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en leaders nikita khrushchev and fidel castro in july 1962 to place nuclear missiles on cuba to deter a future us invasion construction of launch facilities started shortly thereafter a u 2 spy plane captured photographic evidence of medium and long range launch facilities in october us president john f kennedy convened a meeting of the national security council and other key advisers forming the executive committee of the national security council excomm kennedy was advised to carry out an air strike on cuban soil in order to compromise soviet missile supplies followed by an invasion of the cuban mainland he chose a less aggressive course in order to avoid a declaration of war on 22 october kennedy ordered a naval blockade to prevent further missiles from reaching cuba 2 he referred to the blockade as a quarantine not as a blockade so the us could avoid the formal implications of a state of war 3 an agreement was eventually reached between kennedy and khrushchev the soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in cuba subject to united nations verification in exchange for a us public declaration and agreement not to invade cuba again the united states secretly agreed to dismantle all of the offensive weapons it had deployed to turkey all thors in the uk were disbanded by august 1963 while the soviets dismantled their missiles some soviet bombers remained in cuba and the united states kept the naval quarantine in place until 20 november 1962 3 4 the blockade was formally ended on 20 november after all offensive missiles and bombers had been withdrawn from cuba the evident necessity of a quick and direct communication line between the two powers resulted in the moscow washington hotline a series of agreements later reduced us soviet tensions for several years the compromise embarrassed khrushchev and the soviet union because the withdrawal of us missiles from italy and turkey was a secret deal between kennedy and khrushchev and the soviets were seen as retreating from a situation that they had started khrushchev s fall from power two years later was in part because of the soviet politburo s embarrassment at both khrushchev s eventual concessions to the us and his ineptitude in precipitating the crisis according to the soviet ambassador to the united states anatoly dobrynin the top soviet leadership took the cuban outcome as a blow to its prestige bordering on humiliation 5 6 background cuba soviet relations main article escalante affair in late 1961 fidel castro asked for more sa 2 anti aircraft missiles from the soviet union the request was not acted upon by the soviet leadership in the interval castro began criticizing the soviets for lack of revolutionary boldness and began talking to china about agreements for economic assistance in march 1962 castro ordered the ousting of anibal escalante and his pro moscow comrades from cuba s integrated revolutionary organizations this affair alarmed the soviet leadership and raised fears of a possible us invasion as a result the soviet union sent more sa 2 anti aircraft missiles in april as well as a regiment of regular soviet troops 7 historian timothy naftali writes that escalante s dismissal was a motivating factor behind the soviet decision to place nuclear missiles in cuba in 1962 according to naftali soviet foreign policy planners were concerned that castro s break with escalante foreshadowed a cuban drift toward china and they sought to solidify the soviet cuban relationship through the missile basing program 8 cuba us relations further information operation 40 bay of pigs invasion and operation mongoose an image of the kennedy administration s plans for the bay of pigs invasion the cuban government regarded us imperialism as the primary explanation for the island s structural weaknesses 9 the us government had provided weapons money and its authority to the military dictatorship of fulgencio batista that ruled cuba until 1958 the majority of the cuban population were tired of the severe socioeconomic problems associated with the us domination of the country the cuban government was thus aware of the necessity of ending the turmoil and incongruities of us dominated prerevolution cuban society it determined that the us government s demands part of their hostile reaction to cuban government policy were unacceptable 9 10 with the end of world war ii and the start of the cold war the us government sought to promote private enterprise as an instrument for advancing us strategic interests in the developing world 11 it had grown concerned about the expansion of communism in december 1959 under the eisenhower administration and less than twelve months after the cuban revolution the central intelligence agency cia developed a plan for paramilitary action against cuba the cia recruited operatives on the island to carry out terrorism and sabotage kill civilians and cause economic damage 16 at the initiative of the cia deputy director for plans richard bissell and approved by the new president john f kennedy the us launched the attempted bay of pigs invasion in april 1961 using cia trained forces of cuban expatriates the complete failure of the invasion and the exposure of the us government s role before the operation began was a source of diplomatic embarrassment for the kennedy administration former president eisenhower told kennedy that the failure of the bay of pigs will embolden the soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do 17 10 following the failed invasion the us massively escalated its sponsorship of terrorism against cuba starting in late 1961 using the military and the cia the us government engaged in an extensive campaign of terrorism against civilian and military targets on the island the terrorist attacks killed significant numbers of civilians the us armed trained funded and directed the terrorists most of whom were cuban expatriates terrorist attacks were planned at the direction and with the participation of us government employees and launched from us territory 23 the attacks would continue through 1965 24 in january 1962 us air force general edward lansdale described the plans to overthrow the cuban government in a top secret report addressed to kennedy and officials involved with operation mongoose 25 15 cia agents or pathfinders from the special activities division were to be infiltrated into cuba to carry out sabotage and organization including radio broadcasts 26 in february 1962 the us launched an embargo against cuba 27 and lansdale presented a 26 page top secret timetable for implementation of the overthrow of the cuban government mandating guerrilla operations to begin in august and september open revolt and overthrow of the communist regime was hoped by the planners to occur in the first two weeks of october 15 the terrorism campaign and the threat of invasion were crucial factors in the soviet decision to place nuclear missiles on cuba and in the cuban government s decision to accept 32 the us government was aware at the time as reported to the president in a national intelligence estimate that the invasion threat was a key reason for the increased soviet military presence 33 34 us soviet relations main article missile gap see also berlin crisis of 1961 john f kennedy 1917 1963 and nikita khrushchev 1894 1971 in vienna austria in may 1961 when kennedy ran for president in 1960 one of his key election issues was an alleged missile gap with the soviets in fact the us at that time was ahead of the soviets and by an increasingly wide margin in 1961 the soviets had four r 7 semyorka intercontinental ballistic missiles icbms by october 1962 some intelligence estimates indicated a figure of 75 35 the us had 170 icbms and was quickly building more it also had eight george washington and ethan allen class ballistic missile submarines with the capability to launch 16 polaris missiles each with a range of 2 500 nautical miles 4 600 km the soviet first secretary nikita khrushchev increased the perception of a missile gap when he boasted to the world that the soviets were building missiles like sausages but soviet missile numbers and capabilities were nowhere close to his assertions the soviet union had medium range ballistic missiles in quantity about 700 but they were unreliable and inaccurate the us had a considerable advantage in total number of nuclear warheads 27 000 against 3 600 and in the technology required for accurate delivery the us also led in missile defensive capabilities naval and air power the soviets had a two to one advantage in conventional ground forces particularly in field guns and tanks in the european theatre 35 khrushchev also thought kennedy was weak this impression was confirmed by the president s response during the berlin crisis of 1961 particularly to the building of the berlin wall by east germany to prevent its citizens from emigrating to the west 36 the half hearted nature of the bay of pigs invasion reinforced his impression that kennedy was indecisive and as one soviet aide wrote too young intellectual not prepared well for decision making in crisis situations too intelligent and too weak 17 speaking to soviet officials in the aftermath of the crisis khrushchev said i know for certain that kennedy doesn t have a strong background nor generally speaking does he have the courage to stand up to a serious challenge he told his son sergei that on cuba kennedy would make a fuss make more of a fuss and then agree 37 prelude conception in may 1962 soviet first secretary nikita khrushchev decided to counter the growing lead of the us in developing and deploying strategic missiles by placing soviet intermediate range nuclear missiles in cuba despite the misgivings of the soviet ambassador in havana alexandr ivanovich alexeyev who argued that castro would not accept them 38 khrushchev faced a strategic situation in which the us was perceived to have a splendid first strike capability that put the soviet union at a disadvantage in 1962 the soviets had only 20 icbms capable of delivering nuclear warheads to the us from inside the soviet union 39 their poor accuracy and reliability raised serious doubts about their effectiveness a newer more reliable generation of soviet icbms only became operational after 1965 39 soviet nuclear capability in 1962 placed less emphasis on icbms than on medium and intermediate range ballistic missiles mrbms and irbms which could strike american allies and most of alaska from soviet territory but not the contiguous united states as graham allison the director of harvard university s belfer center for science and international affairs pointed out the soviet union could not right the nuclear imbalance by deploying new icbms on its own soil in order to meet the threat it faced in 1962 1963 and 1964 it had very few options moving existing nuclear weapons to locations from which they could reach american targets was one 40 a second reason that soviet missiles were deployed to cuba was that khrushchev wanted to bring west berlin which was controlled by the american british and french within communist east germany into the soviet orbit the east germans and soviets considered western control over a portion of berlin to be a threat to east germany khrushchev made west berlin the central battlefield of the cold war he believed that if the us did nothing over the deployments of missiles in cuba he could force the west out of berlin by using the missiles as a deterrent to western countermeasures in berlin if the us tried to bargain with the soviets after it became aware of them khrushchev could demand a trade of the missiles for west berlin since berlin was strategically more important than cuba the trade would be a win for khrushchev as kennedy recognized the advantage is from khrushchev s point of view he takes a great chance but there are quite some rewards to it 41 thirdly it seemed from the perspective both of the soviet union and of cuba that the united states wanted to invade cuba or increase its presence there in view of actions which included an attempt to expel cuba from the organization of american states 42 a campaign of violent terrorist attacks on civilians which the us was carrying out on cuba 23 economic sanctions against the country and an earlier attempt to invade the island cuban officials understood that america was trying to overrun their country the ussr would respond by placing missiles on cuba which would secure the country against attack and keep it in the socialist bloc 30 fifteen us built pgm 19 jupiter missiles with the capability to strike moscow with nuclear warheads were deployed in turkey in 1961 american missiles could have been launched from turkey to attack the ussr before the soviets had a chance to react placing nuclear missiles on cuba would have created a balance of mutual assured destruction if the united states launched a nuclear strike against the soviet union the soviets would have been able to react by launching a retaliatory nuclear strike against the us 43 placing nuclear missiles on cuba was also a way for the ussr to show support for cuba and the cuban people who viewed the united states as a threat 42 the ussr had become cuba s ally after the cuban revolution of 1959 according to khrushchev the soviet union s motives were aimed at allowing cuba to live peacefully and develop as its people desire 44 arthur m schlesinger jr a historian and adviser to kennedy told national public radio in an interview on 16 october 2002 that castro did not want the missiles but khrushchev pressured him to accept them castro was not completely happy with the idea but the cuban national directorate of the revolution accepted them both to protect cuba against us attack and to aid the soviet union 45 272 soviet military deployments the relative ranges of the il 28 ss 4 and ss 5 based on cuba in nautical miles nm in early 1962 a group of soviet military and missile construction specialists accompanied an agricultural delegation to havana and met cuban prime minister fidel castro according to one report the cuban leadership expected that the us would invade cuba again and enthusiastically approved the idea of installing nuclear missiles on cuba according to another source castro objected to being made to look like a soviet puppet but was persuaded that missiles in cuba would be an irritant to the us and would help the interests of the entire socialist camp 46 the deployment would include short range tactical weapons with a range of 40 km usable only against naval vessels that would provide a nuclear umbrella for attacks upon the island by may khrushchev and castro agreed to place strategic nuclear missiles secretly in cuba like castro khrushchev felt that a us invasion of cuba was imminent and that to lose cuba would do great harm to the communists especially in latin america he said he wanted to confront the americans with more than words the logical answer was missiles 47 the ...
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