Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
and, the, aztec, of, in, mexico, rulers, aztecs, history, conquest, 1521, 1565, social, political, art, sources, mexica, tenochtitlan, early, empire, identity, contents, definitions, cuauhtlatoque, polity, post, organization, economy, urbanism, religion, cultural, production, colonial, period, 1821, legacy, see, also, notes, references, bibliography, primary, english, further, reading, external, links, knowledge, central, classic, postclassic, migration, foundation, final, spanish, cuauhtémoc, deterritorialization, tlatoque, cuāuhtlahtoāni, 1525, 1536, restoration, dynastic, rulership, 1538, nobles, commoners, family, gender, altepetl, calpolli, triple, alliance, agriculture, subsistence, crafts, trades, trade, distribution, taxation, other, major, city, states, deities, mythology, worldview, calendar, human, sacrifice, cannibalism, writing, iconography, music, song, poetry, ceramics, painted, sculpture, featherwork, population, decline, continuity, change, national, international, scholarship, language, placenames, cuisine, ethnic, popular, culture, motecuzoma, ilhuicamina, axayacatl, tizoc, ahuitzotl, great, temple,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (1581), and (732), aztec (286), was (214), #mexico (173), were (152), with (140), for (126), from (122), spanish (112), that (105), #aztecs (94), city (92), their (87), isbn (84), tenochtitlan (84), press (84), nahuatl (83), university (82), 978 (77), empire (71), history (69), conquest (67), mexica (64), also (63), indigenous (61), his (60), this (59), new (55), who (52), mexican (49), not (49), other (48), which (47), smith (46), but (45), they (43), valley (42), moctezuma (42), central (42), such (39), had (39), many (39), 1997 (38), codex (38), are (38), into (38), oclc (37), some (37), colonial (37), american (36), period (35), states (35), been (35), doi (34), population (34), altepetl (34), political (34), these (34), used (34), have (33), peoples (32), after (32), term (32), mesoamerica (31), pre (30), retrieved (29), has (29), main (29), use (28), society (28), oxford (28), its (28), state (27), people (27), through (27), sources (26), different (26), rulers (26), ancient (26), century (26), early (26), one (26), stone (26), tlatoani (26), most (26), languages (25), all (25), art (25), culture (25), original (25), two (25), well (25), often (25), under (24), 2009 (24), oklahoma (23), made (23), human (22), major (22), temple (22), more (22), there (22), against (22), mesoamerican (21), alliance (21), them (21), only (21), between (21), deity (21), language (20), americas (20), sacrifice (20), cultural (20), 8061 (20), 1992 (20), texcoco (20), 1521 (20), where (20), english (19), cuauhtémoc (19), calendar (19), article (19), archived (19), war (19), civilization (19), berdan (19), great (19), called (19), during (19), scholars (19), became (19), about (18), cortés (18), michael (18), s2cid (18), eds (18), first (18), portilla (18), 2017 (18), townsend (18), place (18), 2016 (18), ruler (18), like (18), would (18), known (18), local (18), nobles (18), writing (17), system (17), women (17), religion (17), 2000 (17), ethnic (17), rule (17), government (17), even (17), life (16), triple (16), spain (16), tlatelolco (16), nahua (16), lake (16), among (16), 2005 (16), codices (16), form (16), over (16), each (16), columbian (15), social (15), vol (15), indian (15), handbook (15), painted (15), religious (15), motecuzoma (15), 000 (15), commoners (15), feathers (15), deities (15), conquered (15), 2018 (14), national (14), archaeological (14), see (14), capital (14), norman (14), series (14), translated (14), pdf (14), world (14), gods (14), imperial (14), power (14), groups (14), later (14), several (14), when (14), did (14), large (14), four (14), cities (14), highly (14), produced (14), civilizations (13), cultures (13), cuisine (13), indians (13), native (13), part (13), 292 (13), further (13), general (13), 1971 (13), death (13), god (13), taxes (13), inhabitants (13), around (13), important (13), source (13), organized (13), land (13), tizoc (13), goods (13), may (12), organization (12), articles (12), july (12), january (12), authority (12), control (12), ceramics (12), agriculture (12), azcapotzalco (12), provinces (12), 2001 (12), journal (12), chimalpahin (12), cambridge (12), lockhart (12), research (12), keen (12), continued (12), today (12), león (12), mendoza (12), name (12), 2012 (12), texas (12), william (12), sculpture (12), quetzalcoatl (12), production (12), museum (12), generally (12), themselves (12), before (12), areas (12), although (12), him (12), could (12), information (12), toggle (11), wikipedia (11), page (11), written (11), warfare (11), trade (11), mythology (11), hispanic (11), susan (11), accounts (11), hassig (11), october (11), rodríguez (11), alegría (11), food (11), 1983 (11), 1525 (11), sculptures (11), templo (11), mayor (11), 2023 (11), 1520 (11), orange (11), 1519 (11), carrasco (11), including (11), speakers (11), sometimes (11), spaniards (11), work (11), example (11), era (11), included (11), types (11), axayacatl (11), last (10), september (10), hernán (10), gender (10), time (10), group (10), 1993 (10), hill (10), diego (10), nicholson (10), miguel (10), frances (10), 2008 (10), jstor (10), nichols (10), region (10), 2014 (10), names (10), aspects (10), nahuas (10), black (10), fire (10), very (10), now (10), based (10), while (10), out (10), son (10), small (10), class (10), poetry (10), huitzilopochtli (10), center (10), year (9), image (9), number (9), 2020 (9), cannibalism (9), america (9), architecture (9), economy (9), cholula (9), elizabeth (9), del (9), schroeder (9), montellano (9), boone (9), labor (9), taube (9), creation (9), april (9), aztlan (9), humboldt (9), méxico (9), allies (9), past (9), historical (9), modern (9), juan (9), post (9), both (9), common (9), lord (9), found (9), particularly (9), way (9), then (9), however (9), populations (9), saw (9), how (9), ritual (9), sacrificed (9), served (9), days (9), ahuitzotl (9), began (9), knowledge (9), subsection (9), using (8), november (8), images (8), postclassic (8), title (8), sites (8), music (8), maya (8), san (8), york (8), james (8), dumbarton (8), oaks (8), cline (8), sahagún (8), españa (8), deborah (8), wood (8), matos (8), ceremony (8), tlacopan (8), archeological (8), self (8), her (8), structure (8), meaning (8), late (8), because (8), arrival (8), popular (8), 19th (8), ixtlilxochitl (8), those (8), considered (8), tezozomoc (8), european (8), unit (8), created (8), high (8), held (8), warrior (8), describe (8), day (8), whose (8), phonetic (8), tezcatlipoca (8), calpolli (8), tribe (8), market (8), 1565 (8), cuauhtlatoani (8), campaign (8), itzcoatl (8), search (7), view (7), site (7), march (7), international (7), portal (7), painting (7), francisco (7), las (7), teotihuacan (7), point (7), archaeology (7), myths (7), morelos (7), 1991 (7), california (7), times (7), sixteenth (7), ross (7), collection (7), politics (7), collected (7), bernardino (7), historia (7), nueva (7), florentine (7), los (7), díaz (7), what (7), 1995 (7), song (7), 2307 (7), enrique (7), style (7), pictorial (7), eduardo (7), studies (7), 2015 (7), náhuatl (7), symbols (7), originally (7), role (7), words (7), rulership (7), anthropology (7), making (7), 152 (7), luxury (7), humans (7), 100 (7), sun (7), current (7), can (7), leader (7), ruling (7), much (7), than (7), area (7), figure (7), having (7), towns (7), speaking (7), mostly (7), entire (7), military (7), communities (7), eagle (7), signs (7), within (7), elites (7), being (7), polities (7), subject (7), tax (7), warriors (7), feather (7), featherwork (7), includes (7), simple (7), designs (7), female (7), urban (7), family (7), move (7), tlaxcala (7), tools (7), markets (7), coronation (7), brother (7), usage (7), 142 (6), cs1 (6), list (6), periods (6), south (6), tradition (6), mixtec (6), island (6), our (6), related (6), study (6), 2004 (6), austin (6), 1999 (6), 2007 (6), library (6), 500 (6), 1963 (6), arthur (6), anderson (6), trans (6), charles (6), fernando (6), books (6), years (6), 1996 (6), stanford (6), myth (6), sanders (6), 1990 (6), harner (6), polychrome (6), monumental (6), northern (6), craft (6), robert (6), maffie (6), leon (6), western (6), economic (6), 1977 (6), basis (6), others (6), histories (6), authors (6), earth (6), animals (6), prescott (6), oaxaca (6), paid (6), legacy (6), tlatloque (6), conquests (6), due (6), whether (6), become (6), exist (6), mythical (6), usually (6), identity (6), beans (6), named (6), crown (6), still (6), directly (6), rather (6), works (6), especially (6), 1821 (6), matter (6), meant (6), separate (6), migration (6), fall (6), status (6), estimates (6), percent (6), southern (6), three (6), carved (6), captives (6), represented (6), puebla (6), right (6), ware (6), probably (6), men (6), height (6), maize (6), cycle (6), sacred (6), another (6), next (6), minor (6), texts (6), single (6), colhuacan (6), merchants (6), commoner (6), dominant (6), dynastic (6), polity (6), lit (6), chimalpopoca (6), contents (5), text (5), foundation (5), long (5), range (5), pages (5), multiple (5), august (5), conquistadors (5), chinampas (5), acolhua (5), castillo (5), links (5), van (5), chalco (5), 521 (5), bernard (5), ortiz (5), lópez (5), 520 (5), tribute (5), 1998 (5), washington (5), middle (5), domingo (5), antón (5), muñón (5), editor (5), culhuacan (5), annals (5), doris (5), heyden (5), 200 (5), book (5), translation (5), richard (5), bernal (5), anawalt (5), 2021 (5), square (5), science (5), london (5), karl (5), royal (5), mary (5), hodge (5), strategies (5), 153 (5), ethnohistory (5), basin (5), latin (5), ortíz (5), noguera (5), nacional (5), illustrated (5), 1988 (5), issn (5), monuments (5), ceramic (5), expansion (5), films (5), 1964 (5), gibson (5), josé (5), coatlicue (5), barlow (5), extent (5), dead (5), census (5), tribes (5), 196 (5), john (5), ometeotl (5), sec (5), ilhuicamina (5), word (5), replaced (5), refer (5), incorporated (5), own (5), public (5), certain (5), lived (5), few (5), depicted (5), set (5), figures (5), argued (5), continue (5), regions (5), established (5), million (5), back (5), independence (5), significant (5), element (5), liberals (5), toward (5), led (5), antonio (5), above (5), 1790 (5), depicting (5), independent (5), maintaining (5), centers (5), second (5), 16th (5), appointed (5), agricultural (5), built (5), pay (5), paper (5), smaller (5), powerful (5), describing (5), practices (5), whereas (5), deer (5), typical (5), temples (5), fine (5), referred (5), victims (5), rich (5), practice (5), pyramid (5), associated (5), precinct (5), ruled (5), inhabited (5), tlaloc (5), houses (5), classic (5), coast (5), noble (5), 1427 (5), hegemonic (5), 1538 (5), succeeded (5), cuauhtlatoque (5), restoration (5), elected (5), until (5), hide (5), gulf (5), huitzilihhuitl (5), pronunciation (5), terms (4), commons (4), 2026 (4), date (4), 2024 (4), short (4), north (4), united (4), pedro (4), alvarado (4), inca (4), script (4), zapotec (4), toltec (4), tepanec (4), behind (4), home (4), empires (4), matthew (4), since (4), here (4), 2010 (4), intellectuals (4), 88402 (4), ethnohistorical (4), 2003 (4), benjamin (4), lords (4), manuscript (4), quauhtlehuanitzin (4), durán (4), help (4), cite (4), santa (4), 1984 (4), penguin (4), 300 (4), essential (4), primary (4), whitmore (4), disease (4), origins (4), 2006 (4), strategic (4), 211 (4), 1093 (4), oxfordhb (4), 9780199341962 (4), 185 (4), 184 (4), 176 (4), pasztory (4), skulls (4), offner (4), nowotny (4), borgia (4), 1974 (4), antropología (4), mundy (4), 189 (4), mccaa (4), views (4), smallpox (4), encyclopedia (4), centuries (4), 2002 (4), cultura (4), thought (4), lacadena (4), isaac (4), 1017 (4), 157 (4), encomenderos (4), hirth (4), rituals (4), diel (4), evidence (4), ruins (4), liberal (4), red (4), author (4), 147 (4), needed (4), old (4), strictly (4), teotl (4), understand (4), nature (4), 1524 (4), 2025 (4), maría (4), context (4), largely (4), order (4), perhaps (4), aztlán (4), wrote (4), largest (4), full (4), products (4), spread (4), said (4), troops (4), cuauhtemoc (4), scholarly (4), investigations (4), leading (4), conservative (4), every (4), president (4), pride (4), dominated (4), hand (4), wide (4), achieved (4), cactus (4), following (4), contemporary (4), excavations (4), immediately (4), statue (4), design (4), legend (4), just (4), settlements (4), decline (4), brought (4), married (4), duke (4), tultengo (4), sister (4), viceroy (4), estimate (4), scale (4), dynasty (4), grew (4), forces (4), participated (4), showing (4), cotton (4), precious (4), top (4), discovered (4), goddess (4), create (4), decorated (4), characterized (4), murals (4), represent (4), calendric (4), shared (4), outside (4), extant (4), soon (4), vessels (4), flower (4), festivals (4), mountain (4), combined (4), syllable (4), representation (4), allowed (4), various (4), gold (4), 1440 (4), 1469 (4), arts (4), diet (4), proteins (4), protein (4), sacrifices (4), sacrificial (4), according (4), responsible (4), blood (4), priests (4), provide (4), calendars (4), might (4), five (4), origin (4), side (4), destruction (4), once (4), dedicated (4), toluca (4), xochimilco (4), acres (4), distribution (4), supplied (4), taxation (4), taking (4), trades (4), crafts (4), water (4), direct (4), nobility (4), macehualtin (4), 1541 (4), died (4), 1536 (4), account (4), allied (4), killed (4), guerrero (4), successful (4), tepanecs (4), maxtla (4), founded (4), sidebar (4), contact (3), policy (3), wikimedia (3), categories (3), link (3), wikidata (3), volume (3), inactive (3), unsourced (3), statements (3), dates (3), roles (3), veracruz (3), chronology (3), guadalupe (3), 1985 (3), anthropological (3), tucson (3), arizona (3), 1st (3), seven (3), thelma (3), alfredo (3), berkeley (3), revised (3), documentation (3), february (3), traditions (3), postconquest (3), gillespie (3), guide (3), thomas (3), rutgers (3), brunswick (3), 1994 (3), wayne (3), ruwet (3), recorded (3), quiñones (3), keber (3), notes (3), customs (3), alarcón (3), hernando (3), 6th (3), 1973 (3), 1987 (3), patricia (3), cooper (3), whittaker (3), principles (3), analysis (3), placenames (3), 3rd (3), thames (3), hudson (3), mythic (3), soustelle (3), 1970 (3), 8047 (3), blanton (3), emily (3), umberger (3), 151 (3), 27035231 (3), migrations (3), chronicles (3), settlement (3), patterns (3), 150 (3), 1577 (3), review (3), critical (3), 1562 (3), harris (3), anthropologist (3), law (3), manuscripts (3), auza (3), 1981 (3), ignacio (3), 134 (3), introduction (3), mora (3), cinema (3), minc (3), pottery (3), heartland (3), 013 (3), dictionary (3), directions (3), published (3), 313 (3), poets (3), kubler (3), 1942 (3), violence (3), 1980 (3), 1086 (3), mestizo (3), alexander (3), von (3), 1810 (3), haskett (3), town (3), 135 (3), similar (3), 1989 (3), kings (3), carlos (3), david (3), natural (3), 174 (3), lori (3), writers (3), tenochca (3), pursuit (3), 145 (3), parallelism (3), creole (3), brading (3), stories (3), 209 (3), 1982 (3), controlling (3), 164 (3), method (3), 212 (3), best (3), emblems (3), perspectives (3), 160 (3), metropolitan (3), 360 (3), citing (3), mother (3), father (3), argues (3), monistic (3), process (3), generation (3), aspect (3), 193 (3), 154 (3), tepechpan (3), connell (3), 1730 (3), com (3), mexicanos (3), fifth (3), hickling (3), tlaxcalan (3), 110 (3), 101 (3), huey (3), unearthed (3), referring (3), atlepetl (3), tula (3), reign (3), addition (3), motecuhzoma (3), frowns (3), write (3), find (3), variation (3), specific (3), imposed (3), reason (3), recognized (3), writes (3), refers (3), final (3), definitions (3), endonym (3), feathered (3), serpent (3), novels (3), europeans (3), provided (3), examples (3), given (3), corn (3), continues (3), cooking (3), introduced (3), reach (3), auxiliary (3), line (3), formed (3), starting (3), citation (3), historian (3), europe (3), spent (3), understanding (3), kingsborough (3), publication (3), gave (3), access (3), 1910 (3), porfirio (3), scholarship (3), layout (3), struggle (3), becoming (3), traditional (3), adopted (3), flag (3), rose (3), appear (3), 17th (3), ground (3), writings (3), alva (3), famous (3), sons (3), developed (3), unique (3), displayed (3), able (3), maintain (3), basic (3), division (3), sphere (3), preconquest (3), entirely (3), importance (3), elite (3), level (3), governed (3), forced (3), living (3), populated (3), easier (3), cabeceras (3), república (3), highest (3), principal (3), count (3), again (3), daughters (3), encomiendas (3), continuity (3), estimated (3), archeologist (3), model (3), subsequent (3), installed (3), former (3), initially (3), hereditary (3), positions (3), particular (3), enslavement (3), gradually (3), permanent (3), put (3), mosaics (3), garments (3), objects (3), worked (3), type (3), done (3), birds (3), base (3), itself (3), amate (3), layers (3), dismembered (3), vessel (3), tied (3), coyolxauhqui (3), styles (3), commissioned (3), destroyed (3), narratives (3), nevertheless (3), either (3), producing (3), scribes (3), month (3), patron (3), traits (3), animal (3), everyday (3), low (3), imported (3), wares (3), slip (3), actual (3), upper (3), primarily (3), key (3), concept (3), raccoon (3), never (3), show (3), events (3), 1502 (3), night (3), resin (3), turquoise (3), double (3), xiuhtecuhtli (3), standard (3), remnants (3), complex (3), claimed (3), practiced (3), flesh (3), classes (3), throughout (3), prisoners (3), responsibility (3), understood (3), forms (3), shown (3), reached (3), xiuhpohualli (3), journey (3), underworld (3), force (3), marked (3), shrines (3), left (3), tribal (3), pantheon (3), families (3), payment (3), dynamic (3), matlatzinca (3), otomi (3), vision (3), stages (3), islets (3), house (3), surrounding (3), hectares (3), urbanism (3), exotic (3), tarascans (3), privileges (3), folio (3), xoconochco (3), specialized (3), parts (3), though (3), sold (3), quachtli (3), support (3), network (3), presence (3), permitted (3), sell (3), farmers (3), domestic (3), chinampa (3), far (3), expected (3), territorial (3), composed (3), property (3), leaders (3), alliances (3), strategy (3), ideology (3), education (3), eventually (3), 1554 (3), tehuetzquititzin (3), 1557 (3), numerous (3), appearance (3), legitimacy (3), towards (3), throne (3), previously (3), subjects (3), cuāuhtlahtoāni (3), proceeded (3), tlatoque (3), captured (3), defense (3), executed (3), received (3), ordered (3), xocoyotzin (3), subjected (3), pipiltin (3), 1481 (3), daughter (3), undertook (3), acamapichtli (3), 1417 (3), tepaneca (3), heritage (3), franciscan (3), alphabetic (3), recent (3), table (2), mobile (2), code (2), legal (2), privacy (2), available (2), you (2), agree (2), non (2), inc (2), creative (2), rendered (2), edited (2), category (2), value (2), maint (2), semi (2), description (2), org (2), yale (2), republic (2), data (2), france (2), systems (2), exchange (2), quesada (2), guatemala (2), manco (2), kʼawiil (2), cuitláhuac (2), notable (2), muisca (2), andean (2), road (2), army (2), astronomy (2), numerals (2), pucará (2), bolivia (2), huetar (2), peru (2), colombia (2), chile (2), purépecha (2), pipil (2), chichimeca (2), calixtlahuaca (2), poverty (2), mississippian (2), tlahuica (2), specifically (2), ages (2), external (2), 8165 (2), restall (2), invasion (2), 65204 (2), places (2), project (2), 1911 (2), transportation (2), nationalist (2), identities (2), symposium (2), 4th (2), 1976 (2), hubert (2), howe (2), bancroft (2), 1832 (2), 70153 (2), howard (2), highlands (2), sarah (2), javier (2), reading (2), relation (2), 1621 (2), 36017075 (2), don (2), 2921 (2), 2649 (2), indies (2), fray (2), eloise (2), dibble (2), incompatibility (2), vols (2), xii (2), school (2), cosas (2), things (2), 1629 (2), indios (2), naturales (2), andrews (2), ruiz (2), 210 (2), horcasitas (2), classics (2), 044123 (2), cohen (2), edition (2), letters (2), 20454 (2), zender (2), viii (2), pari (2), hundred (2), wolfe (2), rivera (2), witton (2), martill (2), loveridge (2), giant (2), pterosaurs (2), wingspan (2), estimations (2), supplement (2), depopulation (2), essendelft (2), bibcode (2), tomlinson (2), 3519831 (2), tenorio (2), trillo (2), mauricio (2), fairs (2), 741 (2), daily (2), scientific (2), 595 (2), publishing (2), 137 (2), 186 (2), 482619 (2), 1492 (2), december (2), via (2), transformed (2), 1080 (2), prem (2), pilcher (2), taco (2), global (2), peterson (2), 227 (2), publishers (2), ouweneel (2), 18th (2), ethnologist (2), 8135 (2), medicine (2), health (2), counting (2), theory (2), jerome (2), anton (2), george (2), histórico (2), berger (2), 1968 (2), idols (2), iconographic (2), gordon (2), trends (2), morfín (2), storey (2), carl (2), mcfarland (2), montes (2), oca (2), 2013 (2), leah (2), miller (2), revolution (2), 205693 (2), oudijk (2), symbolism (2), 188 (2), antiquity (2), 2022 (2), philosophy (2), luján (2), 8263 (2), offerings (2), eighteenth (2), estudios (2), 2441 (2), fifteen (2), alfonso (2), 2506768 (2), 0036 (2), sus (2), karttunen (2), neighbors (2), 203 (2), cordilleras (2), 971799 (2), 130 (2), himmerich (2), valencia (2), helland (2), paintings (2), commitment (2), woman (2), haugen (2), 2019 (2), borrowed (2), loan (2), polygamy (2), rise (2), belief (2), cuernavaca (2), 117 (2), hajovsky (2), lips (2), moteuczoma (2), fame (2), greene (2), man (2), construction (2), galindo (2), leal (2), secretaría (2), frazier (2), español (2), franco (2), jean (2), return (2), nationalism (2), 219 (2), 205 (2), elson (2), 106 (2), 222 (2), 187 (2), nineteenth (2), 370 (2), chipman (2), children (2), tetzcoco (2), linguistics (2), campbell (2), cáceres (2), lorenzo (2), burkhart (2), bueno (2), brumfiel (2), specialists (2), bright (2), 452 (2), 414607 (2), monarchy (2), dispersed (2), hegemony (2), 1996b (2), core (2), 1996a (2), case (2), beekman (2), christensen (2), 111 (2), barnett (2), concepts (2), 1949 (2), culhua (2), 1945 (2), 978159 (2), batalla (2), bibliography (2), conquers (2), gary (2), jennings (2), 112 (2), 120 (2), race (2), why (2), 450 (2), 260 (2), abc (2), clio (2), 121 (2), passim (2), 195 (2), 138 (2), 116 (2), mass (2), 172 (2), met (2), heilbrunn (2), timeline (2), essay (2), 204 (2), 6395 (2), 1288 (2), 1959 (2), huehueteotl (2), literally (2), nor (2), cosmos (2), endless (2), regeneration (2), commonly (2), rain (2), trees (2), etc (2), 126 (2), 181 (2), 171 (2), 179 (2), 141 (2), tlacaelel (2), boornazian (2), 78228 (2), tira (2), negotiating (2), 8543 (2), lost (2), 968 (2), antiguos (2), cantares (2), conquista (2), conquistador (2), roots (2), 1325 (2), yucatan (2), tzompantli (2), zapotecs (2), 161 (2), 162 (2), 158 (2), 159 (2), 173 (2), 197 (2), 182 (2), 175 (2), references (2), singular (2), pilli (2), atotoztli (2), functioned (2), succeeding (2), suggesting (2), motolinia (2), added (2), make (2), changed (2), readers (2), will (2), employ (2), broad (2), proposed (2), thus (2), varied (2), call (2), preference (2), decisive (2), attention (2), designation (2), highland (2), makes (2), expand (2), include (2), spoke (2), traced (2), indigenismo (2), feature (2), film (2), alternative (2), 1970s (2), games (2), meters (2), iconic (2), interests (2), 1836 (2), grinding (2), staple (2), elements (2), chili (2), tomato (2), avocado (2), plants (2), air (2), dishes (2), ubiquitous (2), centered (2), expeditions (2), came (2), metro (2), passed (2), stylized (2), active (2), multidisciplinary (2), meeting (2), focus (2), congress (2), americanists (2), interest (2), half (2), resulted (2), 1843 (2), drew (2), resulting (2), pro (2), attitudes (2), influenced (2), politician (2), alamán (2), survived (2), devoted (2), drawing (2), brasseur (2), bourbourg (2), increasingly (2), extremely (2), bringing (2), previous (2), viewpoint (2), connected (2), increased (2), considerable (2), energy (2), interested (2), valuable (2), province (2), ends (2), yet (2), paz (2), architectural (2), culminating (2), expression (2), hero (2), foreign (2), country (2), supporting (2), inaugurated (2), 1887 (2), helped (2), monument (2), nopal (2), buildings (2), politically (2), symbol (2), anna (2), ranks (2), rights (2), forward (2), serving (2), utilizing (2), fierce (2), conflicts (2), decade (2), pursued (2), significantly (2), development (2), garcía (2), ramírez (2), coat (2), realm (2), virgin (2), formation (2), described (2), culturally (2), scientist (2), texcocan (2), traces (2), 180 (2), perched (2), prickly (2), pear (2), romanticized (2), soil (2), version (2), excavated (2), artifacts (2), museums (2), promoted (2), mixed (2), distinction (2), intermediaries (2), conversion (2), affairs (2), head (2), retained (2), outlying (2), epidemic (2), españoles (2), hold (2), doña (2), change (2), consensus (2), size (2), lists (2), criticized (2), arriving (2), depending (2), 165 (2), epidemics (2), 1545 (2), 1576 (2), separated (2), governors (2), enabled (2), benefit (2), owned (2), private (2), individual (2), gobernador (2), andrés (2), tapia (2), motelchiuh (2), enlisted (2), tlaxcalteca (2), campaigns (2), encomienda (2), prized (2), suits (2), craftsmen (2), required (2), service (2), gives (2), amanteca (2), ways (2), creating (2), secure (2), agave (2), bases (2), lower (2), quality (2), adhesive (2), obtained (2), domesticated (2), turkeys (2), finest (2), difficulty (2), pieces (2), honduras (2), chiapas (2), shield (2), displaying (2), stepped (2), rock (2), representing (2), foot (2), staircase (2), bowls (2), shaped (2), combat (2), covered (2), plaster (2), stones (2), metal (2), temalacatl (2), sizes (2), craftsmanship (2), realistic (2), depicts (2), 149 (2), authorities (2), church (2), near (2), none (2), must (2), good (2), consider (2), borbonicus (2), skin (2), treated (2), gesso (2), eating (2), kilns (2), open (2), 1350 (2), iii (2), floral (2), glyphs (2), archeologists (2), remarkable (2), bautista (2), pomar (2), nezahualcoyotl (2), couplets (2), same (2), abstract (2), expressed (2), metaphorically (2), dual (2), cuicatl (2), presentations (2), indicative (2), duality (2), convey (2), amecameca (2), demonstrates (2), moss (2), tooth (2), spell (2), tlantli (2), tepetl (2), pach (2), almost (2), degree (2), syllabic (2), considerably (2), less (2), suggests (2), signify (2), combination (2), tended (2), iconography (2), 15th (2), fate (2), length (2), shell (2), pine (2)
Text of the page (random words):
ty warfare against these three cities staging minor skirmishes called flower wars nahuatl xochiyaoyotl against them perhaps as a strategy of exhaustion 44 45 in the valley of oaxaca which was invaded by moctezuma s forces in the 1450s the aztec empire would oppress the mixtec and zapotec peoples who they would also require to pay tributes 46 motecuzoma i also consolidated the political structure of the triple alliance and the internal political organization of tenochtitlan his brother tlacaelel served as his main advisor nahuatl languages cihuacoatl and he is considered responsible for the major political reforms in this period consolidating the power of the noble class nahuatl languages pipiltin and instituting a set of legal codes and the practice of reinstating conquered rulers in their cities bound by fealty to the mexica tlatoani 47 48 44 axayacatl and tizoc in 1469 the next ruler was axayacatl lit water mask son of itzcoatl s son tezozomoc and motecuzoma i s daughter atotoztli ii nb 6 he undertook a successful coronation campaign far south of tenochtitlan against the zapotecs in the isthmus of tehuantepec axayacatl also conquered the independent mexica city of tlatelolco located on the northern part of the island where tenochtitlan was also located the tlatelolco ruler moquihuix was married to axayacatl s sister and his alleged mistreatment of her was used as an excuse to incorporate tlatelolco and its important market directly under the control of the tlatoani of tenochtitlan 49 axayacatl then conquered areas in central guerrero the puebla valley on the gulf coast and against the otomi and matlatzinca in the toluca valley the toluca valley was a buffer zone against the powerful tarascan state in michoacan against which axayacatl turned next in the major campaign against the tarascans nahuatl languages michhuahqueh in 1478 1479 the aztec forces were repelled by a well organized defense axayacatl was soundly defeated in a battle at tlaximaloyan today tajimaroa losing most of his 32 000 men and only barely escaping back to tenochtitlan with the remnants of his army 50 in 1481 at axayacatls death his older brother tizoc was elected ruler tizoc s coronation campaign against the otomi of metztitlan failed as he lost the major battle and only managed to secure 40 prisoners to be sacrificed for his coronation ceremony having shown weakness many cities rebelled and consequently most of tizoc s short reign was spent attempting to quell rebellions and maintain control of areas conquered by his predecessors tizoc died suddenly in 1485 and it has been suggested that he was poisoned by his brother and war leader ahuitzotl who became the next tlatoani tizoc is mostly known as the namesake of the stone of tizoc a monumental sculpture nahuatl temalacatl decorated with a representation of tizoc s conquests 51 ahuitzotl ahuitzotl in codex mendoza the next ruler was ahuitzotl lit water monster brother of axayacatl and tizoc and war leader under tizoc his successful coronation campaign suppressed rebellions in the toluca valley and conquered jilotepec and several communities in the northern valley of mexico a second 1521 campaign to the gulf coast was also highly successful he began an enlargement of the great temple of tenochtitlan inaugurating the new temple in 1487 for the inauguration ceremony the mexica invited the rulers of all their subject cities who participated as spectators in the ceremony in which an unprecedented number of war captives were sacrificed some sources giving a figure of 80 400 prisoners sacrificed over four days probably the actual figure of sacrifices was much smaller but still numbering several thousand there have never been found enough skulls in the capital to satisfy even the most conservative figures 52 ahuitzotl also constructed monumental architecture in sites such as calixtlahuaca malinalco and tepoztlan after a rebellion in the towns of alahuiztlan and oztoticpac in northern guerrero he ordered the entire population executed and repopulated with people from the valley of mexico he also constructed a fortified garrison at oztuma defending the border against the tarascan state 53 final aztec rulers and the spanish conquest main article spanish conquest of the aztec empire the meeting of moctezuma ii and hernán cortés with his cultural translator la malinche 8 november 1519 as depicted in the lienzo de tlaxcala motecuhzoma xocoyotzin is known to world history as the aztec ruler when the spanish invaders and their indigenous allies began their conquest of the empire in a two year long campaign 1519 1521 his early rule did not hint at his future fame he succeeded in the rulership after the death of ahuitzotl motecuhzoma xocoyotzin lit he frowns like a lord the youngest child who is dead as he had lived in life but not death was a son of axayacatl and a war leader he began his rule in standard fashion conducting a coronation campaign to demonstrate his skills as a leader he attacked the fortified city of nopallan in oaxaca and subjected the adjacent region to the empire an effective warrior moctezuma maintained the pace of conquest set by his predecessor and subjected large areas in guerrero oaxaca puebla and even far south along the pacific and gulf coasts conquering the province of xoconochco in chiapas he also intensified the flower wars waged against tlaxcala and huexotzinco and secured an alliance with cholula he also consolidated the class structure of aztec society by making it harder for commoners nahuatl languages macehualtin to accede to the privileged class of the pipiltin through merit in combat he also instituted a strict sumptuary code limiting the types of luxury goods that could be consumed by commoners 54 the torture of cuauhtémoc el suplicio de cuauhtémoc 1892 oil painting by leandro izaguirre in 1517 moctezuma received the first news of ships with strange warriors having landed on the gulf coast near cempoallan and he dispatched messengers to greet them and find out what was happening and he ordered his subjects in the area to keep him informed of any new arrivals in 1519 he was informed of the arrival of the spanish fleet of hernán cortés who soon marched toward tlaxcala where he allied with the traditional enemies of the aztecs on 8 november 1519 moctezuma ii received cortés and his troops and tlaxcalan allies on the causeway south of tenochtitlan and he invited the spaniards to stay as his guests in tenochtitlan when aztec troops destroyed a spanish camp on the gulf coast cortés ordered moctezuma to execute the commanders responsible for the attack and moctezuma complied at this point the power balance had shifted toward the spaniards who now held moctezuma as a prisoner in his palace as this shift in power became clear to moctezuma s subjects the spaniards became increasingly unwelcome in the capital city and in june 1520 hostilities broke out culminating in the massacre in the great temple and a major uprising of the mexica against the spanish during the fighting moctezuma was killed either by the spaniards who killed him as they fled the city or by the mexica themselves who considered him a traitor 55 cuitláhuac a kinsman and adviser to moctezuma succeeded him as tlatoani mounting the defense of tenochtitlan against the spanish invaders and their indigenous allies he ruled for only 80 days perhaps dying in a smallpox epidemic although early sources do not give the cause he was succeeded by cuauhtémoc the last independent mexica tlatoani who continued the fierce defense of tenochtitlan the aztecs were weakened by disease and the spanish enlisted tens of thousands of indian allies especially tlaxcalans for the assault on tenochtitlan after the siege and destruction of the aztec capital cuauhtémoc was captured on 13 august 1521 marking the beginning of spanish hegemony in central mexico spaniards held cuauhtémoc captive until he was tortured and executed on the orders of cortés supposedly for treason during an ill fated expedition to honduras in 1525 his death marked the end of a tumultuous era in aztec political history after the fall of the aztec empire entire nahua communities were subject to forced labor under the encomienda system the aztec education system was abolished and replaced by a very limited church education and aztec religious practices were forcibly replaced with catholicism the cuauhtlatoque and aztec polity post conquest 1521 1565 cuauhtémoc and the deterritorialization of the tlatoque for more information on the last tlatoani of tenochtitlan see cuauhtémoc a 17th century oil on canvas painting by an unknown creator which depicts cuauhtémoc captured by the spanish on boats on lake texcoco after their conquest of tenochtitlan following the spanish and their indigenous allies victory over the triple alliance its tlatloque nb 7 cuauhtémoc captured on 13 august 1521 was not immediately deposed of his titular throne while in captivity 56 57 rather the spanish maintained his nominal but not actual authority while they established a foothold in the valley of mexico and understanding thereof this dynamic also was to avoid ceding control over the valley to their allies who neighbored and detested the former triple alliance for its historic bellicosity towards them and their peoples 58 according to spanish legend only he requested upon his and his nobles surrender for hernán cortés to execute him by knife strik ing him dead immediately 59 which cortés supposedly refused declaring that a spaniard knows how to respect valor even in an enemy and praising cuauhtémoc for having defended his capital like a brave warrior 60 the account continues that cortés accepted cuauhtémoc s request to leave the mexica unharmed cortés later recanted his obligations upon seeing that the war bounty collected from the conquest did not meet his expectations and proceeded to torture cuauhtémoc by forcing him to walk over hot coals out of the belief that he had attempted to hide more valuables these valuables would not be recovered to the extent desired by cortés cuauhtémoc was forcefully converted to catholicism baptised under the new name fernando cuauhtémotzín relieved of his sovereignty keeping only the title of tlatoani and kept under house arrest 61 until his execution 62 an event for which there exist numerous contradicting contemporary perspectives testimonies and reasonings 63 there are however no mexica sources describing these events possibly due to the mass destruction of indigenous texts during conquest 64 cuauhtémoc was the last tlatoani with full sovereign authority as well as the last tlatoque whose title came through to him through dynastic lineage until the throne s dynastic restoration in 1538 cuāuhtlahtoāni 1525 1536 for more information on the vassal tlatloque appointed by the spanish see cuauhtlatoani spaniards dumping the bodies of the tlatoani moctezuma ii and his appointed cuauhtlatoani itzquauhtzin of tlatelolco after their execution in 1520 ce in the period immediately succeeding cuauhtémoc s deposition successors were directly installed by the spanish to facilitate easier control of their new colony this practice was employed by the spanish in numerous areas throughout the early stages of conquest this was to navigate the inherent difficulty in administer a foreign government in an incompletely understood land whose people at the time were still recovering from war and plagued by european introduced disease additionally a puppet government served as an attempt to create an image of legitimacy towards the indigenous mesoamericans these installed tlatoani were known as cuāuhtlahtoāni meaning the one who speaks like eagle in náhuatl and as appointments did not undergo the traditional mexica investiture ceremony pursued with normal tlatoani this invalidated the cuahtlatoani s authority and right to rule in the eyes of their subjects the cuauhtlatoani were not a novel concept but had precedent as the term was used pre conquest to describe an interim non dynastic regent with tlatloque like authority generally cuauhtlatoani would be appointed by tlatoani to administer recently conquered lands such as the atlepetl of tlatelolco following the 1473 defeat of its last tlatoani moquihuix by the triple alliance tlatelolco was governed by cuauhtlatoque until the death of itzquauhtzin in 1520 65 the term cuauhtlatoani is also sometimes used in early 16th century codices to describe the mythic first leaders of the mexica during their migration from aztlán 66 in the context of the spanish conquest the indigenous population s general view of the cuauhtlatoani as illegitimate was initially of benefit and preference to hernán cortés and the spanish who saw it as a way of ensuring their appointees would not be seen as a source of allegiance separate from the spanish crown 67 despite their illegitimacy mexica codices composed after their reigns would describe cuauhtlatoani as if they were tlatoani but differ considerably on perceptions of legitimacy with some vocally ascribing illegitimacy to their reigns and others remaining silent on the matter entirely implying continuity with their predecessors 68 there were three cuauhtlatoani of tenochtitlan before the restoration of dynastically derived rulership to the atlepetl in 1565 these were tlacotzin reigned less than a year sometime between 1525 and 1526 who died before even reaching tenochtitlan 69 motelchiuhtzin 1525 1526 1530 1531 a mexica commoner and officer for hernán cortéz and xochiquentzin 1532 1536 a mexica commoner who had previously served as calpixqui a minor administrative palatine officer 70 restoration of dynastic rulership 1538 1565 1538 saw the dynastic rulership restored to the throne of tenochtitlan still in a dynamic of vassalage to the authority expressed by the conquistadors in the name of the spanish crown 61 the reasoning behind this choice is not certain but it was probably made by the spanish viceroy of new spain from 1535 to 1550 antonio de mendoza in pursuit of a more authoritative appearance of legitimacy in regards to spanish rule over the mexica 69 the restoration entailed a revalidation of the role of mexica nobility in the selection of a tlatloque where a candidate they elected would be forwarded to the spanish authority for confirmation and installation 56 this helped forward an air of authority and responsibility in the eye of the mexica towards the spanish and the new tlatoani this period saw four tlatoani with one cuauhtlatoque acting to serve in only a transitional role between tlatoani these were huanitzin 1538 1541 71 grandnephew to moctezuma ii who was popular amongst the nahua and was bilingual in spanish and náhuatl followed by tehuetzquititzin 1541 1554 who was de facto succeeded by the magistrate of tenochtitlan omacatzin a commoner from xochimilco whose authority only served a temporary and transitional buffer between tehuetzquititzin and his de jure successor cecetzin 1557 1562 the reason ...
|
