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and was intimately involved in the advances of his time these included refinement of the pendulum as a better regulator for clocks increased precision of clock mechanisms and the use of the balance spring to improve the timekeeping of watches galileo had observed the regularity of a pendulum and huygens first incorporated it in a clock 133 in 1668 hooke demonstrated his new device to keep a pendulum swinging regularly in unsteady conditions 134 his invention of a tooth cutting machine enabled a substantial improvement in the accuracy and precision of timepieces 134 waller reported the invention was by hooke s death in constant use among clock makers 89 hooke announced he conceived a way to build a marine chronometer to determine longitude 135 q and with the help of boyle and others he attempted to patent it in the process hooke demonstrated a pocket watch of his own devising that was fitted with a coil spring attached to the arbour of the balance hooke s refusal to accept an escape clause in the proposed exclusive contract for the use of this idea resulted in its abandonment 135 r hooke developed the principle of the balance spring independently of huygens and at least five years beforehand 136 huygens published his own work in journal de scavans in february 1675 and built the first functioning watch to use a balance spring 137 microscopy main article micrographia in 1663 and 1664 hooke made his microscopic and some astronomic observations which he collated in micrographia in 1665 his book which describes observations with microscopes and telescopes as well as original work in biology contains the earliest recorded observation of a microorganism the microfungus mucor 13 14 hooke coined the term cell suggesting a resemblance between plant structures and honeycomb cells 138 the hand crafted leather and gold tooled microscope he designed and used to make the observations for micrographia which christopher cock made for him in london is on display at the national museum of health and medicine in maryland 7 hooke s work developed from that of henry power who published his microscopy work in experimental philosophy 1663 6 in turn the dutch scientist antonie van leeuwenhoek went on to develop increased magnification and so reveal protozoa blood cells and spermatozoa 139 140 micrographia also contains hooke s or perhaps boyle s and hooke s ideas on combustion hooke s experiments led him to conclude combustion involves a component of air a statement with which modern scientists would agree but that was not understood widely if at all in the seventeenth century he also concluded respiration and combustion involve a specific and limited component of air 141 according to partington if hooke had continued his experiments on combustion it is probable that he would have discovered oxygen 142 samuel pepys wrote of the book in his diary on 21 january 16 64 65 a before i went to bed i sat up till two o clock in my chamber reading of mr hooke s microscopicall observations the most ingenious book that ever i read in my life 143 hooke s microscopy hooke s microscope from an engraving in micrographia hooke s microscope 7 engraving of a louse from hooke s micrographia hooke s drawing of a flea cell structure of cork by hooke palaeontology and geology one of the observations in micrographia is of fossil wood the microscopic structure of which hooke compared to that of ordinary wood this led him to conclude that fossilised objects like petrified wood and fossil shells such as ammonites were the remains of living things that had been soaked in mineral laden petrifying water 144 he believed that such fossils provided reliable clues about the history of life on earth and despite the objections of contemporary naturalists like john ray who found the concept of extinction theologically unacceptable that in some cases they might represent species that had become extinct through some geological disaster 145 in a series of lectures in 1668 hooke proposed the then heretical idea the earth s surface had been formed by volcanoes and earthquakes and that the latter were responsible for shell fossils being found far above sea level 146 in 1835 charles lyell the scottish geologist and associate of charles darwin wrote of hooke in principles of geology his treatise is the most philosophical production of that age in regard to the causes of former changes in the organic and inorganic kingdoms of nature 147 memory hooke s scientific model of human memory was one of the first of its kind in a 1682 lecture to the royal society hooke proposed a mechanical analogue model of human memory that bore little resemblance to the mainly philosophical models of earlier writers 148 this model addressed the components of encoding memory capacity repetition retrieval and forgetting some with surprisingly modern accuracy 149 according to psychology professor douglas hintzman hooke s model s most interesting points are that it allows for attention and other top down influences on encoding it uses resonance to implement parallel cue dependent retrieval it explains memory for recency it offers a single system account of repetition and priming and the power law of forgetting can be derived from the model s assumption in a straightforward way 149 other on 8 july 1680 hooke observed the nodal patterns associated with the modes of vibration of glass plates he ran a bow along the edge of a flour covered glass plate and saw the nodal patterns emerge 150 151 in acoustics in 1681 hooke showed the royal society that musical tones can be generated using spinning brass cogs cut with teeth in particular proportions 152 architecture church of st mary magdalene at willen milton keynes designed by hooke detail from ogilby and morgan s most accurate survey of the city of london and libertyes therof 153 robert hooke was surveyor to the city of london and chief assistant to christopher wren in which capacities he helped wren rebuild london after the great fire of 1666 154 hooke designed the monument to the great fire of london 1672 155 156 s montagu house in bloomsbury 1674 157 and bethlem royal hospital 1674 which became known as bedlam 158 other buildings hooke designed include the royal college of physicians 1679 159 aske s hospital 1679 160 ragley hall warwickshire 1680 161 the church of st mary magdalene at willen buckinghamshire 1680 162 and ramsbury manor wiltshire 1681 163 he worked on many of the london churches that were rebuilt after the fire hooke was generally subcontracted by wren from 1671 to 1696 wren s office paid hooke 2 820 in fees t more than he ever earned from his royal society and cutler lectureship posts 164 wren and hooke were both keen astronomers the monument to the great fire of london was designed to serve a scientific function as a zenith telescope for astronomical observation though traffic vibration made it unusable for this purpose 165 166 the legacy of this can be observed in the construction of the spiral staircase which has no central column and in the observation chamber which remains in place below ground level he also collaborated with wren on the design of st paul s cathedral hooke determined the ideal shape of an arch is an inverted catenary and thence that a circular series of such arches makes an ideal shape for the cathedral s dome 109 in the reconstruction after the great fire hooke proposed redesigning london s streets on a grid pattern with wide boulevards and arteries 167 for which wren and others also submitted proposals the king decided both the prospective cost of building and compensation and the need to quickly restore trade and population meant the city would be rebuilt on the original property lines 168 hooke was given the task of surveying the ruins to identify foundations street edges and property boundaries he was closely involved with the drafting of an act of common council april 1667 which set out the process by which the original foundations would be formally recognised and certificated 169 according to lisa jardine in the four weeks from the 4th of october hooke helped map the fire damaged area began compiling a land information system for london and drew up building regulations for an act of parliament to govern the rebuilding 170 stephen inwood said the surveyors reports which were generally written by hooke show an admirable ability to get to the nub of intricate neighbourly squabbles and to produce a crisp and judicious recommendation from a tangle of claims and counter claims 171 hooke also had to measure and certify land that would be compulsorily purchased for the planned road widening so compensation could be paid 172 in 1670 he was appointed surveyor of the royal works 173 hooke s precise and detailed surveys enabled the production in 1677 of ogilby and morgan s large scale map of london 153 the first known to be of a specific scale 1 1200 174 likenesses portrait conjectured to be hooke 175 but almost certainly jan baptist van helmont 176 no authenticated portrait of robert hooke exists a situation that has sometimes been attributed to the heated conflicts between hooke and isaac newton although hooke s biographer allan chapman rejects as a myth claims newton or his acolytes deliberately destroyed hooke s portrait 177 german antiquarian and scholar zacharias conrad von uffenbach visited the royal society in 1710 and his account of his visit mentions him being shown portraits of boyle and hoock which were said to be good likenesses but while boyle s portrait survives hooke s has been lost 10 178 in hooke s time the royal society met at gresham college but within a few months of hooke s death newton became the society s president and plans for a new meeting place were made when the royal society moved to new premises in 1710 hooke s was the only portrait that went missing 179 and remains so according to hooke s diary he sat for a portrait by renowned artist mary beale so it is possible such a portrait did at some time exist 180 conversely chapman draws attention to the fact that waller s extensively illustrated work posthumous works of robert hooke published shortly after hooke s death has no portrait of him 177 two contemporaneous written descriptions of hooke s appearance have survived his close friend john aubrey described him in middle age and at the height of his creative powers he is but of midling stature something crooked pale faced and his face but little below but his head is lardge his eie full and popping and not quick a grey eie he haz a delicate head of haire browne and of an excellent moist curle he is and ever was temperate and moderate in dyet etc brief lives 9 richard waller writing in 1705 in the posthumous works of robert hooke described the elderly hooke as to his person he was but despicable being very crooked tho i have heard from himself and others that he was strait till about 16 years of age when he first grew awry by frequent practising with a turn lath he was always very pale and lean and laterly nothing but skin and bone with a meagre aspect his eyes grey and full with a sharp ingenious look whilst younger his nose but thin of a moderate height and length his mouth meanly wide and upper lip thin his chin sharp and forehead large his head of a middle size he wore his own hair of a dark brown colour very long and hanging neglected over his face uncut and lank 63 on 3 july 1939 time magazine published a portrait supposedly of hooke but when ashley montagu traced the source it was found to lack a verifiable connection to hooke montagu found the two contemporaneous written descriptions of hooke s appearance agree with one another but that neither matches the portrait in time 181 in 2003 historian lisa jardine conjectured that a recently discovered portrait was of hooke 175 but this proposal was disproved by william b jensen of the university of cincinnati who identified the subject as the flemish scholar jan baptist van helmont 176 other possible likenesses of hooke include a seal used by hooke displays an unusual profile portrait of a man s head which some have said portrays hooke 177 the engraved frontispiece to the 1728 edition of chambers cyclopedia shows a drawing of a bust of robert hooke 182 the extent to which the drawing is based on a real work of art is unknown a memorial window existed at st helen s church bishopsgate london but it was a formulaic rendering rather than an accurate likeness 177 the window was destroyed in the 1993 bishopsgate bombing rita greer s imagined portrait of hooke in 2003 the amateur painter rita greer embarked on a project to memorialise hooke and produce credible images of him both painted and drawn which she believes match aubrey s and waller s descriptions of him greer s images of hooke which are free to use under the free art license have been used for television programmes in the uk and the us in books and magazines and for public relations 177 in 2019 larry griffing an associate professor in biology at texas a m university proposed that a portrait by mary beale of an unknown sitter and referred to as portrait of a mathematician is actually of hooke noting the physical features of the sitter in the portrait match hooke s the figure points to a drawing of elliptical motion that appears to match an unpublished manuscript created by him the painting also includes an orrery depicting the same principle according to griffing buildings included in the image are of lowther castle now in cumbria and its church of st michael the church was renovated under one of hooke s architectural commissions which beale would have known from her extensive body of work for the lowther family 1 according to griffing the painting would once have been owned by the royal society but was abandoned when newton its president moved the society s headquarters in 1710 1 christopher whittaker of the school of education university of durham england has questioned griffing s analysis according to whittaker it is more likely to be of isaac barrow 3 in a response to whittaker 2 griffing reaffirmed his deduction commemorations hooke memorial plaque in westminster abbey 3514 hooke an asteroid 1971 uj 183 a crater on the moon and another on mars are named in his honour the hooke medal is an annual award by the british society for cell biology to recognise an emerging leader in cell biology 184 list of new memorials to robert hooke 2005 2009 erected the occasion of the tercentenary of his death the boyle hooke plaque in oxford works reponse de monsieur hook aux considerations de m auzout contenue dans un lettre ecrite a l auteur des philosophical transactions et quelques lettres ecrites de part d autre sur le sujet des grandes lunettes reply of mr hook to the considerations of mr auzout contained in a letter written to the author of philosophical transactions and some letters written on both sides on the subject of large lenses in french paris jean cusson 2 1665 lectures 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