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other than the byzantine emperor assuming the title of emperor was illegal and unnatural 82 faced with the ottoman danger michael s successors prominently john v and manuel ii periodically attempted to restore the union much to the dismay of their subjects at the council of florence in 1439 emperor john viii reaffirmed the union in the light of imminent turkish attacks on what little remained of his empire to the byzantine citizens themselves the union of the churches which had assured the promise of a great western crusade against the ottomans was a death warrant for their empire john viii had betrayed their faith and as such their entire imperial ideology and world view the promised crusade the fruit of john viii s labor ended only in disaster as it was defeated by the turks at the battle of varna in 1444 83 the last claimant to the latin empire james of baux transferred his title to louis i of anjou in 1383 84 who has not use it either because of his failed conquest of naples 85 around his death the avenings lost control over both remaining footholds in greece namely achaea and durazzo in albania 86 only a few capetians like marie of blois for her son 87 and king charles viii of france had some plans to regain their former dominions 88 similarly the last claimant to the byzantine throne andreas palaiologos transferred his title to charles viii and again testimonially to ferdinand ii of aragon and isabella i of castile but neither of them actively used the title with charles ix of france stopping the usage all together 89 and the spanish crown falling to the habsburgs 90 eastern disputes edit see also byzantine commonwealth byzantine bulgarian dispute edit see also byzantine bulgarian wars and latin bulgarian wars romanos i lekapenos negotiating with simeon i of bulgaria 15th century miniature from the radziwiłł chronicle the dispute between the byzantine empire and the holy roman empire was mostly confined to the realm of diplomacy never fully exploding into open war this was probably mainly due to the great geographical distance separating the two empires a large scale campaign would have been infeasible to undertake for either emperor 91 events in germany france and the west in general were of little compelling interest to the byzantines as they firmly believed that the western provinces would eventually be reconquered 92 of more compelling interest were political developments in their near vicinity and in 913 the knyaz prince or king of bulgaria simeon i arrived at the walls of constantinople with an army simeon i s demands were not only that bulgaria would be recognized as independent from the byzantine empire but that it was to be designated as a new universal empire absorbing and replacing the universal empire of constantinople because of the threat represented the patriarch of constantinople nicholas mystikos granted an imperial crown to simeon simeon was designated as the caesar of the bulgarians not of the romans and as such the diplomatic gesture had been somewhat dishonest 91 caesar had been replaced by basileus and later other titles and devalued in byzantium over the years as it was granted to different people like tervel of bulgaria who helped emperor justinian ii in 695 715 93 in 919 archbishop leontius of bulgaria was unilaterally elevated to patriarch it was widely seen that the status of the church had to be equal of that of the state 94 the byzantines soon discovered that simeon was in fact titling himself as not only the caesar of the bulgarians but as the basileus of the bulgarians and the romans 95 the problem was solved when simeon died in 927 and his son and successor peter i simply adopted emperor of the bulgarians as a show of submission to the universal empire of constantinople 92 byzantine emperor romanos i lekapenos recognized the bulgarian patriarchate soon after thus the bulgarian church became the sixth patriarchate joining the older five 94 by 1018 bulgaria was conquered by the byzantines and the tsardom was restored over a century later in 1186 96 the dispute deriving from simeon s claim would on occasion be revived by strong bulgarian monarchs who once more adopted the title of emperor of the bulgarians and the romans such as kaloyan r 1196 1207 and ivan asen ii r 1218 1241 92 the borders of bulgaria after the battle of klokotnitsa 1230 in 1202 emperor alexios iii angelos was willing to accept kaloyan as an emperor and restore the bulgarian patriarchate if he stopped his negotiations with rome 97 kaloyan attempted to receive recognition by pope innocent iii as emperor 98 but innocent addressed him only as dominus bulgarorum et blachorum instead of imperator 99 and offered to provide a cardinal to crown him simply as king 100 which would be equivalent to kral 101 but he would continue to claim the title imperator 102 the papacy could not accept a third empire 103 and only saw bulgaria as a member of the family of christian kingdoms under papal guidance equal to the kingdom of hungary 104 in 1204 the archbishop basil i of bulgarian church which regained its autocephaly from the patriarchate of constantinople in 1186 was elevated to primas of all bulgaria and wallachia by the pope who argued that primas is equal to patriarch 105 but still refused to officially recognize it as such 106 the latin emperors were less pragmatic than the byzantines and probably did not recognize the bulgarian claim as they saw the eastern empire as indivisible 58 hopes of a potential reconciliation with the latins ended with the attack on adrianople in 1205 107 in an inscription in the holy forty martyrs church following the battle of klokotnitsa ivan asen ii refers to thessalonican emperor theodore komnenos doukas as tsar in the same inscription the bulgarian tsar claimed that the franks have no tsar but him 108 which john van antwerp fine jr interpreted as considering gaining the regency over latin emperor baldwin ii 109 ivan asen ii suggested a betrothal between his daughter elena and baldwin ii and promised to return the territories occupied by theodore to the latins the latin nobility who saw this as a surrender to the bulgarians rejected the proposal 110 in the 1230s nicene emperor john iii doukas vatatzes forged an alliance with ivan asen ii against the latins by marrying his son theodore to elena 111 in 1235 the bulgarian church ended its communion with the latin church in exchange for the establishment of the tarnovo patriarchate 112 the same year they launched an unsuccessful joint siege on constantinople 113 john iii then moved to an alliance with holy roman emperor frederick ii 114 the dispute was also momentarily revived by the rulers of serbia in 1346 with stefan dušan s coronation as emperor of the serbs and romans 92 during the second palaiologan civil war 115 the same year the an independent patriarchate was established leading to a schism with constantinople which lasted until 1375 116 following his death the serbian empire was divided between his son stefan uroš v and his half brother simeon uroš who established a rival empire in epirus and thessaly 117 by 1371 the empire disintegrated into small states and the serbian rulers gave the title up 118 after ivan asen ii s death in 1241 the bulgarian empire began to decline 67 in the 1370s tsar ivan shishman of bulgaria who resided in tarnovo became an ottoman vassal and in 1393 his realm fell into direct ottoman control 119 another rump state nicknamed the tsardom of vidin was created in the 1360s to avoid a succession crisis 120 it was ruled by ivan sratsimir of bulgaria a half brother of ivan shishman 121 vidin split from the tarnovo patriarchate and returned to the patriarchate of constantinople 120 this tsardom was conquered by the ottomans in 1396 120 122 byzantine georgian dispute edit see also byzantine georgian wars and style of the georgian sovereign coin of george ii which reads god preserve giorgi king of the abkhazians and k artl i caesar in 994 gurgen of iberia adopted the title mepet mepe king of kings 123 and was granted magistros by the byzantines his son meanwhile bagrat iii of georgia who united georgia in 1008 only became a kouropalates 124 in 1010 catholicos melchizedek i assumed the title catholicos patriarch of all georgia 125 the georgian kings were inspired by the persian king of kings shahanshah 126 and were as such the king over the near east and caucasia and equal to the emperor 127 the byzantine empire saw georgia as a vassal even though it was superficial 128 george ii of georgia also adopted the title caesar which he minted on coins which were based on byzantine coins 101 his son david iv declared himself king of kings of the abkhazians iberians armenians arranians kakhetians sword of the messiah emperor basileus of all the east 129 he denounced the titles granted by the byzantine emperors and declared himself autocrat 130 but the byzantines did not use the title basileus for him 131 throughout the 11th century up to the early 13th century georgian kings claimed to be the ruler of the whole east and west challenging the authority of byzantium over the eastern christian world 132 david iv and tamar would link themselves to constantine the great 133 after the fourth crusade georgia presented itself as the orthodox church and queen tamar of georgia invaded chaldia and installed her relatives of the deposed komnenos dynasty as emperors of the empire of trebizond which remained a close ally of georgia to the very end 134 but there had also been georgian invasions into lazica 135 in the 1220s georgia lists greece as their vassals which may refer to trebizond 136 despite their disputes the ties between georgia and constantinople remained and georgia saw themselves as their ally against the muslims which surrounded the kingdom 128 in 1651 king alexander iii of imereti swore allegiance to tsar alexis of russia calling himself tsar and alexis tsar and grand prince of all russia autocrat in all his sovereign will 137 in the treaty of georgievsk 1783 which turned the georgian kingdom of kartli kakheti into a russian protectorate catherine the great is referred to as her imperial majesty and king heraclius ii as his serene highness tsar 138 byzantine rump states edit see also struggle for constantinople and byzantine trapezuntine treaty of 1282 expansion of the despotate of epirus and empire of thessalonica until 1230 following the fourth crusade in 1204 there had also been multiple byzantine pretenders including alexios aspietes 139 but none of these rump states were able to gain the military strength of other major powers of that time 140 the loss of constantinople was seen as the main problem rather than the existence of multiple emperors 141 the different pretenders would present their descent from older ruling dynasties for example michael viii palaiologos wielded the quadruple surname komnenos angelos doukas palaiologos 142 eventually the empire of nicaea rose to become the dominant rump state 139 the new latin emperors recognize these pretenders and claimed the sole leadership over the eastern empire 58 pope gregory x denied his imperial title only calling john iii a nobili viro noble man 143 frederick ii was the only western sovereign monarch to recognize john iii s imperial title 60 though even he addressed john iii only as imperatorem graecorum illustri illustrious emperor of the greeks rejecting his roman claim 144 while insisting to be the roman emperor himself 144 145 but frederick ii did recognize his people as roman 145 in 1225 or 1227 the despot of epirus theodore komnenos doukas was crowned by archbishop of ohrid demetrios chomatenos 146 147 this state was given the name empire of thessalonica by historians demetrios claimed that the patriarchate of constantinople ceased to exist with the death of john x in 1206 and argued that the archbishopric of ohrid or justiniana prima ranked higher than nicaea only seeing the patriarch residing in nicaea germanus ii as a regular bishop 146 this resulted to a schism between nicaea and thessalonica 148 the emperor of nicaea john iii doukas vatatzes was willing to name theodore komnenos doukas co emperor if he recognized his supremacy which theodore refused 58 fearing an attack by theodore the latin empire and the nicene empire reached a temporary truce 149 theodore s attempt to capture constantinople failed at the battle of klokotnitsa against the bulgarian empire where he was captured 150 bulgarian tsar ivan asen ii still recognized theodore as a tsar emperor in an inscription in the holy forty martyrs church about the battle 108 151 theodore s son manuel doukas became his successor but he became de facto a vassal of ivan asen ii 112 152 manuel reaffirmed the supremacy of the patriarch in nicaea 153 john iii attacked thessalonica in 1242 but he had to end the attack following the mongol advance emperor of thessalonica john komnenos doukas still had to give up his imperial title and change it to despot 154 additionally the empire of trebizond was formed in 1204 by alexios i and david with support from tamar of georgia they were members of the komnenos dynasty which was deposed in 1185 155 trebizond was more remote than nicaea 53 and was constantly threatened by the sultanate of rum 156 trebizond soon came into conflict with nicene emperor theodore i laskaris after this david submitted to the latin empire 157 thus they abandoned their plans on conquering constantinople 158 william miller speculated that nominal latin suzerainty was preferential to annexation by the nicaeans 159 niketas choniates called the trapezuntine emperors in his panegyric of theodore i laskaris lads of the pontus different palaiologan chronicles described them as rulers princes or tyrants antony eastmond states that in palaiologan historiography trebizond was neither an empire nor even a greek state at all 160 the emperors of trebizond continued to use the imperial title even after the restoration of the byzantine empire by the nicene emperors in 1261 in 1282 byzantine emperor michael viii proposed john ii of trebizond to use the title despot instead and cease using the imperial insignia in return for a marriage with his daughter eudokia palaiologina john ii did not adopt the title though but changed his title from pistos basileus kai autokrator ton romaíon faithful basileus and autocrat of the romans to en christoi to theo pistos basil kai autokrator pásis anatolís ivíron kai perateías faithful to lord christ basileus and autocrat of all the east iberia and perateia referring to the territory of his realm and removing direct mentions of the romans in 1461 the empire of trebizond ended 155 early modern period edit see also succession to the byzantine empire holy roman ottoman dispute edit see also ottoman claim to roman succession and ottoman habsburg wars sultan mehmed ii left depicted with patriarch gennadios to his right claimed the legacy of the byzantine empire upon his conquest of cons...
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