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iards africans and indigenous people although spanish ancestry is predominant in a majority of the population small amounts of puerto ricans may have additional ancestries from other parts of the world similar to many other latin american ethnic groups puerto ricans are multi generationally mixed race though most are european dominant in ancestry puerto ricans who are evenly mixed can accurately be described as mulatto quadroon or tri racial very similar to mixed populations in cuba and the dominican republic according to the national geographic genographic project the average puerto rican individual carries 12 native american 65 west eurasian mediterranean northern european and or middle eastern and 20 sub saharan african dna 66 in genetic terms even many of those of pure spanish origin would have north and in some cases west african ancestry brought from founder populations particularly in the canary islands 67 along with european west african and indigenous many puerto ricans have small amounts of north african blood due to settlers from canary islands the spanish province from which most puerto ricans draw their european ancestry being of partial north african blood very few self identified black puerto ricans are of unmixed african ancestry while a genetically unmixed amerindian population in puerto rico is technically extinct despite a minuscule segment of self identified amerindian puerto ricans due to a minor amerindian component in their ancestral mixture research data shows that 60 of puerto ricans carry maternal lineages of native american origin and the typical puerto rican has between 5 and 15 native american admixture 66 modern identity main article culture of puerto rico a puerto rican family lives here sign on a wall in san juan the puerto rico of today has come to form some of its own social customs cultural matrix historically rooted traditions and its own unique pronunciation vocabulary and idiomatic expressions within the spanish language known as puerto rican spanish even after the attempted assimilation of puerto rico into the united states in the early 20th century the majority of the people of puerto rico feel pride in their puerto rican nationality 68 regardless of the individual s particular racial ethnic political or economic background many puerto ricans are consciously aware of the rich contribution of all cultures represented on the island this diversity can be seen in the everyday lifestyle of many puerto ricans such as the profound latin african and indigenous influences regarding food music dance and architecture 69 better source needed emigration see also stateside puerto ricans during the spanish colonial period there was significant migration from puerto rico to santo domingo cuba the virgin islands and venezuela and vice versa because migration between neighboring colonies especially under the same european power was common nearly all puerto ricans who migrated to these areas during these times assimilated and intermixed with the local populations in the early days of us rule from 1900 to the 1940s the puerto rican economy was small and undeveloped it relied heavily on agriculture at this time puerto rican migration waves were mainly to dominican republic 70 the virgin islands and us cities such as boston philadelphia baltimore miami new orleans and most importantly metropolitan area surrounding new york city and north jersey over 5 000 puerto ricans migrated to hawaii from 1900 to 1901 71 72 73 74 puerto rican migration to the us northeast started as early as the 1890s however it was a very very small flow at the time during the 1940s puerto rican desire for independence slowly started to decline while desire for statehood and dependence on the us started rise due to this more puerto ricans started to look at the us more favorably and take full advantage of their us citizenship huge flows of puerto ricans started to arrive in the united states particularly industrial cities in the northeast and midwest coinciding with a strong decline in puerto ricans migrating to other countries and even other areas in the us like baltimore new orleans and hawaii 75 76 from 1940 to 1960 the stateside puerto rican population rose from 69 967 to 892 513 the majority of which went to the new york metro area 77 for the bulk of the 1900s new york city was the center of the puerto rican diaspora 78 79 however since the start of the 2000s the puerto rican population in the nyc area has declined and the total puerto rican population in the mainland united states has since spread out with florida especially the orlando area being the most popular destination 80 81 in the modern day there are about 5 9 million puerto ricans in the us mainland 82 large concentrations can be found in the northeast region and in florida in the metropolitan areas of new york orlando philadelphia miami chicago tampa and boston among others although over 95 of puerto ricans living outside of puerto rico live in the mainland united states there is a significant and growing number of puerto ricans mainly from puerto rico itself but also to a lesser degree from the 50 states living in other countries puerto rican populations in other countries are very small not large enough to have dominance over certain neighborhoods and cities like in florida and the us northeast unsurprisingly puerto rico s neighbors have the biggest puerto rican communities outside puerto rico and the us mainland to the west dominican republic with as high as 34 000 puerto ricans according to some sources 83 84 85 86 87 and to the east us virgin islands with 7 759 8 9 of the territory s population second highest percentage of any us state or territory after puerto rico 95 5 and before connecticut 8 0 88 89 there are small numbers of puerto ricans in other countries like canada spain mexico united kingdom and other countries in europe and the caribbean latin america due to puerto rico being a us territory the vast majority of puerto ricans leaving the island go to the mainland united states comprising puerto ricans of all income brackets and lifestyles however majority of the small number of puerto ricans living outside of the united states including outside of puerto rico and other territories are usually financially well off and entrepreneurial owning homes and businesses in the countries they choose to settle in 90 91 92 93 statistical counts of puerto rican populations in other countries usually only center on ethnic puerto ricans born in puerto rico other ethnic groups born in puerto rico who move away usually wouldn t be included in a puerto rican population count especially if they have ancestry of at least one parent born in target country for example people of dominican cuban or mexican etc ancestry born in puerto rico and later returning to their ancestral country wouldn t be counted in a puerto rican population count but likely rather counted as a returning emigrant similarly puerto ricans born in the mainland united states would be counted under an american statistic so the puerto rican populations abroad may be slightly larger as some may be stateside born and counted as american rather than puerto rican on local government statistics on immigrants 94 6 95 96 language spanish and english are the official languages of the entire commonwealth a 1902 english only language law was abolished on april 5 1991 then on january 28 1993 the legislative assembly of puerto rico approved law number 1 again making spanish and english the official languages of puerto rico 63 97 all official business of the u s district court for the district of puerto rico is conducted in english the official languages 98 of the executive branch of government of puerto rico 99 are spanish and english with spanish being the primary language english is the primary language of less than 10 of the population puerto rican spanish is the dominant language of business education and daily life on the island 100 the us census bureau s 2015 update provides the following 101 94 1 of adults speak spanish 5 8 speak only english and little to no spanish 78 3 do not speak english very well 15 8 are fully bilingual in both english and spanish 0 1 speak other languages 102 public school instruction in puerto rico is conducted almost entirely in spanish there have been pilot programs in about a dozen of the over 1 400 public schools aimed at conducting instruction in english only objections from teaching staff are common perhaps because many of them are not fully fluent in english 103 english is taught as a second language and is a compulsory subject from elementary levels to high school puerto rico is home to a sizeable deaf community the actual numbers are unknown due to unavailable source data 104 a 1986 estimate places the puerto rican deaf population between 8 000 and 40 000 105 due to ongoing colonization from the us mainland the larger american sign language asl is supplanting the local puerto rican sign language prsl also known as lspr lenguaje de señas puertorriqueño 104 although assumed to be a dialect or variant of asl the degree of mutual intelligibility between puerto rican sign language is currently unknown as is whether it is even a francosign language like asl indeed there is a hesitancy amongst puerto rican deaf to even mention lspr after heavy handed oralist education of english spanish and signed english 104 106 today there is much contact between asl prsl and signed spanish 104 the spanish of puerto rico has evolved into having many idiosyncrasies in vocabulary and syntax that differentiate it from the spanish spoken elsewhere while the spanish spoken in all iberian mediterranean and atlantic spanish maritime provinces was brought to the island over the centuries the most profound regional influence on the spanish spoken in puerto rico has been from that spoken in the present day canary islands the spanish of puerto rico also includes occasional taíno words typically in the context of vegetation natural phenomena or primitive musical instruments similarly words attributed to primarily west african languages were adopted in the contexts of foods music or dances 107 religion there are many religious beliefs represented in the island religious breakdown in puerto rico as of 2006 is given in the table on the right 108 religions in puerto rico 2006 religion adherents of population christian 3 752 544 97 00 non religious other 76 598 1 98 spiritist 27 080 0 70 muslim 5 029 0 13 hindu 3 482 0 09 jewish 2 708 0 07 buddhist 1 161 0 03 the majority of puerto ricans in the island are christians spiritists have a large secondary following muslims hindus jews and buddhists all have a small presence as well roman catholicism has been the main christian denomination among puerto ricans since the arrival of the spanish in the 15th century but the presence of protestant mormon pentecostal and jehovah s witnesses denominations has increased under u s sovereignty making modern puerto rico an inter denominational multi religious community the afro caribbean religion santería is also practiced in 1998 a news report stated that puerto rico was no longer predominantly catholic pollster pablo ramos wrote that the population was 38 roman catholic 28 pentecostal and 18 were members of independent churches 109 however an associated press article in march 2014 stated that more than 70 percent of puerto ricans identify themselves as catholic 110 the cia world factbook reports that 85 of the population of puerto rico identifies as roman catholic while 15 identify as protestant and other 111 political and international status part of a series on puerto ricans by region or country united states chicago hawaii holyoke massachusetts new york city philadelphia subgroups african chinese french corsican german irish italian jewish spanish taíno culture art cinema cuisine dance education flag language literature music politics sports television religion christianity judaism islam history royal decree of graces of 1815 jones shafroth act language spanish castilian vocabulary puerto rico portal v t e puerto ricans became citizens of the united states as a result of the passage of the jones shafroth act of 1917 since this law was the result of congressional legislation and not the result of an amendment to the united states constitution the current u s citizenship of puerto ricans can be revoked by congress 112 as they are statutory citizens not 14th amendment citizens 113 the jones act established that puerto ricans born prior to 1899 were considered naturalized citizens of puerto rico and anyone born after 1898 were u s citizens unless the puerto rican expressed his her intentions to remain a spanish subject since 1948 it was decided by congress that all puerto ricans whether born within the united states or in puerto rico were naturally born united states citizens puerto ricans and other u s citizens residing in puerto rico cannot vote in presidential elections as that is a right reserved by the u s constitution to admitted states and the district of columbia through the electoral college system nevertheless both the democratic party and republican party while not fielding candidates for public office in puerto rico provide the islands with state sized voting delegations at their presidential nominating conventions delegate selection processes frequently have resulted in presidential primaries being held in puerto rico u s citizens residing in puerto rico do not elect u s representatives or senators however puerto rico is represented in the house of representatives by an elected representative commonly known as the resident commissioner who has the same duties and obligations as a representative with the exception of being able to cast votes on the final disposition of legislation on the house floor the resident commissioner is elected by puerto ricans to a four year term and does serve on congressional committee puerto ricans residing in the u s states have all rights and privileges of other u s citizens living in the states as statutory u s citizens puerto ricans born in puerto rico may enlist in the u s military and have been included in the compulsory draft when it has been in effect puerto ricans have fully participated in all u s wars and military conflicts since 1898 including world war i world war ii the korean war the vietnam war the gulf war the war in afghanistan and the iraq war since 2007 the puerto rico state department has developed a protocol to issue certificates of puerto rican citizenship to puerto ricans in order to be eligible applicants must have been born in puerto rico born outside of puerto rico to a puerto rican born parent or be an american citizen with at least one year residence in puerto rico the citizenship is internationally recognized by spain which considers puerto rico to be an ibero american nation therefore puerto rican citizens have the ability to apply for spanish citize...
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