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of cuba for 49 years until stepping down in 2011 278 there is often talk of human rights but it is also necessary to talk of the rights of humanity why should some people walk barefoot so that others can travel in luxurious cars why should some live for thirty five years so that others can live for seventy years why should some be miserably poor so that others can be hugely rich i speak on behalf of the children in the world who do not have a piece of bread i speak on the behalf of the sick who have no medicine of those whose rights to life and human dignity have been denied fidel castro s message to the un general assembly 1979 279 in 1977 the ogaden war broke out over the disputed ogaden region as somalia invaded ethiopia although a former ally of somali president siad barre castro had warned him against such action and cuba sided with mengistu haile mariam s marxist government of ethiopia in a desperate attempt to stop the war castro had a summit with barre where he proposed a federation of ethiopia somalia and south yemen as an alternative to war 280 barre who saw seizing the ogaden as the first step towards creating a greater somalia that would unite all of the somalis into one state rejected the federation offer and decided upon war 280 castro sent troops under the command of general arnaldo ochoa to aid the overwhelmed ethiopian army mengistu s regime was barely hanging on by 1977 having lost one third of its army in eritrea at the time of the somali invasion 281 the intervention of 17 000 cuban troops into the ogaden was by all accounts decisive in altering a war that ethiopia was on the brink of losing into a victory 282 after forcing back the somalis mengistu then ordered the ethiopians to suppress the eritrean people s liberation front a measure castro refused to support 283 members of the antonio maceo brigade with fidel castro in 1978 on 22 december 1977 the cuban exile group known as the antonio maceo brigade took their first trip to cuba with the aim of cultural and political reconciliation 284 this visit came at the request of the cuban government after president jimmy carter briefly lifted the travel ban with cuba 285 the brigade consisted of 55 cuban exiles who toured cuba for two weeks 284 after the visit fidel castro would call for dialogues with cuban exiles abroad these dialogues resulted in the release of political prisoners family unifications and relaxing of restrictions to visit cuba 285 castro extended support to latin american revolutionary movements namely the sandinista national liberation front in its overthrow of the nicaraguan rightist government of anastasio somoza debayle in july 1979 286 castro s critics accused the government of wasting cuban lives in these military endeavours the anti castro center for a free cuba has claimed that an estimated 14 000 cubans were killed in foreign cuban military actions 287 when american critics claimed that castro had no right to interfere in these nations he countered that cuba had been invited into them pointing out the us s own involvement in various foreign nations 288 between 1979 and 1991 about 370 000 cuban troops together with 50 000 cuban civilians mostly teachers and doctors served in angola representing about 5 of cuba s population 289 the cuban intervention in angola was envisioned as a short term commitment but the angolan government used the profits from the oil industry to subsidize cuba s economy making cuba as economically dependent upon angola as angola was militarily dependent upon cuba 289 in the late 1970s cuba s relations with north american states improved during the period with mexican president luis echeverría canadian prime minister pierre trudeau 290 and us president jimmy carter in power carter continued criticizing cuba s human rights abuses but adopted a respectful approach which gained castro s attention considering carter well meaning and sincere castro freed certain political prisoners and allowed some cuban exiles to visit relatives on the island hoping that in turn carter would abolish the economic embargo and stop cia support for militant dissidents 291 conversely his relationship with china declined as he accused deng xiaoping s chinese government of betraying their revolutionary principles by initiating trade links with the us and attacking vietnam 292 in 1979 the conference of the non aligned movement nam was held in havana where castro was selected as nam president a position he held until 1982 in his capacity as both president of the nam and of cuba he appeared at the united nations general assembly in october 1979 and gave a speech on the disparity between the world s rich and poor his speech was greeted with much applause from other world leaders 293 though his standing in nam was damaged by cuba s refusal to condemn the soviet intervention in afghanistan 294 reagan and gorbachev 1980 1991 further information mariel boatlift and united states invasion of grenada protesters in cuba denouncing mariel emigrants by the 1980s cuba s economy was again in trouble following a decline in the market price of sugar and 1979 s decimated harvest 295 for the first time unemployment became a serious problem in castro s cuba with the government sending unemployed youth to other countries primarily east germany to work there 296 desperate for money cuba s government secretly sold off paintings from national collections and illicitly traded for us electronic goods through panama 297 increasing numbers of cubans fled to florida but were labelled scum and lumpen by castro and his cdr supporters 298 in one incident 10 000 cubans stormed the peruvian embassy requesting asylum and so the us agreed that it would accept 3 500 refugees castro conceded that those who wanted to leave could do so from mariel port in what was known as the mariel boatlift hundreds of boats arrived from the us leading to a mass exodus of 120 000 castro s government took advantage of the situation by loading criminals the mentally ill and homosexuals onto the boats destined for florida 299 reagan s administration adopted a hard line approach against castro making its desire to overthrow his regime clear 300 in late 1981 castro publicly accused the us of biological warfare against cuba by orchestrating a dengue fever epidemic 301 cuba s economy became even more dependent on soviet aid with soviet subsidies mainly in the form of supplies of low cost oil and voluntarily buying cuban sugar at inflated prices averaging 4 5 billion a year by the late 1980s 302 this accounted for 30 38 of the country s entire gdp 303 soviet economic assistance had not helped cuba s long term growth prospects by promoting diversification or sustainability although described as a relatively highly developed latin american export economy in 1959 and the early 1960s cuba s basic economic structure changed very little between then and the 1980s tobacco products such as cigars and cigarettes were the only manufactured products among cuba s leading exports and were produced using an expensive and labor intensive pre industrial process the cuban economy remained highly inefficient and over specialized in a few highly subsidized commodities exported primarily to the soviet bloc countries 304 felipe gonzález with fidel castro daniel ortega and alfonso guerra at the moncloa palace pool moncloa february 16 1984 although despising argentina s right wing military junta castro supported them in the 1982 falklands war against britain and offered military aid to the argentinians 305 castro supported the leftist new jewel movement that seized power in grenada in 1979 befriending grenadine president maurice bishop and sending doctors teachers and technicians to aid the country s development when bishop was executed in a soviet backed coup by hard line marxist bernard coard in october 1983 castro condemned the killing but cautiously retained support for grenada s government however the us used the coup as a basis for invading the island cuban soldiers died in the conflict with castro denouncing the invasion and comparing the us to nazi germany 306 in a july 1983 speech marking the 30th anniversary of the cuban revolution castro condemned reagan s administration as a reactionary extremist clique who were waging an openly warmongering and fascist foreign policy 307 castro feared a us invasion of nicaragua and sent ochoa to train the governing sandinistas in guerrilla warfare but received little support from the ussr 308 in 1985 mikhail gorbachev became general secretary of the soviet communist party a reformer he implemented measures to increase freedom of the press glasnost and economic decentralization perestroika in an attempt to strengthen socialism like many orthodox marxist critics castro feared that the reforms would weaken the socialist state and allow capitalist elements to regain control 309 gorbachev conceded to us demands to reduce support for cuba 310 with soviet cuban relations deteriorating 311 on medical advice given him in october 1985 castro gave up regularly smoking cuban cigars helping to set an example for the rest of the populace 312 castro became passionate in his denunciation of the third world debt problem arguing that the third world would never escape the debt that first world banks and governments imposed upon it in 1985 havana hosted five international conferences on the world debt problem 297 castro s image painted onto a now destroyed lighthouse in lobito angola 1995 by november 1987 castro began spending more time on the angolan civil war in which the marxist mpla government had fallen into retreat angolan president josé eduardo dos santos successfully appealed for more cuban troops with castro later admitting that he devoted more time to angola than to the domestic situation believing that a victory would lead to the collapse of apartheid in response to the siege of cuito cuanavale in 1987 1988 by south african unita forces castro sent an additional 12 000 cuban army troops to angola in late 1987 313 from afar in havana castro was closely involved in the decision making about the defence of cuito cuanavle and came into conflict with ochoa whom he criticized for almost losing cuito cuanavle to a south african unita assault on 13 january 1988 despite warning for almost two months prior that such an attack was coming 314 on 30 january 1988 ochoa was summoned to a meeting with castro in havana where he was told that cuito cuanavale must not fall and to execute castro s plans for a pull back to more defensible positions over the objections of the angolans 315 the cuban troops played a decisive role in the relief of cuito cuanavale breaking the siege in march 1988 which led to the withdrawal of most of the south african troops from angola 313 cuban propaganda turned the siege of cuito cuanavle into a decisive victory that changed the course of african history and castro awarded 82 soldiers medals of the newly created medal of merit for the defense of cuito cuanavle on 1 april 1988 316 tensions were increased with the cubans advancing close to the border of namibia which led to warnings from the south african government that they considered this an extremely unfriendly act causing south africa to mobilize and call up its reserves 313 in the spring of 1988 the intensity of south african cuban fighting drastically increased with both sides taking heavy losses 317 the prospect of an all out cuban south african war served to concentrate minds in both moscow and washington and led to an increased push for a diplomatic solution to the angolan war 313 the cost of cuba s wars in africa were paid for with soviet subsidies at a time when the soviet economy was badly hurt by low oil prices while the apartheid government of south africa had by the 1980s become a very awkward american ally as much of the american population especially black americans objected to apartheid from the viewpoint of both moscow and washington having both cuba and south africa disengage in angola was the best possible outcome 313 the low oil prices of the 1980s had also changed the angolan attitude about subsidizing the cuban economy as dos santos found the promises made in the 1970s when oil prices were high to be a serious drain upon angola s economy in the 1980s 289 south african whites were vastly outnumbered by south african blacks and accordingly the south african army could not take heavy losses with its white troops as that would fatally weaken the ability of the south african state to uphold apartheid 318 the cubans had also taken heavy losses while the increasing difficult relations with dos santos who become less generous in subsidizing the cuban economy suggested that such losses were not worth the cost 319 gorbachev called for a negotiated end to the conflict and in 1988 organized a quadripartite talk between the ussr us cuba and south africa they agreed that all foreign troops would pull out of angola while south africa agreed to grant independence to namibia castro was angered by gorbachev s approach believing that he was abandoning the plight of the world s poor in favour of détente 320 when gorbachev visited cuba in april 1989 he informed castro that perestroika meant an end to subsidies for cuba 321 ignoring calls for liberalization in accordance with the soviet example castro continued to clamp down on internal dissidents and in particular kept tabs on the military the primary threat to the government a number of senior military officers including ochoa and tony de la guardia were investigated for corruption and complicity in cocaine smuggling tried and executed in 1989 despite calls for leniency 322 in eastern europe socialist governments fell to capitalist reformers between 1989 and 1991 and many western observers expected the same in cuba 323 increasingly isolated cuba improved relations with manuel noriega s right wing government in panama despite castro s personal hatred of noriega but it was overthrown in a us invasion in december 1989 324 in february 1990 castro s allies in nicaragua president daniel ortega and the sandinistas were defeated by the us funded national opposition union in an election 325 with the collapse of the soviet bloc the us secured a majority vote for a resolution condemning cuba s human rights violations at the united nations human rights commission in geneva switzerland cuba asserted that this was a manifestation of us hegemony and refused to allow an investigative delegation to enter the country 326 special period 1992 2000 main article special period further information dollarization of cuba and dual economy of cuba castro in front of a havana statue of cuban national hero josé martí in 2003 with favourable trade from the soviet bloc ended castro publicly declared that cuba was entering a special period in time of peace petrol rations were dramatically reduced chinese bicycles were imported to replace cars and factories 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