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s and aspects starting with air quality to temperature and weather patterns reaching out to food security and disease burden 140 according to computer generated climate modelling produced by the south african national biodiversity institute 141 parts of southern africa will see an increase in temperature by about 1 c 1 8 f along the coast to more than 4 c 7 2 f in the already hot hinterland such as the northern cape in late spring and summertime by 2050 the cape floral region is predicted to be hit very hard by climate change drought increased intensity and frequency of fire and climbing temperatures are expected to push many rare species towards extinction south africa has published two national climate change reports in 2011 and 2016 142 south africa contributes considerable carbon dioxide emissions being the 14th largest emitter of carbon dioxide 143 primarily from its heavy reliance on coal and oil for energy production 143 as part of its international commitments south africa has pledged to peak emissions between 2020 and 2025 143 biodiversity main article biodiversity of south africa see also wildlife of south africa protected areas of south africa and marine biodiversity of south africa the national animal of south africa is the springbok south africa signed the rio convention on biological diversity on 4 june 1994 and became a party to the convention on 2 november 1995 144 it has subsequently produced a national biodiversity strategy and action plan which was received by the convention on 7 june 2006 145 the country is ranked sixth out of the world s seventeen megadiverse countries 146 ecotourism in south africa has become more prevalent in recent years as a possible method of maintaining and improving biodiversity numerous mammals are found in the bushveld including lions african leopards south african cheetahs southern white rhinos blue wildebeest kudus impalas hyenas hippopotamuses and south african giraffes a significant extent of the bushveld exists in the north east including kruger national park and the sabi sand game reserve as well as in the far north in the waterberg biosphere south africa houses many endemic species among them the critically endangered riverine rabbit bunolagus monticullaris in the karoo up to 1945 more than 4 900 species of fungi including lichen forming species had been recorded 147 in 2006 the number of fungi in south africa was estimated at 200 000 species but did not take into account fungi associated with insects 148 if correct then the number of south african fungi dwarfs that of its plants in at least some major south african ecosystems an exceptionally high percentage of fungi are highly specific in terms of the plants with which they occur 149 the country s biodiversity strategy and action plan does not mention fungi including lichen forming fungi 145 with more than 22 000 different vascular plants or about 9 of all the known species of plants on earth 150 south africa is particularly rich in plant diversity the most prevalent biome is the grassland particularly on the highveld where the plant cover is dominated by different grasses low shrubs and acacia mainly camel thorn vachellia erioloba vegetation is sparse towards the north west because of low rainfall there are numerous species of water storing succulents like aloes and euphorbias in the very hot and dry namaqualand area and according to the world wildlife fund south africa is home to around a third of all succulent species 151 the grass and thorn savanna turns slowly into a bush savanna towards the north east of the country with denser growth there are significant numbers of baobab trees in this area near the northern end of kruger national park 152 the fynbos biome which makes up the majority of the area and plant life in the cape floristic region is located in a small region of the western cape and contains more than 9 000 of those species or three times more plant species than found in the amazon rainforest 153 making it among the richest regions on earth in terms of plant diversity most of the plants are evergreen hard leaf plants with fine needle like leaves such as the sclerophyllous plants another uniquely south african flowering plant group is the genus protea with around 130 different species while south africa has a great wealth of flowering plants only 1 of the land is forest almost exclusively in the humid coastal plain of kwazulu natal where there are also areas of southern africa mangroves in river mouths even smaller reserves of forests are out of the reach of fire known as montane forests plantations of imported tree species are predominant particularly the non native eucalyptus and pine south africa has lost a large area of natural habitat in the last four decades primarily because of overpopulation sprawling development patterns and deforestation during the 19th century the country had a 2019 forest landscape integrity index mean score of 4 94 10 ranking it 112th globally out of 172 countries 154 south africa is one of the worst affected countries in the world when it comes to invasion by alien species with many e g black wattle port jackson willow hakea lantana and jacaranda posing a significant threat to the native biodiversity and the already scarce water resources also woody plant encroachment of native plants in grasslands poses a threat to biodiversity and related ecosystem services affecting over 7 million hectares 155 the original temperate forest found by the first european settlers was exploited until only small patches remained currently south african hardwood trees like real yellowwood podocarpus latifolius stinkwood ocotea bullata and south african black ironwood olea capensis are under strict government protection statistics from the department of environmental affairs show a record 1 215 rhinos were killed in 2014 156 since south africa is home to a third of all succulent species many endemic to the karoo it makes it a hotspot for plant poaching leading to many species to be threatened with extinction 151 government and politics main articles government of south africa politics of south africa elections in south africa and law of south africa see also human rights in south africa and lgbt rights in south africa cyril ramaphosa president paul mashatile deputy president union buildings in pretoria seat of the executive houses of parliament in cape town seat of the legislature constitutional court in johannesburg south africa is a parliamentary republic but unlike most such republics the president is both head of state and head of government and depends for their tenure on the confidence of parliament the executive legislature and judiciary are all subject to the supremacy of the constitution of south africa and the superior courts have the power to strike down executive actions and acts of parliament if they are unconstitutional the national assembly the lower house of parliament consists of 400 members and is elected every five years by a system of party list proportional representation the national council of provinces the upper house consists of ninety members with each of the nine provincial legislatures electing ten members after each parliamentary election the national assembly elects one of its members as president hence the president serves a term of office the same as that of the assembly normally five years no president may serve more than two terms in office 157 the president appoints a deputy president and ministers each representing a department who form the cabinet the national assembly may remove the president and the cabinet by a motion of no confidence in the most recent election held on 29 may 2024 the anc lost its majority for the first time since the end of apartheid 158 winning only 40 of the vote and 159 seats while the main opposition the democratic alliance da won 22 of the vote and 87 seats umkhonto wesizwe a new party founded by former president and anc leader jacob zuma won 14 6 of the vote and 58 seats while the economic freedom fighters founded by julius malema former president of the anc youth league who was later expelled from the anc won 9 5 of the vote and 39 seats after the election the anc formed a government of national unity with the da and several smaller parties 159 south africa has no legally defined capital city the fourth chapter of the constitution states the seat of parliament is cape town but an act of parliament enacted in accordance with section 76 1 and 5 may determine that the seat of parliament is elsewhere 160 the country s three branches of government are split over different cities cape town as the seat of parliament is the legislative capital pretoria as the seat of the president and cabinet is the administrative capital and bloemfontein is the seat of the supreme court of appeal and is regarded as the judicial capital 20 although the highest court the constitutional court of south africa has been based in johannesburg since 1994 most foreign embassies are located in pretoria since 2004 south africa has had many thousands of popular protests 161 some violent making it according to one academic the most protest rich country in the world 162 there have been numerous incidents of political repression as well as threats of future repression in violation of the constitution leading some analysts and civil society organisations to conclude that there is or could be a new climate of political repression 163 164 in 2022 south africa was placed sixth out of 48 sub saharan african countries on the ibrahim index of african governance south africa scored well in the categories of rule of law transparency corruption participation and human rights but scored low in safety and security 165 in 2006 south africa became one of the first jurisdictions in the world to legalise same sex marriage 166 167 the constitution of south africa is the supreme rule of law in the country the primary sources of south african law are roman dutch mercantile law and personal law and english common law as imports of dutch settlements and british colonialism 168 the first european based law in south africa was brought by the dutch east india company and is called roman dutch law it was imported before the codification of european law into the napoleonic code and is comparable in many ways to scots law this was followed in the 19th century by english law both common and statutory after unification in 1910 south africa had its own parliament which passed laws specific for south africa building on those previously passed for the individual member colonies the judicial system consists of the magistrates courts which hear lesser criminal cases and smaller civil cases the high court which has divisions that serve as the courts of general jurisdiction for specific areas the supreme court of appeal and the constitutional court which is the highest court administrative divisions main articles administrative divisions of south africa and provinces of south africa provinces of south africa each of the nine provinces is governed by a unicameral legislature which is elected every five years by party list proportional representation the legislature elects a premier as head of government and the premier appoints an executive council as a provincial cabinet the powers of provincial governments are limited to topics listed in the constitution these topics include such fields as health education public housing and transport the provinces are in turn divided into 52 districts eight metropolitan and 44 district municipalities the district municipalities are further subdivided into 205 local municipalities the metropolitan municipalities which govern the largest urban agglomerations perform the functions of both district and local municipalities province provincial capital largest city area km 2 169 population 2022 8 eastern cape bhisho gqeberha 168 966 7 230 204 free state bloemfontein bloemfontein 129 825 2 964 412 gauteng johannesburg johannesburg 18 178 15 099 422 kwazulu natal pietermaritzburg durban 94 361 12 423 907 limpopo polokwane polokwane 125 754 6 572 720 mpumalanga nelspruit nelspruit 76 495 5 143 324 north west mahikeng klerksdorp 104 882 3 804 548 northern cape kimberley kimberley 372 889 1 355 946 western cape cape town cape town 129 462 7 433 019 foreign relations main article foreign relations of south africa ramaphosa and other brics leaders during the 15th brics summit in johannesburg august 2023 as the union of south africa the country is a founding member of the united nations un with prime minister jan smuts writing the preamble to the un charter 170 171 south africa is one of the founding members of the african union au and has the largest economy of all the members it is a founding member of the au s new partnership for africa s development after apartheid ended south africa was readmitted to the commonwealth of nations the country is a member of the group of 77 and chaired the organisation in 2006 south africa is also a member of the southern african development community south atlantic peace and cooperation zone southern african customs union antarctic treaty system world trade organization international monetary fund g20 g8 5 and the port management association of eastern and southern africa south africa has played a key role as a mediator in african conflicts over the last decade such as in burundi the democratic republic of the congo comoros mozambique and zimbabwe 172 president jacob zuma and chinese president hu jintao upgraded bilateral ties between the two countries in 2010 when they signed the beijing agreement which elevated south africa s earlier strategic partnership with china to the higher level of comprehensive strategic partnership in both economic and political affairs including the strengthening of exchanges between their respective ruling parties and legislatures 173 174 in 2011 south africa joined the brazil russia india china brics grouping of countries identified by zuma as the country s largest trading partners and also the largest trading partners with africa as a whole zuma asserted that brics member countries would also work with each other through the un g20 and the india brazil south africa ibsa forum 175 military main article south african national defence force further information defence industry of south africa and south africa and weapons of mass destruction south african army soldiers on manoeuvre with a locally developed denel rooivalk attack helicopter operated by the south african air force the south african national defence force sandf serves as the unified armed forces of south africa established in 1994 176 it was formed as a voluntary military through the integration of the former south african defence force sadf and several liberation movement forces 176 the sandf is organised into four branches the south african army the south african air force the south african navy and the south african military health service a...
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