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ontent main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 data model 2 vector display hardware 3 software 4 file formats toggle file formats subsection 4 1 conversion 4 1 1 to raster 4 1 2 from raster 4 2 printing 5 operation 6 vector operations 7 vector image repositories 8 see also 9 notes 10 references 11 external links toggle the table of contents vector graphics 55 languages العربية مصرى azərbaycanca беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български বাংলা bosanski català čeština dansk deutsch esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français galego עברית magyar bahasa indonesia ido íslenska italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 latviešu олык марий македонски bahasa melayu नेपाली nederlands norsk bokmål polski português română русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina српски srpski svenska தமிழ் ไทย tagalog türkçe українська اردو tiếng việt 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide checked from wikipedia the free encyclopedia page version status this is an accepted version of this page this is the latest accepted revision reviewed on 10 august 2026 computer graphics images defined by points lines and curves this article is about computer illustration for other uses see vector graphics disambiguation example showing comparison of vector graphics and raster graphics upon magnification vector graphics are a form of computer graphics in which visual images are created directly from geometric shapes defined on a cartesian plane such as points lines curves and polygons the associated mechanisms may include vector display and printing hardware vector data models and file formats as well as the software based on these data models especially graphic design software computer aided design and geographic information systems vector graphics are an alternative to raster or bitmap graphics with each having advantages and disadvantages in specific situations 1 while vector hardware has largely disappeared in favor of raster based monitors and printers 2 vector data and software continue to be widely used especially when a high degree of geometric precision is required and when complex information can be decomposed into simple geometric primitives thus it is the preferred model for domains such as engineering architecture surveying 3d rendering and typography but is entirely inappropriate 3 for applications such as photography and remote sensing where raster is more effective and efficient some application domains such as geographic information systems gis and graphic design use both vector and raster graphics at times depending on purpose vector graphics are based on the mathematics of analytic or coordinate geometry and is not related to other mathematical uses of the term vector this can lead to some confusion in disciplines in which both meanings are used data model edit see also geometric primitive the logical data model of vector graphics is based on the mathematics of coordinate geometry in which shapes are defined as a set of points in a two or three dimensional cartesian coordinate system as p x y or p x y z because almost all shapes consist of an infinite number of points the vector model defines a limited set of geometric primitives that can be specified using a finite sample of salient points called vertices for example a square can be unambiguously defined by the locations of three of its four corners from which the software can interpolate the connecting boundary lines and the interior space because it is a regular shape a square could also be defined by the location of one corner a size width height and a rotation angle the fundamental geometric primitives are a single point a line segment defined by two end points allowing for a simple linear interpolation of the intervening line a polygonal chain or polyline a connected set of line segments defined by an ordered list of points a polygon representing a region of space defined by its boundary a polyline with coincident starting and ending vertices a variety of more complex shapes may be supported parametric curves in which polylines or polygons are augmented with parameters to define a non linear interpolation between vertices including circular arcs cubic splines catmull rom splines bézier curves and bezigons standard parametric shapes in two or three dimensions such as circles ellipses squares superellipses spheres tetrahedrons superellipsoids etc irregular three dimensional surfaces and solids are usually defined as a connected set of polygons e g a polygon mesh or as parametric surfaces e g nurbs fractals often defined as an iterated function system in many vector datasets each shape can be combined with a set of properties the most common are visual characteristics such as color line weight or dash pattern in systems in which shapes represent real world features such as gis and bim a variety of attributes of each represented feature can be stored such as name age size and so on 4 in some vector data especially in gis information about topological relationships between objects may be represented in the data model such as tracking the connections between road segments in a transport network 5 if a dataset stored in one vector file format is converted to another file format that supports all the primitive objects used in that particular image then the conversion can be lossless vector display hardware edit main article vector monitor a free software asteroids like video game played on a vector monitor vector based devices such as the vector crt and the pen plotter directly control a drawing mechanism to produce geometric shapes since vector display devices can define a line by dealing with just two points that is the coordinates of each end of the line the device can reduce the total amount of data it must deal with by organizing the image in terms of pairs of points 6 vector graphic displays were first used in 1958 by the us sage air defense system 7 vector graphics systems were retired from the u s en route air traffic control in 1999 citation needed vector graphics were also used on the tx 2 at the massachusetts institute of technology lincoln laboratory by computer graphics pioneer ivan sutherland to run his program sketchpad in 1963 8 subsequent vector graphics systems most of which iterated through dynamically modifiable stored lists of drawing instructions include the ibm 2250 imlac pds 1 and dec gt40 there was a video game console that used vector graphics called vectrex as well as various arcade games like asteroids space wars tempest and many cinematronics titles such as rip off and tail gunner using vector monitors 9 storage scope displays such as the tektronix 4014 could display vector images but not modify them without first erasing the display however these were never as widely used as the raster based scanning displays used for television and had largely disappeared by the mid 1980s except for specialized applications plotters used in technical drawing still draw vectors directly to paper by moving a pen as directed through the two dimensional space of the paper however as with monitors these have largely been replaced by the wide format printer that prints a raster image which may be rendered from vector data software edit because this model is useful in a variety of application domains many different software programs have been created for drawing manipulating and visualizing vector graphics while these are all based on the same basic vector data model they can interpret and structure shapes very differently using very different file formats graphic design and illustration using a vector graphics editor or graphic art software such as adobe illustrator see comparison of vector graphics editors for capabilities geographic information systems gis which can represent a geographic feature by a combination of a vector shape and a set of attributes 10 gis includes vector editing mapping and vector spatial analysis capabilities computer aided design cad used in engineering architecture and surveying building information modeling bim models add attributes to each shape similar to a gis 3d computer graphics software including computer animation file formats edit vector graphics are commonly found today in the svg wmf eps pdf cdr or ai types of graphic file formats and are intrinsically different from the more common raster graphics file formats such as jpeg png apng gif webp bmp and mpeg4 the world wide web consortium w3c standard for vector graphics is scalable vector graphics svg the standard is complex and has been relatively slow to be established at least in part owing to commercial interests many web browsers now have some support for rendering svg data but full implementations of the standard are still comparatively rare in recent years svg has become a significant format that is completely independent of the resolution of the rendering device typically a printer or display monitor svg files are essentially printable text that describes both straight and curved paths as well as other attributes wikipedia prefers svg for images such as simple maps line illustrations coats of arms and flags which generally are not like photographs or other continuous tone images citation needed rendering svg requires conversion to a raster format at a resolution appropriate for the current task svg is also a format for animated graphics there is also a version of svg for mobile phones called svgt svg tiny version these images can count links and also exploit anti aliasing they can also be displayed as wallpaper cad software uses its own vector data formats usually proprietary formats created by software vendors such as autodesk s dwg and public exchange formats such as dxf hundreds of distinct vector file formats have been created for gis data over its history including proprietary formats like the esri file geodatabase proprietary but public formats like the shapefile and the original kml open source formats like geojson and formats created by standards bodies like simple features and gml from the open geospatial consortium conversion edit the list of image file formats covers proprietary and public vector formats original reference photo before vectorization detail can be added to or removed from vector art to raster edit main articles rasterisation raster image processor and render output unit modern displays and printers are raster devices vector formats have to be converted to a raster format bitmaps pixel arrays before they can be rendered displayed or printed 11 the size of the bitmap raster format file generated by the conversion will depend on the resolution required but the size of the vector file generating the bitmap raster file will always remain the same thus it is easy to convert from a vector file to a range of bitmap raster file formats but it is much more difficult to go in the opposite direction especially if subsequent editing of the vector picture is required it might be an advantage to save an image created from a vector source file as a bitmap raster format because different systems have different and incompatible vector formats and some might not support vector graphics at all however once a file is converted from the vector format it is likely to be bigger and it loses the advantage of scalability without loss of resolution it will also no longer be possible to edit individual parts of the image as discrete objects the file size of a vector graphic image depends on the number of graphic elements it contains it is a list of descriptions from raster edit main articles vectorization image tracing and comparison of raster to vector conversion software this section is empty you can help by adding to it june 2018 printing edit vector art is ideal for printing since the art is made from a series of mathematical curves it will print very crisply even when resized 12 for instance one can print a vector logo on a small sheet of copy paper and then enlarge the same vector logo to billboard size and keep the same crisp quality a low resolution raster graphic would blur or pixelate excessively if it were enlarged from business card size to billboard size the precise resolution of a raster graphic necessary for high quality results depends on the viewing distance e g a billboard may still appear to be of high quality even at low resolution if the viewing distance is great enough 13 new archival link needed if we regard typographic characters as images then the same considerations that we have made for graphics apply even to the composition of written text for printing typesetting older character sets were stored as bitmaps therefore to achieve maximum print quality they had to be used at a given resolution only these font formats are said to be non scalable high quality typography is nowadays based on character drawings fonts which are typically stored as vector graphics and as such are scalable to any size examples of these vector formats for characters are postscript fonts and truetype fonts operation edit advantages of this style of drawing over raster graphics because vector graphics consist of coordinates with lines curves between them the size of the representation does not depend on the dimensions of the object this minimal amount of information translates to a much smaller 14 file size compared to large raster images which are defined pixel by pixel this said a vector graphic with a small file size is often said to lack detail compared with a real world photo correspondingly one can infinitely zoom in on e g a circle arc and it remains smooth on the other hand a polygon representing a curve will reveal being not really curved on zooming in lines and curves need not get wider proportionally often the width is either not increased or less than proportional on the other hand irregular curves represented by simple geometric shapes may be made proportionally wider when zooming in to keep them looking smooth and not like these geometric shapes the parameters of objects are stored and can be later modified this means that moving scaling rotating filling etc does not degrade the quality of a drawing moreover it is usual to specify the dimensions in device independent units which results in the best possible rasterization on raster devices from a 3 d perspective rendering shadows is also much m...
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