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he second system effect history edit development edit the history of pink and taligent from 1988 to 1998 reflects early admiration and high expectations for both the team and its system in retrospect the effort is often characterized by development hell second system effects internal expansion secrecy and ultimately vaporware citation needed pink team edit the pace of addition to system 6 and 7 was staggering so much so that apple never had time to recode the low level os and fix some of its shortcomings by 1990 these shortcomings including no preemptive multitasking and no memory protection for applications began to affect the quality of the product the mac was the easiest computer to use but also one of the most fragile tom saulpaugh in 1999 macintosh system software engineer from june 1985 co architect of copland and javaos 11 apple s cofounders steve wozniak and steve jobs had departed the company in 1985 this vacuum of entrepreneurial leadership created a tendency to promote low level engineers up to management and allowed increasingly redundant groups of engineers to compete and co lead by consensus and to manifest their own bottom up corporate culture in 1988 apple released system 6 a major release of the flagship macintosh operating system to a lackluster reception the system s architectural limits set forth by the tight hardware constraints of its original 1984 release now demanded increasingly ingenious workarounds for incremental gains such as multifinder s cooperative multitasking while still lacking memory protection and virtual memory having committed these engineering triumphs which were often blunted within such a notoriously fragile operating system 11 a restless group of accomplished senior engineers were nicknamed the gang of five erich ringewald david goldsmith a bayles holt gene pope and gerard schutten the gang gave an ultimatum that they should either be allowed to break from their disliked management and take the entrepreneurial and engineering risks needed to develop the next generation of the macintosh operating system or else leave the company 12 96 13 in march 1988 b 14 xxiii xxiv the gang their management and software manager and future taligent cto mike potel met at the sonoma mission inn and spa to roadmap the future of the operating system and thus of the organizational chart ideas were written on colored index cards and pinned to a wall ideas that were incremental updates to the existing system were written on blue colored cards those that were more technologically advanced or long term were written on pink cards and yet more radical ideas were on red cards because they would be pinker than pink 12 96 97 1 6 13 the blue group would receive the gang s former management duo along with incremental improvements in speed ram size and hard drive size pink would receive the gang with erich ringewald as technical lead plus preemptive multitasking and a componentized application design red would receive speech recognition and voice commands thought to be as futuristic as the star trek science fiction series 12 96 97 erich ringewald led the gang of five as the new pink group located one floor below the apple software headquarters in the de anza 3 building to begin a feasibility study with a goal of product launch in two years remembering the small but powerful original macintosh group he maintained secrecy and avoided the micromanagement of neighboring senior executives by immediately relocating his quintet off the main apple campus they used the nondescript bubb road warehouse which was already occupied by the secretly sophisticated newton project 12 97 98 13 pink briefly garnered an additional code name defiant 15 35 pink system edit the pink team was faced with the two possible architectural directions of either using legacy system 6 code or starting from scratch having just delivered the system 6 overhaul in the form of multifinder ringewald was adamant that pink s intense ambitions were deliverable within a realistic two year timeframe only if the team heavily improved its legacy compatibility code he pragmatically warned them we re going to have enough trouble just reimplementing the mac in apple s contentious corporate culture of consensus this mandate was soon challenged david goldsmith resigned from pink after making a counter ultimatum for a complete redesign which obviates all legacy problems and some other staff escalated their complaints to upward management in agreement with that months later a senior executive finally overrode ringewald thus redeveloping pink from scratch as a new and unique system with no system 6 legacy 12 97 98 13 the pink team numbered eleven when the six person kernel team within apple s advanced technology group atg was merged into pink to begin designing its new microkernel 12 98 13 named opus 16 17 embellishing upon the pink index cards pink s overall key design goals were now total object orientation memory protection preemptive multitasking internationalization and advanced graphics many ideas from the red cards would later be adopted after its first two months pink had a staff of about 25 12 97 98 by october 1988 the gang of five had become only one bayles holt because gene pope gerard schutten and erich ringewald had exited the sprawling pink project the former leader held grave doubts over the feasibility of this living breathing money consuming thing which was out of control meanwhile the remaining group and all of apple were enamored and doubtless of pink s world changing vision trying to join its staff of more than 100 by april 1989 it was a flourishing project that drained personnel from various other departments all groups outside of blue became defensively secretive in a company wide culture of empire building pink s secretive and turf warring culture didn t share source code or product demonstrations even with the next generation jaguar workstation design group until so ordered by ceo john sculley and only then under extreme security and monitoring 12 99 100 13 throughout apple the project and the system were considered successful but from april 1989 and on into the 1990s the running joke had always been and would always be when is pink going to ship two years 12 99 100 13 by late 1989 pink was a functional prototype of a desktop operating system on macintosh hardware featuring advanced graphics and dynamic internationalized text pink engineer dave burnard ph d said it was a real os that could demonstrate the core technology much deeper than system 6 could do 12 99 100 in june 1990 bill bruffey abandoned the idea of pink becoming a new mac os he got permission to create yet another new microkernel named nukernel intended explicitly for a new mac os his team of six engineers worked a few months to demonstrate a microkernel based mac os on a macintosh iici which would years later become copland and the proposed mac os 8 11 in 1990 pink became the object based systems group with senior vice president ed birss and a diverse staff of 150 including marketing and secretaries 12 99 100 meanwhile the hundreds of personnel in the blue design group 13 were constrained by the commercial pragmatism of maintaining their billion dollar legacy operating system which required them to refuse many new features which earned them the infamous nickname blue meanies this group had well established the evolution of system 6 which would be released in 1991 as system 7 ram chips and hard drives were extremely expensive so most personal computers were critically resource constrained and system 7 would already barely fit onto existing macintosh systems pink would therefore be hard pressed to include backward compatibility for system 7 applications atop itself assuming the team wanted to do so this physical and economical constraint is a crucial aspect of the second system effect pink s graphical user interface gui is based on a faux 3d motif of isometric icons beveled edges non rectangular windows and drop shadows one designer said the large ui team included interaction and visual designers and usability specialists 18 that essential visual design language would be an influence for several years into copland mac os 8 and commonpoint 19 magazines 20 throughout the early 1990s showed various mock ups of what pink could look like the people places and things metaphor extends beyond the traditional desktop metaphor and provides the user with gui tools to easily drag documents between people and things such as fax machines and printers 21 the component based document model is similar to what would become opendoc in mid 1991 apple ceo john sculley bragged that apple had written 1 5 million lines of code for pink 20 an ibm engineer described the first impression of this sophisticated prototype in 1991 pink had proven that an operating system could in fact be built on a microkernel this microkernel then exported c interfaces providing an object oriented wrapper all the code that traditionally had resided in a kernel was implemented in system frameworks this was not a monolithic kernel but a collection of object oriented servers performing specific kernel type tasks there were frameworks for file systems for device drivers for databases for networking and so on but they all resided outside the kernel and in the pink world these things were objects 22 4 aim alliance edit in 1992 the earth shook ibm and apple clasped hands and pronounced themselves allies from this union sprang taligent developing nothing less than a universal operating system macworld 23 main articles aim alliance workplace os and kaleida labs on october 2 1991 the historic aim alliance was formed and announced by apple ibm and motorola it was conceived to cross pollinate apple s personal products and ibm s enterprise products to better confront microsoft s monopoly and to design a new grandly unified platform for the computing industry this alliance spun off two partner corporations kaleida labs to develop multimedia software and taligent inc to bring pink to market sometime in the mid 90s 3 15 69 24 25 pink was a massive draw for this alliance where apple had been initially approached by two different parts of ibm one ibm group sought customers for its new power cpu hardware therefore discovering pink and a new desire to port it to this hardware 15 69 13 the other ibm group sought third party interest in its grand unifying theory of systems guts as the solution to various complexities and challenges in software development 1 9 which would soon result in workplace os 22 3 4 in an april 12 1991 demonstration of pink and its architecture ibm was profoundly impressed and its guts outline was immediately impacted 22 4 15 69 by 1993 ibm s ambitious global roadmap would include the unification of the diverse world of computing by converting pink to become one of many personalities of workplace os and the ending of the need to write new major applications by instead making smaller additions to pink s generalized frameworks 26 14 15 even before the signing of the alliance contract the very existence of pink was identified as a potential second system threat if its revolutionary aura could prompt customers to delay their adoption of os 2 3 taligent inc edit on march 2 1992 taligent inc was launched as the first product of the aim alliance 16 24 25 moving from a temporary lease at apple headquarters 24 27 to an office down the street in cupertino the company launched with 170 employees 1 xiv most of whom had been re hired directly from apple plus ceo joe guglielmi 28 at age 50 he was a 30 year marketing veteran of ibm and former leader of the os 2 platform up to its soon launched version 2 0 29 the company s mission was to bring pink to market 1 xiii culture and purpose edit enthusiastically dismissing industry skepticism he said taligent would form its own corporate culture independent of the established cultures and potential failures of its two founding investors and future customers apple and ibm the two were recent allies carrying five other joint initiatives and a deep rivalry of more than a decade 29 dr dobb s journal reflected it was fairly surreal for the apple and ibm employees who went to taligent and found themselves working for bosses still loyal to the opposition not a typical silicon valley career move maybe but perhaps a portent of other weird twists to come ignoring the politics as much as possible the taligent programmers buckled down and wrote a lotta lines of code 6 commenting on the corporate culture shock of combining free spirited apple and formal ibm personnel fortune compared the company s cultural engineering challenge as possibly exceeding its software engineering challenge the openminded but sensible ceo reined it in saying i m tired of apple folklore i want some data 28 comparing the eager startup taligent to its billion dollar investors a leader at kaleida said the culture of ibm and apple is largely about getting more benefits perks larger offices fancier computers and more employees 12 289 dr dobb s journal would describe the increased abstraction in corporate culture resulting from hewlett packard s upcoming 1994 addition to the partnership now you could be a former apple programmer working for a former ibm boss who reported externally to hp or some combination thereof twisteder and twisteder 6 apple and ibm did share a progressive culture of object orientation as seen in their deep portfolios since the early 1980s 16 ibm had delivered objects on system 38 and as 400 partnered with patriot partners 30 and integrated system object model som and distributed som into os 2 and aix apple had already delivered lisa prototyped the fully object oriented pink operating system and delivered object oriented frameworks using macapp both companies had worked with smalltalk 1 6 119 within one month of its founding there was immediate industry wide confusion about taligent s purpose and scope an industry analyst said ibm and apple blew it they should have announced everything about taligent or nothing especially regarding taligent s potential relationship to the macintosh apple reiterated that its existing flagship legacy would continue indefinitely with system 7 and macintosh hardware coo michael spindler said the mac is not dead and others said that they had never claimed that pink would supersede the macintosh charles oppenheimer director of marketing for macintosh system software said we can t say for sure how the two will fit together 31 the industry was further confused as to the very existence of any taligent software not realizing that it was already beyond the concept stage and in fact consisted of volumes of pink based software in development by apple for years 13 one year later in february 1993 wired magazine would assert its suspicion that apple and ibm s core messengers are maintaining the big lie that taligent s technology is merely a concept has no existing software and is actually ye...
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