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les see also louis xiv style louis supported the royal court of france and those who worked under him he brought the académie française under his patronage and became its protector he promoted classical french literature by protecting such writers as molière racine and la fontaine louis also patronised the visual arts by funding and commissioning artists such as charles le brun pierre mignard antoine coysevox and hyacinthe rigaud composers and musicians such as jean baptiste lully jacques champion de chambonnières and françois couperin thrived in 1661 louis founded the académie royale de danse and in 1669 the académie d opéra important events in the evolution of ballet he also attracted supported and patronized such artists as andré charles boulle who revolutionised marquetry with his art of inlay today known as boulle work always on the lookout for new talent the king launched music competitions in 1683 michel richard de lalande thus became deputy master of the royal chapel composing his symphonies for the soupers du roy along with 77 large scale grand motets citation needed over the course of four building campaigns louis converted a hunting lodge commissioned by louis xiii into the spectacular palace of versailles except for the current royal chapel built near the end of his reign the palace achieved much of its current appearance after the third building campaign which was followed by an official move of the royal court to versailles on 6 may 1682 versailles became a dazzling awe inspiring setting for state affairs and the reception of foreign dignitaries at versailles the king alone commanded attention bust of louis xiv by gianlorenzo bernini several reasons have been suggested for the creation of the extravagant and stately palace as well as the relocation of the monarchy s seat the memoirist saint simon speculated that louis viewed versailles as an isolated power centre where treasonous cabals could be more readily discovered and foiled 59 there has also been speculation that the revolt of the fronde caused louis to hate paris which he abandoned for a country retreat but his sponsorship of many public works in paris such as the establishment of a police force and of street lighting 108 lend little credence to this theory as a further example of his continued care for the capital louis constructed the hôtel des invalides a military complex and home to this day for officers and soldiers rendered infirm either by injury or old age while pharmacology was still quite rudimentary in his day the invalides pioneered new treatments and set new standards for hospice treatment the conclusion of the treaty of aix la chapelle in 1668 also induced louis to demolish paris s northern walls in 1670 and replace them with wide tree lined boulevards 109 louis renovated and improved the louvre and other royal residences gian lorenzo bernini was originally to plan additions to the louvre however his plans would have meant the destruction of much of the existing structure replacing it with an italian summer villa in the centre of paris bernini s plans were eventually shelved in favour of the elegant louvre colonnade designed by three frenchmen louis le vau charles le brun and claude perrault with the relocation of the court to versailles the louvre was given over to the arts and the public 110 during his visit from rome bernini also executed a renowned portrait bust of the king image and depiction bronze bust of louis xiv circa 1660 by an unknown artist from paris france the victoria and albert museum london few rulers in world history have commemorated themselves in as grand a manner as louis 111 he cultivated his image as the sun king le roi soleil the centre of the universe without equal louis used court ritual and the arts to validate and augment his control over france with his support colbert established from the beginning of louis s personal reign a centralised and institutionalised system for creating and perpetuating the royal image the king was thus portrayed largely in majesty or at war notably against spain this portrayal of the monarch was to be found in numerous media of artistic expression such as painting sculpture theatre dance music and the almanacs that diffused royal propaganda to the population at large evolution of royal portraiture le roi gouverne par lui même modello for the central panel of the ceiling of the hall of mirrors c 1680 by le brun 1619 1690 over his lifetime louis commissioned numerous works of art including over 300 formal portraits the earliest portrayals of louis already followed the pictorial conventions of the day in depicting the child king as the majestically royal incarnation of france this idealisation of the monarch continued in later works which avoided depictions of the effect of smallpox that louis contracted in 1647 in the 1660s louis began to be shown as a roman emperor the god apollo or alexander the great as can be seen in many works of charles le brun such as sculpture paintings and the decor of major monuments citation needed grandiose images of the king in allegorical or mythological guises followed conventions of historiated portraiture that had been common since the renaissance 112 there is no better illustration of this than hyacinthe rigaud s 1701 portrait of louis xiv where a 63 year old louis appears to stand on a set of unnaturally young legs 113 rigaud s portrait exemplified the height of royal portraiture during louis s reign although rigaud crafted a credible likeness of louis the portrait was neither meant as an exercise in realism nor to explore louis s character certainly rigaud was concerned with detail and depicted the king s costume with great precision down to his shoe buckle 114 however rigaud intended to glorify the monarchy rigaud s original now housed in the louvre was originally meant as a gift to louis s grandson philip v of spain however louis was so pleased with the work that he kept the original and commissioned a copy to be sent to his grandson that became the first of many copies both in full and half length formats to be made by rigaud often with the help of his assistants the portrait also became a model for french royal and imperial portraiture down to the time of charles x over a century later in his work rigaud proclaims louis s exalted royal status through his elegant stance and haughty expression the royal regalia and throne rich ceremonial fleur de lys robes as well as the upright column in the background which together with the draperies serves to frame this image of majesty other works of art in addition to portraits louis commissioned at least 20 statues of himself in the 1680s to stand in paris and provincial towns as physical manifestations of his rule he also commissioned war artists to follow him on campaigns to document his military triumphs to remind the people of these triumphs louis erected permanent triumphal arches in paris and the provinces for the first time since the decline of the roman empire louis s reign marked the birth and infancy of the art of medallions sixteenth century rulers had often issued medals in small numbers to commemorate the major events of their reigns louis however struck more than 300 to celebrate the story of the king in bronze that were enshrined in thousands of households throughout france he also used tapestries as a medium of exalting the monarchy tapestries could be allegorical depicting the elements or seasons or realist portraying royal residences or historical events they were among the most significant means to spread royal propaganda prior to the construction of the hall of mirrors at versailles 115 ballet louis xiv as apollo in the ballet royal de la nuit 1653 hall of mirrors palace of versailles louis loved ballet and frequently danced in court ballets during the early half of his reign in general louis was an eager dancer who performed 80 roles in 40 major ballets this approaches the career of a professional ballet dancer 116 his choices were strategic and varied he danced four parts in three of molière s comédies ballets which are plays accompanied by music and dance louis played an egyptian in le mariage forcé in 1664 a moorish gentleman in le sicilien in 1667 and both neptune and apollo in les amants magnifiques in 1670 he sometimes danced leading roles that were suitably royal or godlike such as neptune apollo or the sun 116 at other times he would adopt mundane roles before appearing at the end in the lead role it is considered that at all times he provided his roles with sufficient majesty and drew the limelight with his flair for dancing 116 for louis ballet may not have merely been a tool for manipulation in his propaganda machinery the sheer number of performances he gave as well as the diversity of roles he played may serve to indicate a deeper understanding and interest in the art form 116 117 ballet dancing was used by louis as a political tool to hold power over his state he integrated ballet deeply into court social functions and fixated his nobles attention on upholding standards in ballet dancing effectively distracting them from political activities 118 in 1661 the royal academy of dance was founded by louis to further his ambition pierre beauchamp his private dance instructor was ordered by louis to come up with a notation system to record ballet performances which he did with great success his work was adopted and published by feuillet in 1700 as choregraphie this major development in ballet played an important role in promoting french culture and ballet throughout europe during louis s time 119 louis greatly emphasized etiquettes in ballet dancing evidently seen in la belle danse the french noble style more challenging skills were required to perform this dance with movements very much resembling court behaviours as a way to remind the nobles of the king s absolute power and their own status all the details and rules were compressed in five positions of the bodies codified by beauchamp 120 unofficial image besides the official depiction and image of louis his subjects also followed a non official discourse consisting mainly of clandestine publications popular songs and rumours that provided an alternative interpretation of louis and his government they often focused on the miseries arising from poor government but also carried the hope for a better future when louis escaped the malignant influence of his ministers and mistresses and took the government into his own hands on the other hand petitions addressed either directly to louis or to his ministers exploited the traditional imagery and language of monarchy these varying interpretations of louis abounded in self contradictions that reflected the people s amalgamation of their everyday experiences with the idea of monarchy 121 in fiction this article may contain irrelevant references to popular culture please help improve it by removing such content and adding citations to reliable independent sources august 2025 literature alexandre dumas portrayed louis in his two sequels to his 1844 novel the three musketeers first as a child in twenty years after 1845 then as a young man in the vicomte de bragelonne 1847 1850 in which he is a central character the final part of the latter novel recounts the legend that a mysterious prisoner in an iron mask was actually louis s twin brother and has spawned numerous film adaptations generally titled the man in the iron mask in 1910 the american historical novelist charles major wrote the little king a story of the childhood of king louis xiv louis is a major character in the 1959 historical novel angélique et le roy angélique and the king part of the angélique series the protagonist a strong willed lady at versailles rejects the king s advances and refuses to become his mistress a later book the 1961 angélique se révolte angélique in revolt details the dire consequences of her defying this powerful monarch a character based on louis plays an important role in the age of unreason a series of four alternate history novels written by american science fiction and fantasy author gregory keyes films the film the taking of power by louis xiv 1966 directed by roberto rossellini shows louis s rise to power after the death of cardinal mazarin the 1998 film the man in the iron mask directed by randall wallace stars leonardo dicaprio who portrays louis xiv as the primary antagonist of the film in which depicted louis as a king who showed no care for his people while living a lavish lifestyle and bankrupted his own country while taking in women as his personal mistresses the film le roi danse 2000 translated the king dances directed by gérard corbiau reveals louis through the eyes of jean baptiste lully his court musician julian sands portrayed louis in roland jaffe s vatel 2000 alan rickman directed co wrote and stars as louis xiv in the film a little chaos which centres on construction in the gardens of versaille at the time immediately before and after the death of queen maria theresa the 2016 film the death of louis xiv directed by albert serra is set during the last two weeks of louis xiv s life before dying of gangrene with the monarch played by jean pierre léaud television george blagden portrays louis xiv in the canal series versailles which aired for three seasons from 2015 musicals emmanuel moire portrayed louis xiv in the 2005 07 kamel ouali musical le roi soleil health and death louis xiv seated with his son louis grand dauphin to the left his grandson louis duke of burgundy to the right his great grandson louis duke of anjou and madame de ventadour anjou s governess who commissioned this painting busts of henry iv and louis xiii are in the background despite the image of a healthy and virile king that louis sought to project evidence exists to suggest that his health was not very good he had many ailments for example symptoms of diabetes as confirmed in reports of suppurating periostitis in 1678 dental abscesses in 1696 along with recurring boils fainting spells gout dizziness hot flushes and headaches from 1647 to 1711 the three chief physicians to the king antoine vallot antoine d aquin and guy crescent fagon recorded all of his health problems in the journal de santé du roi journal of the king s health a daily report of his health on 18 november 1686 louis underwent a painful operation for an anal fistula that was performed by the surgeon charles françois félix de tassy who prepared a specially shaped curved scalpel for the occasion the wound took more than two months to heal 122 the death of louis xiv at the palace of versailles thomas jones barker 1835 1840 louis died of gangrene at versailles on 1 september 1715 four days before his 77th birthday after 72 years on the throne enduring much pain in his last days he finally yielded up his soul without any effort like a candle going out while reciting the psalm deus in adjutorium me festina o lord make haste to help me 123 h...
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