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ct also mandates that åland remains exclusively swedish speaking 17 åland held a separate referendum on joining the european union on 20 november 1994 after the mainland finland referendum on 16 october as it constituted a distinct customs jurisdiction membership was approved by 73 64 of voters 18 finland s accession treaty includes a specific protocol for åland this protocol ensures that eu law does not override existing restrictions on non residents individuals without ålandic home region rights hembygdsrätt acquiring or holding real property or providing certain services within åland 19 etymology edit åland s hypothetical name in the proto norse language was ahvaland the proto germanic root ahwō is related to the latin word for water aqua in swedish the name evolved from áland to åland meaning river land despite editorializing rivers not being a notable feature of the archipelago citation needed the finnish and estonian names for the region ahvenanmaa and ahvenamaa meaning perch land from finnish ahven a type of fish are believed to preserve an alternative version of the old name 20 several theories exist regarding the origin of the finnish name ahvenanmaa some suggest it is a finnish adaptation of the swedish name åland others that it is the original form from which åland developed and some that it emerged independently 21 the official name landskapet åland means the region of åland the word landskap is a cognate of the english landscape citation needed history edit main article history of åland swedish map of åland from before 1667 showing shipping lanes harbours churches and boundaries the åland islands during the crimean war site of the battle of bomarsund swedish artillerymen in haraldsby during the invasion of åland in 1918 people from the comb ceramic culture began settling the åland islands around 7000 years ago after the land started rising from the sea following the last ice age åland became a meeting point for two neolithic cultures the comb ceramic culture and the later pit comb ware culture which spread from the west 22 during the stone age and bronze age people lived by hunting seals and birds fishing and gathering plants farming also began early from the iron age six hillforts remain on åland more than 380 burial sites from the viking age have been documented 22 construction of kastelholm castle began in the 1380s in 1505 danish naval officer søren norby captured it during a raid the kastelholm witch trials were held there in 1665 and 1668 23 the coat of arms of åland was originally meant for the swedish island of öland in 1560 but was assigned to åland by mistake it shows a golden red deer not native to åland on a blue field 24 traditionally it is topped with a comital coronet from the older swedish heraldic style 25 in 1809 sweden ceded åland and finland to the russian empire under the treaty of fredrikshamn the islands became part of the grand duchy of finland which existed until 1917 26 in 1832 russia began building the fortress of bomarsund on åland during the crimean war in 1854 british and french forces captured and destroyed it the treaty of paris 1856 then demilitarised the archipelago 15 russia later remilitarised åland during world war i to guard against a german invasion 27 in 1918 during the finnish civil war swedish troops landed on åland as a peacekeeping force between russian soldiers and finnish white and red forces soon after german troops occupied the islands at the request of the finnish white senate the only major battle was the battle of godby fi near the village of godby in finström 28 after 1917 ålanders campaigned to join sweden in 1919 a petition signed by 96 4 of voters supported leaving finland and uniting with sweden 29 this was partly due to anti swedish policies in finland and growing finnish nationalism driven by the country s struggle against attempts of russification 30 the long standing conflict between finland s swedish and finnish speaking communities added to ålanders concerns finland rejected the petition but offered åland autonomy ålanders refused and the case went to the league of nations in 1921 the league ruled that finland would keep sovereignty but must give åland political autonomy 31 a key diplomat behind the decision was nitobe inazō an under secretary general of the league and director of the international committee on intellectual cooperation 32 the åland convention of 20 october 1921 signed by sweden finland and several european countries was the league s first major international agreement 33 it guaranteed ålanders rights to their language culture and traditions and declared åland a neutral and demilitarised zone 34 åland s regional assembly held its first session in mariehamn on 9 june 1922 2 that day is now celebrated as self government day of åland 3 in 2006 finland marked 150 years of åland s demilitarisation by issuing a 5 commemorative coin the obverse shows a pine tree common in åland while the reverse depicts a boat s stern and rudder with a dove on the tiller symbolising 150 years of peace 35 politics edit public signage showing åland s autonomous status the parliament of åland with flags of the european union åland finland and other nearby countries main article politics of åland self government edit åland s political system is based on the act on the autonomy of åland and related international agreements these guarantee åland wide ranging self rule while finland retains ultimate sovereignty 17 the government of åland landskapsregering is responsible to the parliament of åland lagting under a parliamentary system as åland s autonomy predates finland s current regional system it also performs many functions handled by regional councils in mainland finland elections and parties edit åland holds one seat in the parliament of finland its political system operates separately from mainland finland s and includes distinct parties such as the future of åland ålands framtid which advocates full independence 36 37 public services and symbols edit åland maintains its own flag and operates its postal service through åland post since 1984 38 åland post is part of the small european postal administration cooperation network the region also has its own police force and is an associate member of the nordic council 39 åland also uses distinct call sign prefixes for amateur radio e g oh0 40 civil rights edit homeschooling is permitted in åland attracting families from sweden where stricter regulations apply 41 authorities planned to introduce internet voting for overseas voters in the 2019 parliamentary election with broader use considered for 2023 42 the project was later abandoned due to security concerns 43 european union edit åland held a separate referendum on european union membership on 20 november 1994 with majority support it joined the eu alongside finland in 1995 the åland protocol defines a special relationship granting exceptions for land ownership local business laws and tax regulations åland is treated as a third country territory for taxation allowing duty free sales on ferries between åland finland and sweden citation needed administration edit main articles åland state provincial office and state department of åland an åland licence plate governor and state office edit the state department of åland represents finland s national government in the region and manages tasks that in mainland finland are handled by regional agencies before 2010 these duties belonged to the åland state provincial office the governor is appointed by the president of finland after consulting the lagting speaker if no agreement is reached the lagting proposes five candidates for the president to choose from 44 municipalities edit main article municipalities of åland åland comprises 16 municipalities with over 40 of residents concentrated in the capital mariehamn 45 mariehamn population 11 866 2024 jomala population 5 789 2024 finström population 2 617 2024 lemland population 2 134 2024 saltvik population 1 778 2024 hammarland population 1 636 2024 sund population 1 001 2024 eckerö population 956 2024 föglö population 502 2024 geta population 514 2024 vårdö population 459 2024 brändö population 430 2024 lumparland population 371 2024 kumlinge population 273 2024 kökar population 227 2024 sottunga population 101 2024 2024 population statistics arrows denote demographic trends since the 2023 census 46 47 geography edit main article geography of åland see also geology of åland hiking in åland sheep grazing on a small island topographic map showing åland s geography and municipalities degersand beach in eckerö 48 åland occupies a strategic position at the entrance to the port of stockholm near the gulf of bothnia and close to the gulf of finland the åland archipelago consists of nearly 300 habitable islands of which about 60 to 80 are inhabited the rest more than 6 000 are small skerries and bare rocks 13 the archipelago continues eastward into the åboland region part of the archipelago sea off finland s southwest coast west of åland lies the sea of åland to the north is the bothnian sea the terrain is mostly rocky with thin soil shaped by glacial activity at the end of the last ice age 13 meadows and pastures host many insects including the glanville fritillary butterfly the total land area of åland is 1 527 km 2 590 sq mi 49 about 90 of the population lives on fasta åland the largest island and location of the capital mariehamn its area is estimated at between 740 km 2 290 sq mi 13 and 879 km 2 339 sq mi 50 depending on definition some sources list over 1 010 km 2 390 sq mi the island contains several harbours during the åland islands dispute swedish and finnish maps portrayed the region differently the swedish maps focused on the main island and downplayed surrounding skerries making åland appear closer to sweden finnish maps emphasized continuity with the finnish archipelago by showing more small islands and inflating their size this influenced the popular figure of over 6 000 skerries widely repeated since the arbitration citation needed some wildlife such as elk and other deer species were introduced in the 20th century and are not native to the islands climate edit åland has a humid continental climate dfb strongly influenced by its maritime setting summers are cooler than on the mainland of sweden and finland while winters are slightly milder than in adjacent parts of finland climate data for mariehamn airport normals 1991 2020 extremes 1914 present month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high c f 10 9 51 6 10 5 50 9 17 0 62 6 21 1 70 0 27 1 80 8 29 4 84 9 31 3 88 3 30 7 87 3 24 8 76 6 19 0 66 2 16 6 61 9 11 1 52 0 31 3 88 3 mean daily maximum c f 1 0 33 8 0 4 32 7 3 1 37 6 8 0 46 4 13 4 56 1 17 5 63 5 20 8 69 4 20 0 68 0 15 5 59 9 9 6 49 3 5 2 41 4 2 5 36 5 9 8 49 6 daily mean c f 1 3 29 7 2 3 27 9 0 2 31 6 3 8 38 8 8 9 48 0 13 3 55 9 16 8 62 2 16 1 61 0 11 8 53 2 6 8 44 2 3 2 37 8 0 4 32 7 6 4 43 5 mean daily minimum c f 4 3 24 3 5 5 22 1 3 7 25 3 0 1 31 8 4 0 39 2 8 6 47 5 12 2 54 0 11 6 52 9 7 8 46 0 3 5 38 3 0 6 33 1 2 5 27 5 2 7 36 9 record low c f 32 3 26 1 32 9 27 2 25 0 13 0 18 9 2 0 6 5 20 3 3 2 26 2 0 1 32 2 0 5 31 1 6 7 19 9 11 8 10 8 20 0 4 0 28 9 20 0 32 9 27 2 average precipitation mm inches 53 2 1 35 1 4 38 1 5 31 1 2 35 1 4 53 2 1 52 2 0 76 3 0 61 2 4 70 2 8 71 2 8 59 2 3 634 25 average precipitation days 17 13 12 9 10 10 9 13 12 16 17 17 155 mean monthly sunshine hours 39 74 130 207 297 296 312 235 163 91 41 26 1 911 source 1 fmi climatological normals for finland 1991 2020 51 source 2 record highs and lows 1961 present 52 fmi record highs and lows 1914 1961 53 economy edit see also transport on the åland islands mariehamn airport in jomala ferry port in överö sv föglö overview edit åland s economy relies heavily on shipping trade and tourism shipping makes up about 40 of the economy with several international shipping companies based in åland outside of shipping most businesses are small often with fewer than ten employees farming and fishing are also important and support a local food industry a few technology firms contribute to economic growth infrastructure and transport edit the sailing ship linden center in östra hamnen mariehamn s eastern port wind power is a growing sector with plans to reverse the direction of energy transmission to the mainland in the future in 2023 wind energy supplied 52 2 of åland s electricity needs 54 major ports include the western harbour in mariehamn berghamn in the west and långnäs on the eastern shore of the main island åland s road network includes four highways highway 1 to eckerö highway 2 to sund highway 3 to lumparland and highway 4 to geta mariehamn was once a hub for the last large commercial sailing ships these ships owned by åland shipowner gustaf erikson carried wheat from australia to britain until 1947 after each trip they returned to mariehamn to rest and prepare for the next voyage the pommern now a museum ship in mariehamn was one of these vessels fiscal and tax system edit bank of åland headquarters in mariehamn when the eu banned duty free sales on ferries within the union finland secured a special exception for åland åland is outside the eu vat area which allows tax free sales on ferries that stop at mariehamn or långnäs and at the airport as a result åland is treated as a separate tax zone and customs duties apply to goods entering the islands åland receives about two million visitors each year with most staying a few hours during ferry stopovers or transfers 55 taxes fees and duties are collected in åland by the finnish government in return the national government allocates funds to the åland parliament this amount is set at 0 5 of total state revenue excluding loans if åland contributes more than 0 5 the surplus is returned to åland as diligence money 56 in 2010 åland residents paid 0 7 of all taxes in finland 57 employment and workforce edit as of january 2025 åland s unemployment rate was 5 4 58 the employment rate was 76 2 in 2011 and 77 9 in 2023 59 key industries and enterprises edit torggatan a pedestrian street in mariehamn the euro is the official currency and many businesses also accept the swedish krona 60 in 2006 eurostat ranked åland the 20th wealthiest of the eu s 268 regions and the wealthiest in finland with gdp per person 47 above the eu average 61 62 bank of åland is headquartered in mariehamn the government also owns paf a gambling operator based in the capital economic impact of covid 19 edit the covid 19 pandemic caused a sharper economic decline in åland than in mainland finland or sweden since then åland s economy has gradually recovered 63 demographics edit population edit residents by country of origin 2024 64 country residents finland 24 101 sweden 3 274 romania 450 latvia 405 thailand 185 estonia 169 russia 140 philippines 128 germany 124 former yugoslavia 123 iran 93 ukraine 92 united kingdom 79 united states 66 poland 64 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