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er is remarkably similar to halobacterium and therefore for a long time remained unidentified 11 metabolism edit gastrointestinal bacteroidota species produce succinic acid acetic acid and in some cases propionic acid as the major end products species belonging to the genera alistipes bacteroides parabacteroides prevotella paraprevotella alloprevotella barnesiella and tannerella are saccharolytic while species belonging to odoribacter and porphyromonas are predominantly asaccharolytic some bacteroides spp and prevotella spp can degrade complex plant polysaccharides such as starch cellulose xylans and pectins the bacteroidota species also play an important role in protein metabolism by proteolytic activity assigned to the proteases linked to the cell some bacteroides spp have a potential to utilize urea as a nitrogen source other important functions of bacteroides spp include the deconjugation of bile acids and growth on mucus 5 many members of the bacteroidota genera flexibacter cytophaga sporocytophaga and relatives are coloured yellow orange to pink red due to the presence of pigments of the flexirubin group in some bacteroidota strains flexirubins may be present together with carotenoid pigments carotenoid pigments are usually found in marine and halophilic members of the group whereas flexirubin pigments are more frequent in clinical freshwater or soil colonizing representatives 12 genomics edit comparative genomic analysis has led to the identification of 27 proteins which are present in most species of the phylum bacteroidota of these one protein is found in all sequenced bacteroidota species while two other proteins are found in all sequenced species with the exception of those from the genus bacteroides the absence of these two proteins in this genus is likely due to selective gene loss 7 additionally four proteins have been identified which are present in all bacteroidota species except cytophaga hutchinsonii this is again likely due to selective gene loss a further eight proteins have been identified which are present in all sequenced bacteroidota genomes except salinibacter ruber the absence of these proteins may be due to selective gene loss or because s ruber branches very deeply the genes for these proteins may have evolved after the divergence of s ruber a conserved signature indel has also been identified this three amino acid deletion in clpb chaperone is present in all species of the bacteroidota phylum except s ruber this deletion is also found in one chlorobiota species and one archaeum species which is likely due to horizontal gene transfer these 27 proteins and the three amino acid deletion serve as molecular markers for the bacteroidota 7 relatedness of bacteroidota chlorobiota and fibrobacterota phyla edit species from the bacteroidota and chlorobiota phyla branch very closely together in phylogenetic trees indicating a close relationship through the use of comparative genomic analysis three proteins have been identified which are uniquely shared by virtually all members of the bacteroidota and chlorobiota phyla 7 the sharing of these three proteins is significant because other than them no proteins from either the bacteroidota or chlorobiota phyla are shared by any other groups of bacteria several conserved signature indels have also been identified which are uniquely shared by members of the phyla the presence of these molecular signatures supports their close relationship 7 13 additionally the phylum fibrobacterota is indicated to be specifically related to these two phyla a clade consisting of these three phyla is strongly supported by phylogenetic analyses based upon a number of different proteins 13 these phyla also branch in the same position based upon conserved signature indels in a number of important proteins 14 lastly and most importantly two conserved signature indels in the rpoc protein and in serine hydroxymethyltransferase and one signature protein pg00081 have been identified that are uniquely shared by all of the species from these three phyla all of these results provide compelling evidence that the species from these three phyla shared a common ancestor exclusive of all other bacteria and it has been proposed that they should all recognized as part of a single fcb superphylum 7 13 phylogeny edit the currently accepted taxonomy is based on the list of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature 2 whole genome based phylogeny 15 16s rrna based ltp _08_2023 16 17 18 120 single copy marker proteins based gtdb 10 rs226 19 20 21 chlorobiota balneolota rhodothermota bacteroidota saprospiria chitinophagia sphingobacteriia cytophagia bacteroidia flavobacteriia ignavibacteriota ignavibacteria chlorobiota chlorobiia rhodothermota rhodothermia balneolota balneolia bacteroidota raineyaceae microscillaceae cytophagia cytophagales chitinophagia saprospirales chitinophagales sphingobacteriia sphingobacteriales bacteroidia bacteroidales flavobacteriia flavobacteriales bacteroidota_a kapabacteria kapabacteriales kryptonia kryptoniales ignavibacteriia tepidaquicellales sja 28 100 b 1ar ch128a ignavibacteriales chlorobiia chlorobiales rhodothermia balneolales rhodothermales bacteroidota bacteroidia blattabacteriaceae flavobacteriales_b amoebophilaceae cytophagales_a cytophagales chitinophagales sphingobacteriales aurantibacillaceae b 17b0 bacteroidales flavobacteriales see also edit list of bacteria genera list of bacterial orders references edit oren a garrity gm 2021 valid publication of the names of forty two phyla of prokaryotes int j syst evol microbiol 71 10 5056 doi 10 1099 ijsem 0 005056 pmid 34694987 s2cid 239887308 1 2 bacteroidota in lpsn freese h m meier kolthoff j p sardà carbasse j afolayan a o göker m 2026 tygs and lpsn in 2025 a global core biodata resource for genome based classification and nomenclature of prokaryotes within dsmz digital diversity nucleic acids research 54 d1 d884 d891 doi 10 1093 nar gkaf1110 schoch cl et al bacteroidota national center for biotechnology information ncbi taxonomy database retrieved 2025 06 05 krieg nr ludwig w euzéby j whitman wb 2010 phylum xiv bacteroidetes phyl nov in krieg nr staley jt brown dr hedlund bp paster bj ward nl ludwig w whitman wb eds bergey s manual of systematic bacteriology vol 4 2nd ed new york ny springer p 25 1 2 3 4 5 6 rajilić stojanović mirjana de vos willem m 2014 the first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota fems microbiology reviews 38 5 996 1047 doi 10 1111 1574 6976 12075 issn 1574 6976 pmc 4262072 pmid 24861948 krieg n r ludwig w whitman w b hedlund b p paster b j staley j t ward n brown d parte a november 24 2010 1984 williams wilkins george m garrity ed the bacteroidetes spirochaetes tenericutes mollicutes acidobacteria fibrobacteres fusobacteria dictyoglomi gemmatimonadetes lentisphaerae verrucomicrobia chlamydiae and planctomycetes bergey s manual of systematic bacteriology vol 4 2nd ed new york springer p 908 isbn 978 0 387 95042 6 british library no gba561951 1 2 3 4 5 6 gupta r s lorenzini e 2007 phylogeny and molecular signatures conserved proteins and indels that are specific for the bacteroidetes and chlorobi species bmc evolutionary biology 7 1 71 bibcode 2007bmcee 7 71g doi 10 1186 1471 2148 7 71 pmc 1887533 pmid 17488508 pittayanon r lau jt yuan y leontiadis gi tse f surette m moayyedi p 2019 gut microbiota in patients with irritable bowel syndrome a systematic review gastroenterology 157 1 97 108 doi 10 1053 j gastro 2019 03 049 pmid 30940523 1 2 3 thomas françois hehemann jan hendrik rebuffet etienne czjzek mirjam michel gurvan 2011 environmental and gut bacteroidetes the food connection frontiers in microbiology 2 93 doi 10 3389 fmicb 2011 00093 issn 1664 302x pmc 3129010 pmid 21747801 mendes rodrigo garbeva paolina raaijmakers jos m 2013 the rhizosphere microbiome significance of plant beneficial plant pathogenic and human pathogenic microorganisms fems microbiology reviews 37 5 634 663 doi 10 1111 1574 6976 12028 issn 1574 6976 pmid 23790204 oren aharon 2013 salinibacter an extremely halophilic bacterium with archaeal properties fems microbiology letters 342 1 1 9 doi 10 1111 1574 6968 12094 pmid 23373661 jehlička jan osterrothová kateřina oren aharon edwards howell g m 2013 raman spectrometric discrimination of flexirubin pigments from two genera of bacteroidetes fems microbiology letters 348 2 97 102 doi 10 1111 1574 6968 12243 pmid 24033756 1 2 3 gupta r s 2004 the phylogeny and signature sequences characteristics of fibrobacteres chlorobi and bacteroidetes critical reviews in microbiology 30 2 123 140 doi 10 1080 10408410490435133 pmid 15239383 s2cid 24565648 griffiths e gupta rs 2001 the use of signature sequences in different proteins to determine the relative branching order of bacterial divisions evidence that fibrobacter diverged at a similar time to chlamydia and the cytophaga flavobacterium bacteroides division microbiology 147 pt 9 2611 22 doi 10 1099 00221287 147 9 2611 pmid 11535801 garcía lópez m meier kolthoff jp tindall bj gronow s woyke t kyrpides nc hahnke rl göker m 2019 analysis of 1 000 type strain genomes improves taxonomic classification of bacteroidetes front microbiol 10 2083 doi 10 3389 fmicb 2019 02083 pmc 6767994 pmid 31608019 the ltp retrieved 20 november 2023 ltp_all tree in newick format retrieved 20 november 2023 ltp_08_2023 release notes pdf retrieved 20 november 2023 gtdb release 10 rs226 genome taxonomy database retrieved 1 may 2025 bac120_r226 sp_label genome taxonomy database retrieved 1 may 2025 taxon history genome taxonomy database retrieved 1 may 2025 external links edit phylogenomics and evolutionary studies on bacteriodetes chlorobi and fibrobacteres species archived 2019 03 22 at the wayback machine bacterial prokaryotic phylogeny webpage v t e prokaryotes bacteria classification domain archaea bacteria eukaryota major groups metamonada discoba diaphoretickes hacrobia cryptista rhizaria alveolata stramenopiles plants amorphea amoebozoa opisthokonta animalia fungi mesomycetozoea candidate phyla radiation elulimicrobiota elulimicrobia minisyncoccota absconditibacteria andersenbacteria berkelbacteria baikalibacteria dojkabacteriia doudnabacteria gracilibacteriia howlettbacteria katanibacteriia kazanbacteria microgenomatia minisyncoccia patescibacteriia saccharimonadia torokbacteria wirthbacteria thermotogati bipolaricaulota acetithermia bipolaricaulia deinococcota deinococcia synergistetes atribacterota atribacteria phoenicimicrobiia synergistota synergistia thermocalda caldisericota caldisericia coprothermobacterota coprothermobacteria dictyoglomerota dictyoglomeria lithacetigenota lithacetigenia thermodesulfobiota thermodesulfobiia thermotogota thermotogia zhurongbacterota bacillati actinomycetota acidimicrobiia actinomycetes aquicultoria coriobacteriia geothermincolia humimicrobiia nitriliruptoria rubrobacteria thermoleophilia armatimonadota abditibacteriia armatimonadia chthonomonadia fervidibacteria fimbriimonadia heboniibacteriia zipacnadia chloroflexota caldilineia chloroflexia dehalococcoidia dormibacteria ktedonobacteria limnocylindria martimicrobiia poriflexia spiritibacteria tarhunnaeia uliximicrobiia sysuimicrobiota sysuimicrobiia vulcanimicrobiota vulcanimicrobiia xenobiia cyanoprokaryota cyanobacteriota cyanophyceae sericytochromatia vampirovibrionophyceae margulisiibacteriota marinamargulisbacteria riflemargulisbacteria saganbacteria termititenacia firmicutes bacillota bacillia bacillota d dethiobacteria natranaerobiia proteinivoracia bacillota e fermentithermobacillia sulfobacillia symbiobacteriia thermaerobacteria bacillota g hydrogenisporia limnochordia clostridiota clostridiia thermoanaerobacteria thermosediminibacteria desulfotomaculota carboxydocellia carboxydothermia dehalobacteriia desulfitobacteriia desulfotomaculia moorellia peptococcia syntrophomonadia thermacetogeniia thermincolia halanaerobiaeota halanaerobiia selenobacteria selenomonadia pseudomonadati sphingobacteria bacteroidota bacteroidia chlorobiia ignavibacteriia kapaibacteria kryptoniia rhodothermia caldifarciminota caldipriscota hydrothermota stahliibacteriota calditrichota calditrichia cloacimonadota cloacimonadia cosmopoliota cosmopolitia delongiibacteriota edwardsiibacteriota effluvivivacota eiseniibacteriota electryoneota electryoneia tariuqbacteria fermentibacterota fermentibacteria fibrobacterota chitinivibrionia fibrobacteria raymondbacteriia gemmatimonadota gemmatimonadia glassbacteria krumholzibacteriota krumholzibacteriia heilongiota heilongiia latescibacterota handelsmanbacteria latescibacteria marinisomatota marinisomatia zixiibacteriota zhuqueibacterota zhuqueibacteria planctobacteria abyssobacterota aerophobota aerophobia auribacterota ancaeobacteria auribacteria erginobacteria tritonobacteria chlamydiota chlamydiia desantisiibacteriota elusimicrobiota elusimicrobiia endomicrobiia fidelibacterota fidelibacteria firestoneibacteriota goldiibacteriota heilongiota hinthialibacterota hinthialibacteria hydrogenedentota hydrogenedentia omnitrophota omnitrophia velamenicoccia planctomycetota brocadiia phycisphaeria planctomycetia uabimicrobiia poribacteriota ratteibacteriota saltatorellota saltatorellae sumerlaeota sumerlaeia tangaroaeota tianyaibacteriota verrucomicrobiota kiritimatiellia lentisphaeria verrucomicrobiia proteobacteria acidobacteriota acidobacteriia aminicenantia blastocatellia fischerbacteria guanabaribacteriia holophagia polarisedimenticolia thermoanaerobaculia vicinamibacteria acidulidesulfobacteriota acidulodesulfobacteriia aquificota aquificia bdellovibrionota bacteriovoracia bdellovibrionia binatota binatia calescibacteriota calescibacteriia campylobacterota campylobacteria desulfurellia canglongiota canglongiia chrysiogenota chrysiogenia dadaibacteriota dadabacteria deferribacterota deferribacteria deferrimicrobiota deferrimicrobiia deferrisomatota deferrisomatia leptospirillaeota leptospirillia lernaellota lernaellia methylomirabilota methylomirabilia moduliflexota moduliflexia myxococcota bradymonadia kuafubacteriia myxococcia polyangiia nitrosediminicolota nitrospinota nitrospinia nitrospirota nitrospiria thermodesulfovibrionia oligoflexaeota oligoflexia pseudomonadota anaeropigmentatia caulobacteria magnetococcia mariprofundia pseudomonadia schekmaniibacteriota desulfobacterota g syntrophorhabdia tectimicrobiota entotheonellia thermosulfidibacterota thermosulfidibacteria thermodesulfobacteriota anaeroferrophilia desulfarculia desulfatiglandia desulfobaccia desulfobacteria desulfobulbia desulfofervidia desulfomonilia desulfovibrionia desulfuromonadia dissulfuribacteria syntrophobacteria syntrophia thermodesulfobacteriia zymogenia incertae sedis babelota babeliae fusobacteriota fusobacteriia lindowiibacteriota macinerneyibacteriota macinerneyibacteriia muiribacteriota muiribacteriia ozemibacteria wallbacteriia spirochaetota brevinematia brachyspirae exilispiria leptospiria spirochaetia incertae sedi...
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