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o in what is now southeast alaska became the capital of russian america it remained the capital after the colony was transferred to the united states the russians never fully colonized alaska and the colony was never very profitable evidence of russian settlement in names and churches survives throughout southeastern alaska 18 signing of the alaska treaty 1867 in 1867 william h seward the united states secretary of state under president andrew johnson negotiated the alaska purchase referred to pejoratively as seward s folly with the russians for 7 2 million 19 russian emperor alexander ii also planned the sale 20 the purchase was made on march 30 1867 six months later the commissioners arrived in sitka and the formal transfer was arranged the flag raising took place at fort sitka on october 18 1867 in the ceremony 250 uniformed u s soldiers marched to the governor s house at castle hill where the russian troops lowered the russian flag and the u s flag was raised this event is celebrated as alaska day a legal holiday on october 18 alaska was loosely governed by the military initially and was administered as a district starting in 1884 with a governor appointed by the united states president a federal district court was headquartered in sitka for most of alaska s first decade under the united states flag sitka was the only community inhabited by american settlers they organized a provisional city government which was alaska s first municipal government but not in a legal sense 21 legislation allowing alaskan communities to legally incorporate as cities arrived in 1900 and home rule for cities was extremely limited or unavailable until statehood took effect in 1959 u s territorial incorporation main articles organic act list of organic acts and territory of alaska starting in the 1890s and stretching in some places to the early 1910s gold rushes in alaska and the nearby yukon territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to alaska from 1879 to 1920 alaska produced a cumulative total of over 460 000 000 equivalent to 7 392 857 143 in 2025 of mineral production 22 in 1912 alaska was incorporated as an organized territory alaska s capital which had been in sitka until 1906 was moved north to juneau construction of the alaska governor s mansion began that same year european immigrants from norway and sweden also settled in southeast alaska where they entered the fishing and logging industries u s troops navigate snow and ice during the battle of attu in may 1943 during world war ii the aleutian islands campaign focused on attu agattu and kiska all of which were occupied by the empire of japan b during the japanese occupation an american civilian and two united states navy personnel were killed at attu and kiska respectively and almost 50 aleut civilians and eight sailors were interned in japan about half of the aleuts died during the period of internment 23 unalaska dutch harbor and adak became significant bases for the united states army united states army air forces and united states navy the united states lend lease program involved flying american warplanes through canada to fairbanks and then nome soviet pilots took possession of these aircraft ferrying them to fight the german invasion of the soviet union the construction of military bases contributed to the population growth of some alaskan cities statehood see also alaska statehood act admission to the union and list of u s states by date of admission to the union bob bartlett and ernest gruening alaska s inaugural u s senators hold the 49 star u s flag after the admission of alaska as the 49th state statehood for alaska was an important cause of james wickersham early in his tenure as a congressional delegate 24 decades later the statehood movement gained its first real momentum following a territorial referendum in 1946 the alaska statehood committee and alaska s constitutional convention soon followed statehood supporters also found themselves fighting major battles against political foes mostly in the u s congress but also within alaska statehood was approved by the u s congress on july 7 1958 alaska was officially proclaimed a state on january 3 1959 25 good friday earthquake main article 1964 alaska earthquake on march 27 1964 the good friday earthquake killed 133 people and destroyed several villages and portions of large coastal communities mainly by the resultant tsunamis and landslides it was the fourth most powerful earthquake in recorded history with a moment magnitude of 9 2 more than a thousand times as powerful as the 1989 san francisco earthquake 26 the time of day 5 36 pm time of year spring and location of the epicenter were all cited as factors in potentially sparing thousands of lives particularly in anchorage the good friday earthquake lasted 4 minutes and 38 seconds six hundred miles 970 km of fault ruptured at once and moved up to 60 ft 18 m releasing about 500 years of stress buildup soil liquefaction fissures landslides and other ground failures caused major structural damage in several communities and much damage to property anchorage sustained great destruction or damage to many inadequately earthquake engineered houses buildings and infrastructure paved streets sidewalks water and sewer mains electrical systems and other human made equipment particularly in the several landslide zones along knik arm two hundred miles 320 km southwest some areas near kodiak were permanently raised by 30 feet 9 m southeast of anchorage areas around the head of turnagain arm near girdwood and portage dropped as much as 8 feet 2 4 m requiring reconstruction and fill to raise the seward highway above the new high tide mark 27 in prince william sound port valdez suffered a massive underwater landslide resulting in the deaths of 32 people between the collapse of the valdez city harbor and docks and inside the ship that was docked there at the time nearby a 27 foot 8 2 m tsunami destroyed the village of chenega killing 23 of the 68 people who lived there survivors out ran the wave climbing to high ground post quake tsunamis severely affected whittier seward kodiak and other alaskan communities as well as people and property in british columbia washington oregon and california 28 tsunamis also caused damage in hawaii and japan evidence of motion directly related to the earthquake was also reported from florida and texas alaska had never experienced a major disaster in a highly populated area before and had very limited resources for dealing with the effects of such an event in anchorage at the urging of geologist lidia selkregg the city of anchorage and the alaska state housing authority appointed a team of 40 scientists including geologists soil scientists and engineers to assess the damage done by the earthquake to the city 29 the team called the engineering and geological evaluation group was headed by ruth a m schmidt a geology professor at the university of alaska anchorage the team of scientists came into conflict with local developers and downtown business owners who wanted to immediately rebuild the scientists wanted to identify future dangers to ensure that the rebuilt infrastructure would be safe 30 the team produced a report on may 8 1964 just a little more than a month after the earthquake 29 31 the united states military which has a large active presence in alaska also stepped in to assist within moments of the end of the quake the u s army rapidly re established communications with the lower 48 states deployed troops to assist the citizens of anchorage and dispatched a convoy to valdez 32 on the advice of military and civilian leaders president lyndon b johnson declared all of alaska a major disaster area the day after the quake the u s navy and u s coast guard deployed ships to isolated coastal communities to assist with immediate needs bad weather and poor visibility hampered air rescue and observation efforts the day after the quake but on sunday the 29th the situation improved and rescue helicopters and observation aircraft were deployed 32 a military airlift immediately began shipping relief supplies to alaska eventually delivering 2 570 000 pounds 1 170 000 kg of food and other supplies 33 broadcast journalist genie chance assisted in recovery and relief efforts staying on the keni air waves over anchorage for more than 24 continuous hours as the voice of calm from her temporary post within the anchorage public safety building 34 she was effectively designated as the public safety officer by the city s police chief 34 chance provided breaking news of the catastrophic events that continued to develop following the magnitude 9 2 earthquake and she served as the voice of the public safety office coordinating response efforts connecting available resources to needs around the community disseminating information about shelters and prepared food rations passing messages of well being between loved ones and helping to reunite families 35 in the longer term the u s army corps of engineers led the effort to rebuild roads clear debris and establish new townsites for communities that had been completely destroyed at a cost of 110 million 33 the west coast and alaska tsunami warning center was formed as a direct response to the disaster federal disaster relief funds paid for reconstruction as well as financially supporting the devastated infrastructure of alaska s government spending hundreds of millions of dollars that helped keep alaska financially solvent until the discovery of massive oil deposits at prudhoe bay at the order of the u s defense department the alaska national guard founded the alaska division of emergency services to respond to any future disasters 32 oil boom the 1968 discovery of oil at prudhoe bay and the 1977 completion of the trans alaska pipeline system led to an oil boom royalty revenues from oil have funded large state budgets from 1980 onward oil pooled on rocks on the shore of prince william sound after the 1989 exxon valdez oil spill oil production was not the only economic value of alaska s land in the second half of the 20th century alaska discovered tourism as an important source of revenue tourism became popular after world war ii when military personnel stationed in the region returned home praising its natural splendor the alcan highway built during the war and the alaska marine highway system completed in 1963 made the state more accessible than before tourism has become increasingly important in alaska and today more than 1 4 million people visit the state each year 36 with tourism more vital to the economy environmentalism rose in importance the alaska national interest lands conservation act anilca of 1980 added 53 7 million acres 217 000 km 2 to the national wildlife refuge system parts of 25 rivers to the national wild and scenic rivers system 3 3 million acres 13 000 km 2 to national forest lands and 43 6 million acres 176 000 km 2 to national park land because of the act alaska now contains two thirds of all american national parklands today more than half of alaskan land is owned by the federal government 37 in 1989 the exxon valdez hit a reef in the prince william sound spilling more than 11 million gallons 42 megalitres of crude oil over 1 100 miles 1 800 km of coastline today the battle between philosophies of development and conservation is seen in the contentious debate over oil drilling in the arctic national wildlife refuge and the proposed pebble mine 38 geography main article geography of alaska alaska municipalities located at the northwest corner of north america very near to asia alaska is the northernmost and westernmost state in the united states but also has the most easterly longitude in the united states because the aleutian islands extend into the eastern hemisphere 39 alaska is the only non contiguous u s state on continental north america about 500 miles 800 km of canadian territory consisting of british columbia in canada separates alaska from washington it is technically part of the continental u s but is not usually included in the colloquial use of the term alaska is not part of the contiguous u s often called the lower 48 the capital city juneau is situated on the mainland of the north american continent but is not connected by road to the rest of the north american highway system the largest lake in alaska is lake illiamna alaska is bordered by canada s yukon and british columbia to the east making it the only state to border only a canadian territory the gulf of alaska and the pacific ocean to the south and southwest the bering sea bering strait and chukchi sea to the west and the arctic ocean to the north alaska s territorial waters touch russia s territorial waters in the bering strait as the russian big diomede island and alaskan little diomede island are only 3 miles 4 8 km apart alaska has a longer coastline than all the other u s states combined 40 alaska s size compared with the contiguous states albers equal area conic projection at 663 268 square miles 1 717 856 km 2 in total area alaska is by far the largest state in the united states alaska is more than twice the size of the second largest u s state texas and it is larger than the next three largest states texas california and montana combined alaska is the seventh largest subnational division in the world if it was an independent nation it would be the 18th largest country in the world almost the same size as iran 41 with its myriad islands alaska has nearly 34 000 miles 55 000 km of tidal shoreline the aleutian islands chain extends west from the southern tip of the alaska peninsula many active volcanoes are found in the aleutians and in coastal regions unimak island for example is home to mount shishaldin which is an occasionally smoldering volcano that rises to 10 000 feet 3 000 m above the north pacific the chain of volcanoes extends to mount spurr west of anchorage on the mainland geologists have identified alaska as part of wrangellia a large region consisting of multiple states and canadian provinces in the pacific northwest which is actively undergoing continent building 42 one of the world s largest tides occurs in turnagain arm just south of anchorage where tidal differences can be more than 35 feet 10 7 m 43 alaska has more than 409 000 natural lakes at least one hectare or bigger 44 marshlands and wetland permafrost cover 188 320 square miles 487 700 km 2 mostly in northern western and southwest flatlands glacier ice covers about 28 957 square miles 75 000 km 2 of alaska 45 the bering glacier is the largest glacier in north america covering 2 008 square miles 5 200 km 2 alone 46 regions southcentral main article southcentral alaska the most populous region of alaska contains anchorage the matanuska susitna valley and the kenai peninsula rural mostly unpopulated areas south of the alaska range and west of the wrangell mountains also fall within the definition of south central as do the prince william ...