saudi arabian led military intervention in yemen against the shia houthis and forces loyal to former president ali abdullah saleh who was deposed in the 2011 uprising 39 on 15 april 2018 in response to the turkish invasion of northern syria aimed at ousting u s backed syrian kurds from the enclave of afrin the arab league passed a resolution calling on turkish forces to withdraw from afrin 40 in september 2019 the arab league condemned benjamin netanyahu s plans to annex the eastern portion of the occupied west bank known as the jordan valley 41 the arab league met in cairo on 12 october 2019 to discuss the turkish offensive into north eastern syria upon meeting its member states voted to condemn the turkish offensive dubbing it both an invasion and an aggression against an arab state adding that the organisation saw it as a violation of international law 42 on 9 september 2020 the arab league refused to condemn the uae s decision to normalise ties with israel nevertheless the goal all our arab countries seek without exception is to end the occupation and establish an independent palestinian state on the 1967 borders with east jerusalem as its capital aboul gheit said 43 in january 2024 the arab league expressed support for south africa s icj genocide case against israel 44 list of summits 2013 arab league summit logo no date host country host city 1 13 17 january 1964 united arab republic cairo 2 5 11 september 1964 united arab republic alexandria 3 13 17 september 1965 morocco casablanca 4 29 august 1967 sudan khartoum 5 21 23 december 1969 morocco rabat 6 26 28 november 1973 algeria algiers 7 29 october 1974 morocco rabat 8 25 26 october 1976 egypt cairo 9 2 5 november 1978 iraq baghdad 10 20 22 november 1979 tunisia tunis 11 21 22 november 1980 jordan amman 12 6 9 september 1982 morocco fes 13 1985 morocco casablanca 14 1987 jordan amman 15 june 1988 algeria algiers 16 1989 morocco casablanca 17 1990 iraq baghdad 18 1996 egypt cairo 19 27 28 march 2001 jordan amman 20 27 28 march 2002 lebanon beirut 21 1 march 2003 egypt sharm el sheikh 22 22 23 may 2004 tunisia tunis 23 22 23 march 2005 algeria algiers 24 28 30 march 2006 sudan khartoum 25 27 28 march 2007 saudi arabia riyadh 26 29 30 march 2008 syria damascus 27 28 30 march 2009 qatar doha 28 27 28 march 2010 libya sirte 29 27 29 march 2012 iraq baghdad 30 21 27 march 2013 qatar doha 45 31 25 26 march 2014 kuwait kuwait city 46 32 28 29 march 2015 egypt sharm el sheikh 47 33 20 july 2016 mauritania nouakchott 34 23 29 march 2017 jordan amman 48 35 15 april 2018 saudi arabia dhahran 36 31 march 2019 tunisia tunis 49 37 1 november 2022 algeria algiers 38 19 may 2023 saudi arabia jeddah 39 16 may 2024 bahrain manama 40 17 may 2025 iraq baghdad emergency summits no date host country host city 1 21 27 september 1970 united arab republic cairo 2 17 28 october 1976 saudi arabia riyadh 3 7 9 september 1985 morocco casablanca 4 8 12 november 1987 jordan amman 5 7 9 june 1988 algeria algiers 6 23 26 june 1989 morocco casablanca 7 28 30 may 1990 iraq baghdad 8 9 10 august 1990 egypt cairo 9 22 23 june 1996 egypt cairo 10 21 22 october 2000 egypt cairo 11 7 january 2016 saudi arabia riyadh 12 11 november 2023 saudi arabia riyadh 13 4 march 2025 egypt cairo two summits are not added to the system of arab league summits anshas egypt 28 29 may 1946 beirut lebanon 13 15 november 1958 summit 12 in fes morocco occurred in two stages on 25 november 1981 the 5 hour meeting ended without an agreement on document on 6 9 september 1982 military main article military of the arab league the joint defence council of the arab league is one of the institutions of the arab league 50 it was established under the terms of the joint defence and economic co operation treaty of 1950 to coordinate the joint defence of the arab league member states 51 the arab league as an organisation has no military force similar to the un but at the 2007 summit the leaders decided to reactivate their joint defence policy and establish a peacekeeping force to deploy in south lebanon darfur iraq and other hot spots at a 2015 summit in egypt member states agreed in principle to form a joint military force 52 economic resources main article economy of the arab league see also list of countries by gdp ppp and list of countries by gdp ppp per capita the arab league is rich in resources such as enormous oil and natural gas resources in certain member states economic achievements initiated by the league amongst member states have been less impressive than those achieved by smaller arab organisations such as the gulf cooperation council gcc 53 among them is the arab gas pipeline that will transport egyptian and iraqi gas to jordan syria lebanon and turkey as of 2013 a significant difference in economic conditions exist between the developed oil states of algeria qatar kuwait and the uae and developing countries like the comoros djibouti mauritania somalia sudan and yemen oapec members the arab league also includes great fertile lands in the southern part of sudan it is referred to as the food basket of the arab world the region s instability including the independence of south sudan has not affected its tourism industry that is considered the fastest growing industry in the region with egypt uae lebanon tunisia and jordan leading the way another industry that is growing steadily in the arab league is telecommunications economical achievements within members have been low in the league s history other smaller arab organizations have achieved more than the league has such as the gcc but lately several major economic projects that are promising are to be completed the arab gas pipeline is to end by 2010 connecting egyptian and iraqi gas to jordan syria and lebanon and then to turkey thus europe a free trade agreement gafta is to be completed by 1 january 2008 making 95 of all arab products tax free of customs transport the arab league is divided into five parts when it comes to transport with the arabian peninsula and the near east being entirely connected by air sea roads and railways another part of the league is the nile valley made up of egypt and sudan these two member states have started to improve the river nile s navigation system to improve accessibility and thus foster trading a new railway system is also set to connect the southern egyptian city of abu simbel with the northern sudanese city of wadi halfa and then to khartoum and port sudan the third division of the league is the maghreb where a 3 000 km stretch of railway runs from the southern cities of morocco to tripoli in western libya the fourth division of the league is the horn of africa whose member states include djibouti and somalia these two arab league states are separated by only ten nautical miles from the arabian peninsula by the bab el mandeb and this is quickly changing as tarik bin laden the brother of osama bin laden has initiated the construction of the ambitious bridge of the horns project which ultimately aims to connect the horn...
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