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tan a hilltop associated with many nath jogis considered among compilers of earlier punjabi works punjabi developed from prakrit languages and later apabhraṃśa sanskrit अपभ्रंश deviated or non grammatical speech 20 from 600 bc sanskrit developed as the standard literary and administrative language and prakrit languages evolved into many regional languages in different parts of india all these languages are called prakrit languages sanskrit प्राकृत prākṛta collectively paishachi prakrit was one of these prakrit languages which was spoken in north and north western india and punjabi developed from this prakrit later in northern india paishachi prakrit gave rise to paishachi apabhraṃśa a descendant of prakrit 1 21 punjabi emerged as an apabhramsha a form of prakrit in the 7th century ad and became stable by the 10th century the earliest writings in punjabi belong to the nath yogi era from 9th to 14th century 22 the language of these compositions is morphologically closer to shauraseni apbhramsa though vocabulary and rhythm is surcharged with extreme colloquialism and folklore 22 writing in 1317 1318 amir khusrau referred to the language spoken by locals around the area of lahore as lahauri 23 the precursor stage of punjabi between the 10th and 16th centuries is termed old punjabi whilst the stage between the 16th and 19th centuries is termed as medieval punjabi 2 3 4 5 6 7 arabic and persian influences see also persian language in the indian subcontinent the arabic and modern persian influence in the historical punjab region began with the late first millennium muslim conquests in the indian subcontinent 24 since then many persian words have been incorporated into punjabi 25 26 such as zamīn śahir etc and are used with a liberal approach through persian punjabi also absorbed many arabic derived words like dukān ġazal and more as well as turkic words like qēncī sōġāt etc after the fall of the sikh empire urdu was made the official language of punjab under the british in pakistani punjab it is still the primary official language and influenced the language as well 27 in the second millennium punjabi was lexically influenced by portuguese words like almārī greek words like dām japanese words like rikśā chinese words like cāh līcī lukāṭh and english words like jajj apīl māsṭar though these influences have been minor in comparison to persian and arabic 28 in fact the sounds z ਜ਼ ز ژ ذ ض ظ ɣ ਗ਼ غ q ਕ਼ ق ʃ ਸ਼ ش x ਖ਼ خ and f ਫ਼ ف are all borrowed from persian but in some instances the latter three arise natively later the letters ਜ਼ ز ਸ਼ ش and ਫ਼ ف began being used in english borrowings with ਸ਼ ش also used in sanskrit borrowings punjabi has also had minor influence from and on neighbouring languages such as sindhi haryanvi pashto and hindustani english gurmukhi based punjab india shahmukhi based punjab pakistan president ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਪਤੀ rāshtarpatī صدرمملکت sadar e mumlikat article ਲੇਖ lēkh مضمون mazmūn prime minister ਪਰਧਾਨ ਮੰਤਰੀ pardhān mantarī وزیراعظم vazīr e aʿzam family ਪਰਵਾਰ parvār ਟੱਬਰ ṭabbar خاندان kḥāndān ٹبّر ṭabbar philosophy ਫ਼ਲਸਫ਼ਾ falsafā ਦਰਸ਼ਨ darshan فلسفہ falsafah capital city ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ rājdhānī دارالحکومت dār al ḥakūmat viewer ਦਰਸ਼ਕ darshak ناظرین nāzarīn listener ਸਰੋਤਾ sarotā سامع sāmaʿ note in more formal contexts hypercorrect sanskritized versions of these words ਪ੍ਰਧਾਨ pradhān for ਪਰਧਾਨ pardhān and ਪਰਿਵਾਰ parivār for ਪਰਵਾਰ parvār may be used modern times this article needs additional citations for verification please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources punjabi language news newspapers books scholar jstor october 2024 learn how and when to remove this message modern punjabi emerged in the 19th century from the medieval punjabi stage 3 modern punjabi has two main varieties western punjabi and eastern punjabi which have many dialects and forms altogether spoken by over 150 million people the majhi dialect which is transitional between the two main varieties has been adopted as standard punjabi in india and pakistan for education and mass media the majhi dialect originated in the majha region of the punjab in india punjabi is written in the gurmukhī script in offices schools and media gurmukhi is the official standard script for punjabi though it is often unofficially written in the latin scripts due to influence from english one of india s two primary official languages at the union level in pakistan punjabi is generally written using the shahmukhī script which in literary standards is identical to the urdu alphabet however various attempts have been made to create certain distinct characters from a modification of the persian nastaʿlīq characters to represent punjabi phonology not already found in the urdu alphabet in pakistan punjabi loans technical words from persian and arabic just like urdu does geographic distribution punjabi is the most widely spoken language in pakistan the eleventh most widely spoken in india and also present in the punjabi diaspora in various countries approximate distribution of native punjabi speakers inc lahndic dialects assuming a rounded total of 157 million worldwide pakistan inc all pakistani provinces 78 6 india inc all indian states 19 8 other countries 1 60 pakistan punjabi is the most widely spoken language in pakistan being the native language of 88 9 million people or approximately 37 of the country s population census history of punjabi speakers in pakistan 29 30 year population of pakistan percentage punjabi speakers 1951 33 740 167 57 08 22 632 905 1961 42 880 378 56 39 28 468 282 1972 65 309 340 56 11 43 176 004 1981 84 253 644 48 17 40 584 980 1998 132 352 279 44 15 58 433 431 2017 207 685 000 38 78 80 540 000 2023 240 458 089 36 98 88 915 544 beginning with the 1981 and 2017 censuses respectively speakers of the western punjabi s saraiki and hindko varieties were no longer included in the total numbers for punjabi which explains the apparent decrease pothwari speakers however are included in the total numbers for punjabi 31 india see also list of states and union territories of india by punjabi speakers jallianwala bagh written in hindi punjabi and english in amritsar india punjabi is the official language of the indian state of punjab and has the status of an additional official language in haryana and delhi some of its major urban centres in northern india are amritsar ludhiana chandigarh jalandhar ambala patiala bathinda hoshiarpur firozpur and delhi punjabi in india in the 2011 census of india 31 14 million reported their language as punjabi the census publications group this with speakers of related mother tongues like bagri and bhateali to arrive at the figure of 33 12 million 32 census history of punjabi speakers in india 33 year population of india punjabi speakers in india percentage 1971 548 159 652 14 108 443 2 57 1981 665 287 849 19 611 199 2 95 1991 838 583 988 23 378 744 2 79 2001 1 028 610 328 29 102 477 2 83 2011 1 210 193 422 33 124 726 2 74 punjabi diaspora see also punjabi diaspora percentage of people in each australian bureau of statistics abs statistical area 1 sa1 in the coastal new south wales town of woolgoolga and nearby sandy beach and safety beach who reported speaking punjabi at home in the 2021 census 0 5 5 10 10 15 15 20 20 25 25 30 30 35 35 40 punjabi is also spoken as a minority language in several other countries where punjabi people have emigrated in large numbers such as the united states australia the united kingdom and canada 31 there were 670 000 native punjabi speakers in canada in 2021 34 300 000 in the united kingdom in 2011 35 280 000 in the united states 36 and smaller numbers in other countries punjabi speakers by country approximate number of punjabi speakers by country 37 country native number of speakers source pakistan 88 915 544 census india 33 124 726 census saudi arabia 777 000 ethnologue canada 670 000 census uk 291 000 census 38 usa 280 867 census australia 239 033 census uae 201 000 ethnologue major dialects main article punjabi dialects and languages standard punjabi standard punjabi sometimes referred to as majhi is the standard form of punjabi used commonly in education and news broadcasting and is based on the majhi dialect such as the variety used on google translate standard punjabi is also often used in official online services that employ punjabi it is widely used in the tv and entertainment industry of pakistan which is mainly produced in lahore the standard punjabi used in india and pakistan has slight differences in india it excludes many of the dialect specific features of majhi in pakistan the standard is closer to the majhi spoken in the urban parts of lahore 39 40 eastern punjabi eastern punjabi refers to the varieties of punjabi spoken in pakistani punjab specifically northern punjabi most of indian punjab the far north of rajasthan and on the northwestern border of haryana it includes the dialects of majhi malwai doabi puadhi and the extinct lubanki 41 western punjabi main article lahnda western punjabi or lahnda لہندا lit western is the name given to the diverse group of punjabi varieties spoken in the majority of pakistani punjab the hazara region most of azad kashmir and small parts of indian punjab such as fazilka 42 43 these include groups of dialects like saraiki pahari pothwari hindko and the extinct inku common dialects like jhangvi shahpuri dhanni and thali which are usually grouped under the term jatki punjabi and the mixed variety of punjabi and sindhi called khetrani 44 depending on context the terms eastern and western punjabi can simply refer to all the punjabi varieties spoken in india and pakistan respectively whether or not they are linguistically eastern western phonology while a vowel length distinction between short and long vowels exists reflected in modern gurmukhi orthographical conventions it is secondary to the vowel quality contrast between centralised vowels ɪ ə ʊ and peripheral vowels iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː in terms of phonetic significance 45 vowels front near front central near back back close iː ਈ اِی uː ਊ اُو near close ɪ ਇ اِ ʊ ਉ اُ close mid eː ਏ اے oː ਓ او mid ə ਅ اَ open mid ɛː ਐ اَے ɔː ਔ اَو open aː ਆ آ the peripheral vowels have nasal analogues 46 there is a tendency with speakers to insert ɪ̯ between adjacent a vowels as a separator this usually changes to ʊ̯ if either vowel is nasalised consonants labial dental alveolar retroflex post alv palatal velar uvular glottal nasal m ਮ م n ਨ ن 47 ɳ ਣ ݨ ɲ ਞ ن٘ 48 ŋ ਙ ن٘ 48 stop affricate tenuis p ਪ پ t̪ ਤ ت ʈ ਟ ٹ t͡ʃ ਚ چ k ਕ ک q ਕ਼ ق aspirated pʰ ਫ پھ tʰ ਥ تھ ʈʰ ਠ ٹھ t͡ʃʰ ਛ چھ kʰ ਖ کھ voiced b ਬ ب d̪ ਦ د ɖ ਡ ڈ d͡ʒ ਜ ج ɡ ਗ گ tonal ਭ بھ ਧ دھ ਢ ڈھ ਝ جھ ਘ گھ fricative voiceless f ਫ਼ ف s ਸ س ʃ ਸ਼ ش x ਖ਼ خ voiced z ਜ਼ ز ɣ ਗ਼ غ ɦ ਹ ہ rhotic ɾ r ਰ ر ɽ ੜ ڑ approximant ʋ ਵ و l ਲ ل ɭ ਲ਼ 49 j ਯ ی note for the tonal stops refer to the next section about tone the three retroflex consonants ɳ ɽ ɭ do not occur initially and the nasals ŋ ɲ most commonly occur as allophones of n in clusters with velars and palatals there are few exceptions the well established phoneme ʃ may be realised allophonically as the voiceless retroflex fricative ʂ in learned clusters with retroflexes due to its foreign origin it is often also realised as s in e g shalwār salᵊ ʋaːɾᵊ the phonemic status of the consonants f z x ɣ q varies with familiarity with hindustani norms more so with the gurmukhi script with the pairs f pʰ z d͡ʒ x kʰ ɣ g and q k systematically distinguished in educated speech 50 q being the most rarely pronounced the retroflex lateral is most commonly analysed as an approximant as opposed to a flap 51 52 53 some speakers soften the voiceless aspirates t͡ʃʰ pʰ kʰ into fricatives ɕ f x respectively citation needed in rare cases the ɲ and ŋ phonemes in shahmukhi may be represented with letters from sindhi citation needed the ɲ phoneme which is more common than ŋ is written as نی or نج depending on its phonetic preservation e g نیاݨا ɲaːɳaː preserved ñ as opposed to کنج kiɲd͡ʒ assimilated into nj ŋ is always written as نگ diphthongs like hindustani the diphthongs əɪ and əʊ have mostly disappeared but are still retained in some dialects phonotactically long vowels aː iː uː are treated as doubles of their short vowel counterparts ə ɪ ʊ rather than separate phonemes hence diphthongs like ai and au get monophthongised into eː and oː and āi and āu into ɛː and ɔː respectively citation needed the phoneme j is very fluid in punjabi j is only truly pronounced word initially even then it often becomes d͡ʒ where it is otherwise ɪ or i tone unusually for an indo aryan language punjabi distinguishes lexical tones 54 two are distinguished in punjabi falling and rising 55 56 57 these are tone contours but are often mislabelled as low and high tones and sometimes as high falling and low rising although there is no evidence that punjabi tones begin or end at a consistent pitch about 75 of punjabi words have no rising or falling tone and this absence of tone is described with a third label called level tone 55 the transcriptions and tone annotations in the examples below are based on those provided in punjabi university patiala s punjabi english dictionary 58 examples pronunciation meaning gurmukhi shahmukhi transliteration ipa tone ਘਰ گھر ghar kə̀ rᵊ 59 j falling house ਕਰ੍ਹਾ کرھا karhā kə́ ra 60 rising powdered remains of cow dung cakes ਕਰ کر kar kər 61 level do doing ਝੜ جھڑ jhaṛ t͡ʃə̀ ɽᵊ 62 falling shade caused by clouds ਚੜ੍ਹ چڑھ chaṛh t͡ʃə́ ɽᵊ 63 rising rise to fame ascendancy ਚੜ چڑ caṛ t͡ʃəɽ 63 level hangnail there are some words which are said to have rising tone in the first syllable and falling in the second some writers describe this as a fourth tone 55 however an acoustic study of six punjabi speakers in the united states found no evidence of a separate falling tone following a medial consonant 64 ਮੋਢਾ موڈھا móḍà rising falling shoulder some punjabi distinct tones for gh jh ḍh dh bh it is considered that these tones arose when voiced aspirated consonants gh jh ḍh dh bh lost their aspiration mechanics in punjabi tone is induced by the loss of h in tonal consonants tonal consonants are any voiced aspirates ʱ and the voiced glottal fricative ɦ these include the five voiced aspirated plosives bh dh ḍh jh and gh which are represented by their own letters in gurmukhi the h consonant itself and any voiced consonants appended with h gurmukhi ੍ਹ perī̃ hāhā shahmukhi ھ dō caśmī hē usually ṛh mh nh rh and lh tonal consonants induce a rising tone also called high tone before them or a falling tone also called low tone after them e g kaḍḍh káḍḍ remove he è is tone is always induced onto the stressed syllable of a word e g paṛh ā ī paṛ ā̀ ī study m ō ḍhā m ṓ ḍā shoulder the five tonal plosives also become voiceless word initially e g ghar kàr house ḍhōl ṭṑl drum etc 57 tonogenesis in punjabi forfeits the sound of h for tone thus the more h is realised the less tonal a word will ...
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