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academic discipline it analyses and interprets evidence to construct narratives about what happened and explain why it happened some theorists categorize history as a social science while others see it as part of the humanities or consider it a hybrid discipline similar debates surround the purpose of history for example whether its main aim is theoretical to uncover the truth or practical to learn lessons from the past in a more general sense the term history refers not to an academic field but to the past itself times in the past or to individual texts about the past historical research relies on primary and secondary sources to reconstruct past events and validate interpretations source criticism is used to evaluate these sources assessing their authenticity content and reliability historians strive to integrate the perspectives of several sources to develop a coherent narrative different schools of thought such as positivism the annales school marxism and postmodernism have distinct methodological approaches history is a broad discipline encompassing many branches some focus on specific time periods such as ancient history while others concentrate on particular geographic regions such as the history of africa thematic categorizations include political history military history social history and economic history branches associated with specific research methods and sources include quantitative history comparative history and oral history history emerged as a field of inquiry in antiquity to replace myth infused narratives with influential early traditions originating in greece china and later in the islamic world historical writing evolved throughout the ages and became increasingly professional particularly during the 19th century when a rigorous methodology and various academic institutions were established history is related to many fields including historiography philosophy education politics and archaeology full article outline of history index refresh with new selections below purge featured articles show another featured articles are displayed here which represent some of the best content on english wikipedia image 1 jarrow marchers en route to london the jarrow march of 5 31 october 1936 also known as the jarrow crusade was an organised protest against the unemployment and poverty suffered in the english town of jarrow during the 1930s around 200 men or crusaders as they preferred to be called marched from jarrow to london carrying a petition to the british government requesting the re establishment of industry in the town following the closure in 1934 of its main employer palmer s shipyard the petition was received by the house of commons but not debated and the march produced few immediate results the jarrovians went home believing that they had failed jarrow had been a settlement since at least the 8th century in the early 19th century a coal industry developed before the shipyard was established in 1851 over the following 80 years more than 1 000 ships were launched in jarrow in the 1920s a combination of mismanagement and changed world trade conditions following the first world war brought a decline that led eventually to the yard s closure plans to replace it with a modern steelworks plant were frustrated by opposition from the british iron and steel federation an employers organisation with its own plans for the industry the failure of the steelworks plan and the lack of any prospect of large scale employment in the town were the final factors that led to the decision to march full article image 2 major general frederick steele who commanded the expedition steele s greenville expedition took place from april 2 to 25 1863 during the vicksburg campaign of the american civil war union forces commanded by major general frederick steele occupied greenville mississippi and operated in the surrounding area to divert confederate attention from a more important movement made in louisiana by major general john a mcclernand s corps minor skirmishing between the two sides occurred particularly in the early stages of the expedition over 1 000 slaves were freed during the operation and large quantities of supplies and animals were destroyed or removed from the area along with other operations including grierson s raid steele s greenville expedition distracted confederate attention from mcclernand s movement some historians have suggested that the greenville expedition represented the union war policy s shifting more towards expanding the war to confederate social and economic structures and the confederate homefront full article image 3 view of badajoz across the guadiana river the battle of the gebora took place during the peninsular war between spanish and french armies on 19 february 1811 northwest of badajoz spain an outnumbered french force routed and nearly destroyed the spanish army of extremadura in a bid to help extricate marshal andré masséna s army from its position in portugal mired in front of lisbon s defensive lines of torres vedras marshal jean de dieu soult led part of the french armée du midi army of the south from andalusia into the neighbouring spanish region of extremadura and laid siege to the important fortress town of badajoz viscount wellington and the spanish captain general pedro caro y sureda 3rd marquis de la romana sent a spanish army to raise the siege la romana however died before the army could depart and command fell to general gabriel de mendizábal iraeta supported by a small force of portuguese cavalry the spaniards reached the town and camped on the nearby heights of san cristóbal in early february 1811 full article image 4 nagato on her sea trials 30 september 1920 nagato japanese 長門 named after the ancient nagato province was a super dreadnought battleship built for the imperial japanese navy ijn completed in 1920 as the lead ship of her class she carried supplies for the survivors of the great kantō earthquake in 1923 the ship was modernized in 1934 1936 with improvements to her armor and machinery and a rebuilt superstructure in the pagoda mast style nagato briefly participated in the second sino japanese war in 1937 and was the flagship of admiral isoroku yamamoto during the attack on pearl harbor she covered the withdrawal of the attacking ships and did not participate in the attack itself other than participating in the battle of midway in june 1942 where she did not see combat the ship spent most of the first two years of the pacific war training in home waters she was transferred to truk in mid 1943 but did not see any combat until the battle of the philippine sea in mid 1944 when she was attacked by american aircraft nagato did not fire her main armament against enemy vessels until the battle of leyte gulf in october she was lightly damaged during the battle and returned to japan the following month the ijn was running out of fuel by this time and decided not to fully repair her nagato was converted into a floating anti aircraft platform and assigned to coastal defense duties she was attacked in july 1945 as part of the american campaign to destroy the ijn s last remaining capital ships but was only slightly damaged and went on to be the only japanese battleship to have survived world war ii in mid 1946 the ship was a target for nuclear weapon tests during operation crossroads she survived the first test with little damage but was sunk by the second full article image 5 moltke visiting hampton roads virginia in 1912 sms moltke was the lead ship of the moltke class battlecruisers of the german imperial navy named after the 19th century german field marshal helmuth von moltke commissioned on 30 september 1911 the ship was the second battlecruiser of the imperial navy moltke along with her sister ship goeben was an enlarged version of the previous german battlecruiser design von der tann with increased armor protection and two more main guns in an additional turret compared to her british rivals the indefatigable class moltke and her sister goeben were significantly larger and better armored the ship participated in most of the major fleet actions conducted by the german navy during the first world war including the battles of dogger bank and jutland in the north sea in 1915 and 1916 respectively she also took part in the battle of the gulf of riga in 1915 and operation albion in 1917 in the baltic moltke was damaged several times during the war the ship was hit by heavy caliber gunfire at jutland and torpedoed twice by british submarines while on fleet advances full article image 6 members of the 1st provisional marine brigade carry a wounded man on a stretcher during the battle of pusan perimeter in 1950 the 1st provisional marine brigade was a marine brigade of the united states marine corps usmc that existed periodically from 1912 to 1950 it was an ad hoc unit formed for specific operations and not considered a permanent usmc unit the brigade saw five brief activations for service over a 40 year span first created in 1912 for duty in cuba following the negro rebellion the brigade was not activated again until 1941 when it was hastily constructed from the 6th marine regiment to garrison iceland after british forces occupied the country during world war ii the brigade saw service once more in the war during the battle of guam in the pacific war conducting an amphibious landing on that island s southern sector and subduing resistance from japanese forces it was activated once more in a brief organizational shift after the war full article image 7 on 9 february 2001 about nine nautical miles 17 km 10 mi south of oahu hawaii in the pacific ocean the united states navy usn los angeles class submarine uss greeneville collided with the japanese fishery high school training ship ehime maru えひめ丸 from ehime prefecture in a demonstration for some vip civilian visitors greeneville performed an emergency ballast blow surfacing maneuver as the submarine shot to the surface she struck ehime maru within ten minutes of the collision ehime maru sank nine of the thirty five people aboard were killed four high school students two teachers and three crew members many japanese people including government officials were concerned by news that civilians were present in greeneville s control room at the time of the accident some expressed anger because of a perception that the submarine did not try to assist ehime maru s survivors and that the submarine s captain commander scott waddle did not apologize immediately afterwards the usn conducted a public court of inquiry blamed waddle and other members of greeneville s crew and dealt non judicial punishment or administrative disciplinary action to the captain and some crew members after waddle had been questioned by the naval board of inquiry it was decided that a full court martial would be unnecessary and he was forced to retire and given an honorable discharge full article image 8 warwick castle and the river avon warwick castle is a medieval castle developed from a wooden fort originally built by william the conqueror during 1068 the original wooden motte and bailey castle overlooking the river avon was rebuilt in stone during the 12th century during the hundred years war the facade opposite the town was refortified resulting in one of the most recognisable examples of 14th century military architecture it was used as a stronghold until the early 17th century when it was granted to sir fulke greville by james i in 1604 greville converted it to a country house and it was owned by the greville family who became earls of warwick in 1759 until 1978 when it was bought by the tussauds group in 2007 the tussauds group was purchased by the blackstone group which merged it with merlin entertainments warwick castle was then sold to nick leslau s investment firm prestbury group under a sale and leaseback agreement merlin continues to operate the site under a renewable 35 year lease full article image 9 thermal diffusion process building at s 50 the building in the background with the smokestacks is the k 25 powerhouse the s 50 project was the manhattan project s effort to produce enriched uranium by liquid thermal diffusion during world war ii it was one of three technologies for uranium enrichment pursued by the manhattan project the liquid thermal diffusion process was not one of the enrichment technologies initially selected for use in the manhattan project and was developed independently by philip h abelson and other scientists at the united states naval research laboratory this was primarily due to doubts about the process s technical feasibility but inter service rivalry between the united states army and united states navy also played a part full article image 10 a british lancaster bomber over kaafjord during operation paravane a british lancaster bomber over kaafjord during operation paravane operation paravane was a british air raid of world war ii that inflicted heavy da...
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