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াংলা brezhoneg bosanski català 閩東語 mìng dĕ̤ng ngṳ̄ нохчийн cebuano کوردی corsu qırımtatarca čeština kaszëbsczi словѣньскъ ⱄⰾⱁⰲⱑⱀⱐⱄⰽⱏ чӑвашла cymraeg dansk deutsch zazaki dolnoserbski ελληνικά emiliàn e rumagnòl esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi võro føroyskt français arpetan nordfriisk furlan frysk gaeilge gàidhlig galego 客家語 hak kâ ngî עברית हिन्दी hrvatski hornjoserbsce kreyòl ayisyen magyar հայերեն արեւմտահայերէն interlingua jaku iban bahasa indonesia interlingue ilokano ido íslenska medžuslovjansky italiano 日本語 patois jawa ქართული kabɩyɛ tyap қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 kurdî kernowek кыргызча latina ladino lëtzebuergesch lingua franca nova limburgs lombard lingála ລາວ lietuvių latviešu malagasy minangkabau македонски മലയാളം монгол मराठी bahasa melayu malti mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ مازِرونی nāhuatl napulitano nedersaksies plattdüütsch नेपाल भाषा nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål nouormand occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ papiamentu picard deitsch polski پنجابی پښتو português runa simi rumantsch română armãneashti русский русиньскый саха тыла sardu sicilianu scots srpskohrvatski српскохрватски සිංහල simple english slovenčina سرائیکی slovenščina anarâškielâ shqip српски srpski svenska kiswahili ślůnski தமிழ் తెలుగు тоҷикӣ ไทย tagalog tok pisin türkçe татарча tatarça ئۇيغۇرچە uyghurche українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча vèneto tiếng việt west vlams volapük walon winaray 吴语 მარგალური ייִדיש yorùbá zeêuws 文言 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 isizulu edit links article talk english read view source view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read view source view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikiquote wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia head of the catholic church papacy papal roman pontiff and bishop of rome redirect here for the pontiffs of ancient rome see college of pontiffs for other uses see pope disambiguation bishop of rome pontifex maximus pope catholic pope leo xiv in 2025 emblem of the holy see incumbent pope leo xiv since 8 may 2025 style his holiness location country vatican city ecclesiastical province rome residence apostolic palace official residence palace of castel gandolfo official summer residence headquarters apostolic palace vatican city information first holder saint peter 1 list denomination catholic church established 1st century diocese rome cathedral archbasilica of saint john lateran governance holy see website vatican va holyfather part of a series on the hierarchy of the catholic church saint peter ecclesiastical titles order of precedence pope pope emeritus cardinal cardinal vicar crown prince protector moderator of the curia chaplain of his holiness papal legate papal majordomo apostolic nuncio apostolic delegate apostolic syndic apostolic visitor vicar apostolic apostolic exarch apostolic prefect assistant to the papal throne eparch metropolitan patriarch catholicos bishop archbishop bishop emeritus diocesan bishop major archbishop primate suffragan bishop titular bishop coadjutor bishop auxiliary bishop prelate provost pontiff territorial prelate territorial abbot liturgical titles acolyte consecrator lector subdeacon administrative and pastoral titles auditor brother chancellor chaplain military chaplain military ordinary coarb confessor consultor curate deacon archdeacon defender of the bond definitor devil s advocate diocesan administrator ecclesiastical judge exorcist laity lay abbot abthain commendatory lay cardinal minister major orders minor orders missionary monsignor officialis ostiarius pastor assistant pastor palatinus personal prelate preacher prefect presbyter elder priest principal protonotary apostolic reverend saint servant of god blessed venerable seminarian vicar judicial vicar vicar general vicar forane sub dean consecrated and professed titles abbess abbot consecrated virgin corrector custos friar dean grand master hermit master of novices monk novice nun postulant prior provincial superior rector religious superior general additional titles almoner altar server archimandrite archpriest archdeacon canon captain general of the church chorbishop coarb commissary apostolic conclavist custos datarius gonfalonier of the church honorary prelate minor canon notarius ostiarius peritus postulator prebendary precentor prince bishop prince abbot prince primate prince provost promotor fidei protopriest protodeacon protosyncellus regionarius sacristan sidewalk counselor usher associations and organization titles third orders oblates confraternities pious unions grand master knights hospitaller order of the holy sepulchre teutonic knights inquisitor grand inquisitor preceptor catholic church portal v t e the pope a is the bishop of rome and the head of the worldwide catholic church he is also known as the supreme pontiff b roman pontiff c or sovereign pontiff from the 8th century until 1870 the pope was the sovereign or head of state of the papal states and since 1929 of the much smaller vatican city state 4 5 from a catholic viewpoint the primacy of the bishop of rome is largely derived from his role as the apostolic successor to saint peter to whom primacy was conferred by jesus who gave peter the keys of heaven and the powers of binding and loosing naming him as the rock upon which the church would be built the current pope is leo xiv who was elected on 8 may 2025 on the second day of the 2025 papal conclave 6 while his office is called the papacy the jurisdiction of the episcopal see is called the holy see 7 the word see comes from the latin for seat or chair sede referring in particular to the one on which the newly elected pope sits during the enthronement ceremony 8 the holy see is a sovereign entity under international law it is headquartered in the distinctively independent vatican city a city state which forms a geographical enclave within the conurbation of rome it was established by the lateran treaty in 1929 between fascist italy and the holy see to ensure its political and spiritual independence the holy see is recognized by its adherence at various levels to international organizations and by means of its diplomatic relations and political accords with many independent states according to catholic tradition the apostolic see of rome was founded by saint peter and saint paul in the first century the papacy is one of the longest enduring institutions in the world and has been a prominent force in human history 9 in ancient times the popes helped spread christianity and intervened to find resolutions in various doctrinal disputes 10 in the middle ages they played a role of secular importance in western europe often acting as arbitrators between christian monarchs 11 12 d in addition to the expansion of christian faith and doctrine modern popes are involved in ecumenism and interfaith dialogue charitable work and the defence of human rights 13 over time the papacy accrued broad secular and political influence eventually rivalling those of territorial rulers in recent centuries the temporal authority of the papacy has declined and the office is now largely focused on religious matters 10 by contrast papal claims of spiritual authority have been increasingly firmly expressed over time culminating in 1870 with the proclamation of the dogma of papal infallibility for rare occasions when the pope speaks ex cathedra literally from the chair of saint peter to issue a formal definition of faith or morals 10 the pope is considered one of the world s most powerful people due to the extensive diplomatic cultural and spiritual influence of his position on both 1 4 billion catholics 14 and those outside the catholic faith 15 16 17 18 and because he heads the world s largest non government provider of education and health care 19 with a vast network of charities history main article history of the papacy title and etymology main article pope title the word pope derives from ancient greek πάππας páppas father in the early centuries of christianity this title was applied especially in the east to all bishops 20 and other senior clergy and later became reserved in the west to the bishop of rome during the reign of pope leo i 440 461 21 a reservation made official only in the 11th century 22 23 24 25 26 the earliest record of the use of the title of pope was in regard to the by then deceased patriarch of alexandria heraclas 232 248 27 the earliest recorded use of the title pope in english dates to the mid 10th century when it was used in reference to the 7th century roman pope vitalian in an old english translation of bede s historia ecclesiastica gentis anglorum 28 position within the church the catholic church teaches that the pastoral office the office of shepherding the church that was held by the apostles as a group or college with saint peter as their head is now held by their successors the bishops with the bishop of rome the pope as their head 29 this gives rise to another title by which the pope is known supreme pontiff the catholic church teaches that jesus personally appointed peter as the visible head of the church e and the catholic church s dogmatic constitution lumen gentium makes a clear distinction between apostles and bishops presenting the latter as the successors of the former with the pope as successor of peter in that he is head of the bishops as peter was head of the apostles 31 some historians argue against the notion that peter was the first bishop of rome noting that the episcopal see in rome can be traced back no earlier than the 3rd century 32 the writings of irenaeus a church father who wrote around 180 ad reflect a belief that peter founded and organized the church at rome 33 moreover irenaeus was not the first to write of peter s presence in the early roman church the church of rome wrote in a letter to the corinthians which is traditionally attributed to clement of rome c 96 34 about the persecution of christians in rome as the struggles in our time and presented to the corinthians its heroes first the greatest and most just columns the good apostles peter and paul 35 ignatius of antioch wrote shortly after clement in his letter from the city of smyrna to the romans he said he would not command them as peter and paul did 36 given this and other evidence such as emperor constantine s erection of the old st peter s basilica on the location of saint peter s tomb as held and given to him by rome s christian community many scholars agree that peter was martyred in rome under nero although some scholars argue that he may have been martyred in palestine 37 38 39 although open to historical debate first century christian communities may have had a group of presbyter bishops functioning as guides of their local churches gradually episcopal sees were established in metropolitan areas 40 antioch may have developed such a structure before rome 40 in rome there were over time at various junctures rival claimants to be the rightful bishop though again irenaeus stressed the validity of one line of bishops from the time of st peter up to his contemporary pope victor i and listed them 41 some writers claim that the emergence of a single bishop in rome probably did not occur until the middle of the 2nd century in their view linus cletus and clement were possibly prominent presbyter bishops but not necessarily monarchical bishops 32 documents of the 1st century and early second century indicate that the bishop of rome had some kind of pre eminence and prominence in the church as a whole as even a letter from the bishop or patriarch of antioch acknowledged the bishop of rome as a first among equals 42 though the detail of what this meant is unclear f early christianity c 30 325 sources suggest that at first the terms episcopos and presbyter were used interchangeably 46 with the consensus among scholars being that by the turn of the 1st and 2nd centuries local congregations were led by bishops and presbyters whose duties of office overlapped or were indistinguishable from one another 47 some who say that there was probably no single monarchical bishop in rome before the middle of the 2nd century and likely later 48 in the early christian era rome and a few other cities had claims on the leadership of worldwide church james the just known as the brother of the lord served as head of the jerusalem church which is still honoured as the mother church in orthodox tradition alexandria had been a center of jewish learning and became a center of christian learning rome had a large congregation early in the apostolic period whom paul the apostle addressed in his epistle to the romans and according to tradition paul was martyred there 49 during the 1st century of the church c 30 130 the roman capital became recognized as a christian center of exceptional importance the church there at the end of the century wrote an epistle to the church in corinth intervening in a major dispute and apologizing for not having taken action earlier 50 there are a few other references of that time to recognition of the authoritative primacy of the roman see outside of rome in the ravenna document of 13 october 2007 theologians chosen by the catholic and the eastern orthodox churches stated 51 both sides agree that this canonical taxis was recognised by all in the era of the undivided church further they agree that rome as the church that presides in love according to the phrase of st ignatius of antioch to the romans prologue occupied the first place in the taxis and that the bishop of rome was therefore the protos among the patriarchs they disagree however on the interpretation of the historical evidence from this era regarding the prerogatives of the bishop of rome as protos a matter that was already understood in different ways in the first millennium ravenna document 41 in ad 195 pope victor i in what is seen as an exercise of roman authority over other churches excommunicated the quartodecimans for observing easter on the 14th of nisan the date of the jewish passover a tradition handed down by john the evangelist see easter controversy celebration of easter on a sunday as insisted on by the pope is the system that has prevailed see computus nicaea to east west schism 325 1054 see also papacy in late antiquity the edict of milan in 313 granted freedom to all religions in the roman empire 52 beginning the peace of the church in 325 the first council of nicaea condemned arianism declaring trinitarianism dogmatic and in its sixth canon recognized the special role of the sees of rome alexandria and antioch 53 great defenders of trinitarian faith included the popes especially liberius who was exiled to berea by constantius ii for his trinitarian faith 54 damasus i and several other bishops 55 in 380 the edict of thessalonica declared nicene christianity to be the stat...
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