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materials employed in such a process be salvaged for reuse according to another aspect of the invention a combination for writing and the like comprises a carrier for displaying an intelligence pattern and an arrangement for removing the pattern from the carrier in 1974 david e h jones laid out the concept of 3d printing in his regular column ariadne in the journal new scientist 15 16 1980s early additive manufacturing equipment and materials were developed in the 1980s 17 in april 1980 hideo kodama of nagoya municipal industrial research institute invented two additive methods for fabricating three dimensional plastic models with photo hardening thermoset polymer where the uv exposure area is controlled by a mask pattern or a scanning fiber transmitter 18 he filed a patent for this xyz plotter which was published on 10 november 1981 jp s56 144478 19 his research results as journal papers were published in april and november 1981 20 21 however there was no reaction to the series of his publications his device was not highly evaluated in the laboratory and his boss did not show any interest his research budget was just 60 000 yen or 545 a year acquiring the patent rights for the xyz plotter was abandoned and the project was terminated a us 4323756 patent method of fabricating articles by sequential deposition granted on 6 april 1982 to raytheon technologies corp describes using hundreds or thousands of layers of powdered metal and a laser energy source and represents an early reference to forming layers and the fabrication of articles on a substrate on 2 july 1984 american entrepreneur bill masters filed a patent for his computer automated manufacturing process and system us 4665492 22 this filing is on record at the uspto as the first 3d printing patent in history it was the first of three patents belonging to masters that laid the foundation for the 3d printing systems used today 23 24 on 16 july 1984 alain le méhauté olivier de witte and jean claude andré filed their patent for the stereolithography process 25 the application of the french inventors was abandoned by the french general electric company now alcatel alsthom and cilas the laser consortium 26 the claimed reason was for lack of business perspective 27 in 1983 robert howard started r h research later named howtek inc in february 1984 to develop pixelmaster a color inkjet 2d printer using thermoplastic hot melt plastic ink which was commercialized in 1986 28 a team was put together 6 members 28 from exxon office systems danbury systems division an inkjet printer startup and some members of howtek inc group who became popular figures in the 3d printing industry one howtek member was richard helinski responsible for patent us5136515a method and means for constructing three dimensional articles by particle deposition application 7 november 1989 granted 4 august 1992 he formed c a d cast inc later renamed to visual impact corporation vic on 22 august 1991 a new hampshire company the company s prototype vic 3d printer is available with a video presentation showing a 3d model printed with a single nozzle inkjet another employee herbert menhennett formed hm research a new hampshire company in 1991 and introduced the howtek inc inkjet technology and thermoplastic materials to royden sanders of sdi and bill masters of ballistic particle manufacturing bpm where he worked for a number of years both bpm 3d printers and spi 3d printers use howtek inc style inkjets and materials james k mcmahon who was hired by howtek inc to help develop the inkjet later worked at sanders prototype and now operates layer grown model technology a 3d service provider specializing in howtek single nozzle inkjet and sdi printer support mcmahon worked with steven zoltan inventor of the 1972 drop on demand inkjet at exxon and holder of a 1978 patent that expanded the understanding of the single nozzle design inkjets alpha jets to help perfect the howtek inc hot melt inkjets this howtek hot melt thermoplastic technology is popular with metal investment casting especially in the 3d printing jewelry industry 29 royden sanders licensed the helinksi patent prior to manufacturing the modelmaker 6 pro at sanders prototype inc spi in 1993 the first customer of the modelmaker 6pro was hitchner corporations metal casting technology inc in milford new hampshire a mile from the sdi facility in late 1993 1995 casting golf clubs and auto engine parts on 8 august 1984 a patent us4575330 assigned to uvp inc later assigned to chuck hull of 3d systems corporation 30 was filed his own patent for a stereolithography fabrication system in which individual laminae or layers are added by curing photopolymers with impinging radiation particle bombardment chemical reaction or just ultraviolet light lasers hull defined the process as a system for generating three dimensional objects by creating a cross sectional pattern of the object to be formed 31 32 hull s contribution was the stl stereolithography file format and the digital slicing and infill strategies common to many processes today in 1986 charles chuck hull was granted a patent for this system and his company 3d systems corporation was formed and it released the first commercial 3d printer the sla 1 33 later in 1987 or 1988 the technology used by most 3d printers to date especially hobbyist and consumer oriented models is fused deposition modeling a special application of plastic extrusion developed in 1988 by s scott crump and commercialized by his company stratasys which marketed its first fdm machine in 1992 29 owning a 3d printer in the 1980s cost upwards of 300 000 650 000 in 2016 dollars 34 1990s am processes for metal sintering or melting such as selective laser sintering direct metal laser sintering and selective laser melting usually went by their own individual names in the 1980s and 1990s at the time all metalworking was done by processes that are now called non additive casting fabrication stamping and machining although plenty of automation was applied to those technologies such as by robot welding and cnc the idea of a tool or head moving through a 3d work envelope transforming a mass of raw material into a desired shape with a toolpath was associated in metalworking only with processes that removed metal rather than adding it such as cnc milling cnc edm and many others however the automated techniques that added metal which would later be called additive manufacturing were beginning to challenge that assumption by the mid 1990s new techniques for material deposition were developed at stanford and carnegie mellon university including microcasting 35 and sprayed materials 36 sacrificial and support materials had also become more common enabling new object geometries 37 the term 3d printing originally referred to a powder bed process employing standard and custom inkjet print heads developed at mit by emanuel sachs in 1993 and commercialized by soligen technologies extrude hone corporation and z corporation citation needed the year 1993 also saw the start of an inkjet 3d printer company initially named sanders prototype inc and later named solidscape introducing a high precision polymer jet fabrication system with soluble support structures categorized as a dot on dot technique 29 in 1995 the fraunhofer society developed the selective laser melting process 2000s in the early 2000s 3d printers were still largely being used just in the manufacturing and research industries as the technology was still relatively young and was too expensive for most consumers to be able to get their hands on the 2000s was when larger scale use of the technology began being seen in industry most often in the architecture and medical industries though it was typically used for low accuracy modeling and testing rather than the production of common manufactured goods or heavy prototyping 38 in 2005 users began to design and distribute plans for 3d printers that could print around 70 of their own parts the original plans of which were designed by adrian bowyer at the university of bath in 2004 with the name of the project being reprap replicating rapid prototyper 39 similarly in 2006 the fab home project was started by evan malone and hod lipson another project whose purpose was to design a low cost and open source fabrication system that users could develop on their own and post feedback on making the project very collaborative 40 much of the software for 3d printing available to the public at the time was open source and as such was quickly distributed and improved upon by many individual users in 2009 the fused deposition modeling fdm printing process patents expired this opened the door to a new wave of startup companies many of which were established by major contributors of these open source initiatives with the goal of many of them being to start developing commercial fdm 3d printers that were more accessible to the general public 41 2010s as the various additive processes matured it became clear that soon metal removal would no longer be the only metalworking process done through a tool or head moving through a 3d work envelope transforming a mass of raw material into a desired shape layer by layer the 2010s were the first decade in which metal end use parts such as engine brackets 42 and large nuts 43 would be grown either before or instead of machining in job production rather than obligately being machined from bar stock or plate it is still the case that casting fabrication stamping and machining are more prevalent than additive manufacturing in metalworking but am is now beginning to make significant inroads and with the advantages of design for additive manufacturing it is clear to engineers that much more is to come one place that am is making a significant inroad is in the aviation industry with nearly 3 8 billion air travelers in 2016 44 the demand for fuel efficient and easily produced jet engines has never been higher for large oems original equipment manufacturers like pratt and whitney pw and general electric ge this means looking towards am as a way to reduce cost reduce the number of nonconforming parts reduce weight in the engines to increase fuel efficiency and find new highly complex shapes that would not be feasible with the antiquated manufacturing methods one example of am integration with aerospace was in 2016 when airbus delivered the first of ge s leap engines this engine has integrated 3d printed fuel nozzles reducing parts from 20 to 1 a 25 weight reduction and reduced assembly times 45 a fuel nozzle is the perfect inroad for additive manufacturing in a jet engine since it allows for optimized design of the complex internals and it is a low stress non rotating part similarly in 2015 pw delivered their first am parts in the purepower pw1500g to bombardier sticking to low stress non rotating parts pw selected the compressor stators and synch ring brackets 46 to roll out this new manufacturing technology for the first time while am is still playing a small role in the total number of parts in the jet engine manufacturing process the return on investment can already be seen by the reduction in parts the rapid production capabilities and the optimized design in terms of performance and cost 47 as technology matured several authors began to speculate that 3d printing could aid in sustainable development in the developing world 48 in 2012 filabot developed a system for closing the loop 49 with plastic and allows for any fdm or fff 3d printer to be able to print with a wider range of plastics in 2014 benjamin s cook and manos m tentzeris demonstrated the first multi material vertically integrated printed electronics additive manufacturing platform vipre which enabled 3d printing of functional electronics operating up to 40 ghz 50 as the price of printers started to drop people interested in this technology had more access and freedom to make what they wanted as of 2014 the price for commercial printers was still high with the cost being over 2 000 51 the term 3d printing originally referred to a process that deposits a binder material onto a powder bed with inkjet printer heads layer by layer more recently the popular vernacular has started using the term to encompass a wider variety of additive manufacturing techniques such as electron beam additive manufacturing and selective laser melting the united states and global technical standards use the official term additive manufacturing for this broader sense the most commonly used 3d printing process 46 as of 2018 update is a material extrusion technique called fused deposition modeling or fdm 8 while fdm technology was invented after the other two most popular technologies stereolithography sla and selective laser sintering sls fdm is typically the most inexpensive of the three by a large margin citation needed which lends to the popularity of the process 2020s as of 2020 3d printers have reached the level of quality and price that allows most people to enter the world of 3d printing in 2020 decent quality printers can be found for less than us 200 for entry level machines these more affordable printers are usually fused deposition modeling fdm printers 52 in november 2021 a british patient named steve verze received the world s first fully 3d printed prosthetic eye from the moorfields eye hospital in london 53 54 in april 2024 the world s largest 3d printer the factory of the future 1 0 was revealed at the university of maine it is able to make objects 96 feet long or 29 meters 55 in 2024 researchers used machine learning to improve the construction of synthetic bone 56 and set a record for shock absorption 57 in july 2024 researchers published a paper in advanced materials technologies describing the development of artificial blood vessels using 3d printing technology which are as strong and durable as natural blood vessels 58 the process involved using a rotating spindle integrated into a 3d printer to create grafts from a water based gel which were then coated in biodegradable polyester molecules 58 in october 2025 the north bristol nhs trust reported that a uk cyclist named dave richards had received a full face 3d printed prosthesis created at the newly opened bristol 3d medical center at north bristol nhs trust led by senior reconstructive scientist amy davey the process used advanced scanning and medical grade resins to replicate his facial features after severe burns it marked a milestone in integrated medical 3d printing facilities in the uk 59 benefits of 3d printing additive manufacturing or 3d printing has rapidly gained importance in the field of engineering due to its many benefits the vision of 3d printing is design freedom individualization 60 decentralization 61 and executing processes that were previously impossible through alternative methods 62 some of these benefits include enabling faster prototyping reducing manufacturing costs increasing product 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