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99 the most powerful guerrilla group the people s mujahedin was leftist islamist and opposed the influence of the clergy as reactionary some important clergy did not follow khomeini s lead popular ayatollah mahmoud taleghani supported the left while perhaps the most senior and influential ayatollah in iran mohammad kazem shariatmadari first remained aloof from politics and then came out in support of a democratic revolution 100 khomeini worked to unite this opposition behind him except for the unwanted atheistic marxists 10 101 focusing on the socio economic problems of the shah s government corruption and unequal income and development 10 102 while avoiding specifics among the public that might divide the factions 103 particularly his plan for clerical rule which he believed most iranians had become prejudiced against as a result of propaganda campaign by western imperialists note 7 104 in the post shah era some revolutionaries who clashed with his theocracy and were suppressed by his movement complained of deception 102 but in the meantime anti shah unity was maintained 105 1970 1977 several events in the 1970s set the stage for the 1979 revolution the 1971 2 500 year celebration of the persian empire at persepolis organized by the government was attacked for its extravagance as the foreigners reveled on drink forbidden by islam iranians were not only excluded from the festivities some were starving 106 five years later the shah angered pious iranian muslims by changing the first year of the iranian solar calendar from the islamic hijri to the ascension to the throne by cyrus the great iran jumped overnight from the muslim year 1355 to the royalist year 2535 107 the shah of iran left meeting with members of the us government alfred atherton william sullivan cyrus vance jimmy carter and zbigniew brzezinski 1977 the oil boom of the 1970s produced an alarming increase in inflation waste and an accelerating gap between the rich and poor the urban and the rural 108 along with the presence of tens of thousands of unpopular skilled foreign workers many iranians were also angered by the fact that the shah s family was the foremost beneficiary of the income generated by oil and the line between state earnings and family earnings blurred by 1976 the shah had accumulated upward of 1 billion from oil revenue his family including 63 princes and princesses had accumulated between 5 and 20 billion and the family foundation controlled approximately 3 billion 109 by mid 1977 economic austerity measures to fight inflation disproportionately affected thousands of poor and unskilled male migrants settled in the cities and working in the construction industry culturally and religiously conservative 110 many went on to form the core of the revolution s demonstrators and martyrs 111 all iranians were required to join and pay dues to a new political party the rastakhiz party all other parties were banned 112 that party s attempt to fight inflation with populist anti profiteering campaigns fining and jailing merchants for high prices angered and politicized merchants while fueling black markets 113 in 1977 the shah responded to the polite reminder of the importance of political rights by the new american president jimmy carter by granting amnesty to some prisoners and allowing the red cross to visit prisons through 1977 liberal opposition formed organizations and issued open letters denouncing the government 114 against this background a first crucial manifestation of public expression of social discontent and political protest against the regime took place in october 1977 when the german iranian cultural association in tehran hosted a series of literature reading sessions organized by the newly revived iranian writers association and the german goethe institute in these ten nights dah shab 57 of iran s most prominent poets and writers read their works to thousands of listeners they demanded the end of censorship and claimed the freedom of expression 115 also in 1977 the popular and influential modernist islamist theorist ali shariati died under mysterious circumstances this both angered his followers who considered him a martyr at the hands of savak and removed a potential revolutionary rival to khomeini finally in october khomeini s son mostafa died of an alleged heart attack and his death was also blamed on savak a subsequent memorial service for mostafa in tehran put khomeini back in the spotlight 116 117 outbreak see also island of stability speech by 1977 the shah s policy of political liberalization was underway secular opponents of the shah began to meet in secret to denounce the government 118 119 led by the leftist intellectual saeed soltanpour the iranian writers association met at the goethe institute in tehran to read anti government poetry 118 ali shariati s death in the united kingdom shortly after led to another public demonstration with the opposition accusing the shah of murdering him 19 118 the chain of events initiating the revolution began with the death of mostafa khomeini chief aide and eldest son of ruhollah khomeini he mysteriously died at midnight on 23 october 1977 in najaf iraq savak and the iraqi government declared heart attack as the cause of death though many attributed his death to savak 120 khomeini remained silent after the incident while in iran with the spread of the news came a wave of protest and mourning ceremonies in several cities 121 122 the mourning of mostafa was given a political cast by khomeini s political credentials their enduring opposition to the monarchy and their exile this dimension of the ceremonies went beyond the religious credentials of the family 24 prelude 1978 beginning of protests january main article 1978 qom protest on 7 january 1978 an article titled iran and red and black colonization appeared in the national daily ettela at newspaper written under a pseudonym by a government agent it denounced khomeini as a british agent and a mad indian poet conspiring to sell out iran to neo colonialists and communists 18 19 the developments initiated by seminaries in the city of qom closing on 7 january 1978 were followed by the bazaar and seminary closing and students rallied towards the homes of the religious leaders the next day 123 on 9 january 1978 seminary students and other people demonstrated in the city and the shah s security forces cracked down on the demonstrators the security forces shot live ammunition to disperse the crowd when the peaceful demonstration turned violent 124 reports of between 5 and 300 demonstrators were killed in the assault on the protesters 123 4 206 9 january 1978 19 dey is regarded as a bloody day in qom 125 126 consolidation of the opposition february march see also 1978 tabriz protests according to shia custom memorial services chehelom are held 40 days after a person s death 127 encouraged by khomeini who declared that the blood of martyrs must water the tree of islam 119 radicals pressured the mosques and moderate clergy to commemorate the deaths of the students and used the occasion to generate protests 128 the informal network of mosques and bazaars which for years had been used to carry out religious events increasingly became consolidated as a coordinated protest organization 24 127 129 on 18 february 40 days after the qom protests demonstrations broke out in various cities 130 the largest was in tabriz which descended into a full scale riot western and government symbols such as cinemas bars state owned banks and police stations were set ablaze 127 units of the imperial iranian army were deployed to restore order the death toll according to the government was six 131 while khomeini claimed hundreds were martyred 11 118 132 forty days later on 29 march demonstrations were organized in at least 55 cities including tehran 127 in an increasingly predictable pattern deadly riots broke out in major cities 127 133 and again 40 days later on 10 may army commandos opened fire on shariatmadari s house killing one of his students shariatmadari immediately made a public announcement declaring his support for a constitutional government and a return to the policies of the 1906 constitution 11 119 127 government reaction pro shah demonstration organized by the resurgence party in tabriz april 1978 the shah was taken completely by surprise by the protests 11 25 and often became indecisive during times of crisis 18 virtually every major decision he made backfired and further inflamed the revolutionaries 18 the shah decided to continue on his plan of liberalization and to negotiate rather than to use force against the still nascent protest movement 127 128 133 he promised fully democratic elections for the majlis would be held in 1979 relaxed censorship and a resolution was drafted to help reduce corruption within the royal family and the government 134 protesters were tried in civilian courts rather than by military courts martial and were quickly released 130 133 iran s security forces had neither received riot control training nor equipment since 1963 131 as a result police were unable to control demonstrations thus the army was frequently deployed 133 soldiers were instructed not to use deadly force yet there were instances of inexperienced soldiers reacting excessively inflaming the violence without cowing the opposition and receiving official condemnation from the shah 131 the carter administration in the us also refused to sell non lethal tear gas and rubber bullets to iran 119 135 as early as the february riots in tabriz the shah fired all savak officials in the city as a concession to the opposition and soon began to dismiss civil servants and government officials whom he felt the public blamed 11 25 133 in the first national concession he replaced the hardline savak chief general nematollah nassiri with the more moderate general nasser moghaddam 18 133 the government also negotiated with moderate religious leaders such as shariatmadari apologizing to him for the raid on his house 19 early summer june by summer the protests remained at a steady rate for four months with about 10 000 participants in each major city with the exception of isfahan where protests were larger and tehran where they were smaller protesting every 40 days this amounted to a small minority of the more than 15 million adults in iran 136 against the wishes of khomeini shariatmadari called for 17 june mourning protests to be carried out as a one day stay 127 although tension remained the shah s policy appeared to have worked leading amuzegar to declare that the crisis is over a cia analysis in august concluded that iran is not in a revolutionary or even a pre revolutionary situation 137 these and later events in iran are frequently cited as one of the most consequential strategic surprises that the united states has experienced since the cia was established in 1947 138 as a sign of easing of government restrictions three prominent opposition leaders from the secular national front karim sanjabi shapour bakhtiar and dariush forouhar were allowed to pen an open letter to the shah demanding that he reign according to the constitution of iran 11 119 134 renewed protests august september appointment of jafar sharif emami as prime minister 11 august main article cabinet of jafar sharif emami 1978 by august the protests had kick ed into high gear 139 and the number of demonstrators mushroomed to hundreds of thousands 136 in an attempt to dampen inflation the amuzegar administration cut spending and reduced business however the cutbacks led to a sharp rise in layoffs particularly among young unskilled male workers living in the working class districts by summer 1978 the working class joined the street protests in massive numbers 132 in addition it was the islamic holy month of ramadan bringing a sense of increased religiosity 127 a series of escalating protests broke out in major cities and deadly riots broke out in isfahan where protesters fought for the release of ayatollah jalaluddin taheri 140 127 martial law was declared in the city on 11 august as symbols of western culture and government buildings were burned and a bus full of american workers was bombed 127 134 due to his failure to stop the protests prime minister amuzegar offered his resignation the shah increasingly felt that he was losing control of the situation and sought to regain it through complete appeasement 11 119 he decided to appoint jafar sharif emami to the post of prime minister himself a veteran prime minister emami was chosen due to his family ties to the clergy although he had a reputation of corruption during his previous premiership 18 19 under the shah s guidance sharif emami effectively began a policy of appeasing the opposition s demands before they even made them 19 the government abolished the rastakhiz party legalized all political parties and released political prisoners increased freedom of expression curtailed savak s authority and dismissed 34 of its commanders 134 closed down casinos and nightclubs and abolished the imperial calendar the government also began to prosecute corrupt government and royal family members sharif emami entered into negotiations with shariatmadari and national front leader karim sanjabi to help organize future elections 134 censorship was effectively terminated and the newspapers began reporting heavily on demonstrations often highly critically and negatively of the shah the majlis parliament also began issuing resolutions against the government 18 cinema rex fire 19 august main article cinema rex fire on 19 august in the southwestern city of abadan four arsonists barred the door of the cinema rex movie theatre and set it on fire in what would be the largest terrorist attack in history prior to the september 11 attacks in the us in 2001 141 422 people inside the theatre were burned to death khomeini immediately blamed the shah and savak for setting the fire and 11 119 142 due to the pervasive revolutionary atmosphere the public also blamed the shah for starting the fire despite the government s insistence that they were uninvolved tens of thousands of people took to the streets shouting burn the shah and the shah is the guilty one 130 after the revolution many claimed that islamist militants had started the fire 141 143 144 145 146 147 after the islamic republic government executed a police officer for the act a man claiming to be the lone surviving arsonist claimed he was responsible for starting the fire 148 after forcing the resignation of the presiding judges in an attempt to hamper the investigation the new government finally executed hossein talakhzadeh for setting the fire on the shah s orders despite his insistence that he did it on his own accord as an ultimate sacrifice for the revolutionary cause 143 148 declaration of martial law and the jaleh square massacre 8 september main article jaleh square massacre demonstration of 8 september 1978 the placard reads...
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