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traius like ulpius while not especially common occurs with some frequency in northern italy notably at tuder and at the nearby municipality of ameria the probable origo of trajan s mother strengthening the possibility of close family ties with the region an italian pedigree for the gens ulpia seems certain his family had settled at italica santiponce in southern spain a few miles east of modern seville strictly speaking trajan was an hispaniensis an italian domiciled or born in spain as opposed to an hispanus canto 2003 page needed argued that the traii ancestors of trajan were his paternal family and indigenous iberian turdetani rather than italic settlers but this view departs from the prevailing view in academia however canto s theory is rejected by caballos rufino 2013 page needed some sources credit sura with building a bathhouse on rome s aventine hill and naming the bathhouse after himself others claim the bathhouse was named in his honour but built by trajan in either case the association of his name with a public building was a signal honour most public buildings in the capital were named after members of the imperial family 45 sura s baths were later enlarged by the third century emperor decius to emphasise his link to trajan 46 trajan was in fact quite active in egypt separate scenes of domitian and trajan making offerings to the gods appear on reliefs on the propylon of the temple of hathor at dendera there are cartouches of domitian and trajan on the column shafts of the temple of knum at esna and on the exterior a frieze text mentions domitian trajan and hadrian 139 in the absence of literary references however the positioning of the new legions is conjectural some scholars think that legio ii traiana fortis was originally stationed on the lower danube and participated in the second dacian war being only later deployed to the east 168 169 170 171 172 according to cassius dio the deal between trajan and abgaros was sealed by the king s son offering himself as trajan s paramour 240 various authors have discussed the existence of the province and its location maricq 1965 pp 103 111 identifies assyria with southern mesopotamia lightfoot 1990 pp 115 126 doubts the actual existence of the province bertinelli 1976 pp 3 45 page needed puts assyria between mesopotamia and adiabene lepper 1948 p 146 considers assyria and adiabene to be the same province the last two were made consuls latin suffecti for the year 117 a precise description of events in judea at the time being impossible due to the non historical character of the jewish rabbinic sources and the silence of the non jewish ones 270 he was already consul in absentia 273 modern gazipaşa in cilicia afterwards called trajanopolis dio states that trajan ruled nineteen years six months and fifteen days which gives 11 august 280 dio later states that hadrian ruled exactly twenty years and eleven month using inclusive counting as in the historia augusta this reign length is repeated in corrupted form by theophilus of antioch 281 and clement of alexandria 282 the historia augusta claims that hadrian learned of his adoption on 9 august and received the news of trajan s death on 11 august 283 dio is not reckoning to trajan s death but to hadrian s accession a travel from selinus to antioch would take at least two days so trajan probably died around 9 august this appears to be corroborated by the 10th century pseudo simeon who claims that trajan lived sixty eight years ten months and twenty two days which also gives 9 august the chronograph of 354 records his death as 9 july 284 citations edit cassius dio 1925 sec 3 4 cooley 2012 p 492 strobel 2010 p 14 strobel 2010 p 15 bennett 2001 pp xii xiii 63 pliny 1990 sherwin white 1962 hooper 1980 p 427 noreña 2007 p 251 bennett 2001 p xiii pir vlpivs 575 syme 1958 pp 30 44 1 2 appian 2005 book vii ch 38 roman italic migration in spain in the origins of the social war emilio gabba 1 2 3 syme 1964 p 144 bennett 1997 p 13 syme 1970 p 22 the greek historian cassius dio made the baseless assertion that trajan was an iberian 1 2 hammond mason trajan encyclopedia britannica retrieved 21 june 2019 bennett 1997 p 3 birley 2013 p 12 birley 1997 p 2726 the epitome has clearly used a source which gave the origo vetustior or ultima origo as did the ha for hadrian h 1 1 umbrian tuder as the original home of the ulpii and the traii surely derives from maximus s vita traiani aurelius victor 2018 ch 13 ulpius traianus ex urbe tudertina cil xi 4686 and cil xi 4725 syme 1958 app 81 p 786 chase 1897 pp 103 184 craven 2020 p 156 table xviii strobel 2010 p 40 goldsworthy adrian 2003 in the name of rome the men who won the roman empire london weidenfeld nicolson p 320 strobel 2010 p 41 jackson 2022 p 5 ch 1 1 2 syme 1964 p 145 jackson 2022 p 9 ch 1 bennett 2001 pp 22 23 garzetti 2014 p 378 bennett 2001 p 13 1 2 augustan history life of hadrian 2 5 6 pompei plotina britannica retrieved 26 january 2017 bennett 2001 p 43 jackson 2022 ch 4 1 2 bennett 2001 pp 45 46 alston 2014 p 261 könig alice 2007 knowledge and power in frontinus on aqueducts in könig jason whitmarsh tim eds ordering knowledge in the roman empire cambridge uk cambridge university press p 180 isbn 978 0 521 85969 1 grainger 2004 pp 91 109 veyne 1976 p 686 note 399 fagan garrett george 2002 bathing in public in the roman world ann arbor the university of michigan press pp 113 114 isbn 978 0 472 08865 2 dyson stephen l 2010 rome a living portrait of an ancient city ancient society and history baltimore johns hopkins university press p 338 isbn 978 0 8018 9253 0 cizek eugene 1996 tacite face à trajan ítaca quaderns catalans de cultura clàssica in catalan 9 10 11 127 128 issn 2013 9519 levick barbara 2014 faustina i and ii imperial women of the golden age women in antiquity new york oxford university press p 42 isbn 978 0 19 537941 9 heichelheim fritz m veo cedric ward allen 1984 the history of the roman people 2nd ed new jersey prentice hall pp 353 354 isbn 0 13 392118 2 feriale duranum 1 14 15 v k al endas feb rarias ob imperium divi traiani jackson 2022 ch 5 grainger 2004 p 111 bennett 2001 p 52 alston 2014 p 262 peter v jones keith c sidwell eds 1997 the world of rome an introduction to roman culture cambridge cambridge university press p 254 isbn 0 521 38421 4 alston 2014 pp 200 206 jones 2002 p 178 serghidou anastasia ed 2007 fear of slaves fear of enslavement in the ancient mediterranean institut des sciences et techniques de l antiquité besançon presses universitaires de franche comté p 314 isbn 978 2 84867 169 7 rees 2012 p 198 wilkinson sam 2012 republicanism during the early roman empire london continuum p 131 isbn 978 1 4411 3793 7 rees 2012 p 121 veyne 2005 p 402 letters iii 20 12 veyne 2005 p 38 footnote kuiper kathleen ed 2010 ancient rome from romulus and remus to the visigoth invasion new york rosen publishing group p 128 isbn 978 1 61530 207 9 gsell stéphane 1887 étude sur le rôle politique du sénat romain à l époque de trajan mélanges de l école française de rome in french 7 1 339 382 doi 10 3406 mefr 1887 6514 veyne 2005 p 37 noreña 2009 p 277 rees 2012 p 137 noreña 2009 p 273 henderson bernard w 1927 five roman emperors cambridge cambridge university press via internet archive lepper 1948 salmon edward togo 2004 a history of the roman world from 30 bc to ad 138 hoboken taylor and francis p 274 isbn 978 0 415 04504 9 forbis elizabeth 1996 municipal virtues in the roman empire the evidence of italian honorary inscriptions beiträge zur altertumskunde stuttgart teubner pp 23 24 isbn 978 3 519 07628 5 1 2 hekster et al 2022 fuhrmann christopher j 2012 policing the roman empire soldiers administration and public order oxford new york oxford university press p 175 isbn 978 0 19 973784 0 veyne 2005 p 241 rice joshua 2013 paul and patronage the dynamics of power in 1 corinthians eugene pickwick publ p 84 sqq isbn 978 1 62032 557 5 swain simon 2002 dio chrysostom politics letters and philosophy oxford oxford university press p 90 isbn 978 0 19 925521 4 too yun lee livingstone niall eds 1998 pedagogy and power rhetorics of classical learning ideas in context cambridge new york cambridge university press p 202 isbn 978 0 521 59435 6 thompson leonard l 1997 the book of revelation apocalypse and empire cary oxford university press p 112 isbn 978 0 19 511580 2 blois lukas de ed 2004 the statesman in plutarch s works proceedings of the sixth international conference of the international plutarch society leiden brill p 28 isbn 978 90 04 13795 0 giuseppe zecchini plutarch as political theorist and trajan in philip a stadter l van der stockt eds sage and emperor plutarch greek intellectuals and roman power in the time of trajan 98 117 a d leuven university press 2002 isbn 90 5867 239 5 p 196 isaac benjamin h 2004 the invention of racism in classical antiquity princeton n j princeton university press p 399 isbn 978 0 691 11691 4 benjamin isaac 487 garzetti 2014 p 348 veyne 2005 p 240 veyne 2005 pp 195 196 veyne 2005 p 229 veyne 2005 pp 229 230 de ste croix 1989 p 466 petit 1975 pp 367 368 giovanni salmeri dio rome and the civic life of asia minor in simon swain ed dio chrysostom politics letters and philosophy oxford u press 2002 isbn 0 19 925521 0 p 91 simon goldhill being greek under rome cultural identity the second sophistic and the development of empire cambridge university press 2007 isbn 0 521 66317 2 p 293 simon swain hellenism and empire language classicism and power in the greek world ad 50 250 oxford clarendon press 1996 isbn 0 19 814772 4 p 237 brian jones the emperor domitian routledge 2002 isbn 0 203 03625 5 p 171 pierre lambrechts trajan et le récrutement du sénat l antiquité classique 1936 5 1 pp 105 114 available at retrieved 4 january 2015 stanley e hoffer the anxieties of pliny the younger oxford university press 1999 isbn 0 7885 0565 3 p 121 de ste croix 1989 p 119 petit 1976 p 52 brian jones the emperor domitian 172 martin goodman the roman world 44 bc ad 180 abingdon routledge 2013 isbn 978 0 415 55978 2 p 120 pergamum inscription smallwood nh 214 reproduced in brian campbell the roman army 31 bc ad 337 a sourcebook london routledge 2006 isbn 0 415 07172 0 p 63 junghwa choi jewish leadership in roman palestine from 70 c e to 135 c e leiden brill 2013 isbn 978 90 04 24516 7 p 162 k w arafat pausanias greece ancient artists and roman rulers cambridge university press 2004 isbn 0 521 55340 7 p 192 potter 246 dio discourse 38 to the nicomedians on concord with the nicaeans 37 available at retrieved february 20 2016 veyne 2005 pp 232 233 david s potter ed a companion to the roman empire malden ma wiley 2010 isbn 978 0 631 22644 4 p 246 ramsey macmullen enemies of the roman order london routledge 1992 isbn 0 415 08621 3 p 185 graham anderson second sophistic a cultural phenomenon in the roman empire london routledge 2005 google e book available at retrieved 15 december 2014 paul veyne l identité grecque devant rome et l 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randvoelker griescher balkanraum kleinasien berlin de gruyter 1980 isbn 3 11 008015 x pp 668 669 de ste croix 1989 p 530 jesper majbom madsen eager to be roman 117 sviatoslav dmitriev city government in hellenistic and roman asia minor oxford university press 2005 isbn 978 0 19 517042 9 p 155 fergus millar rome the greek world and the east government society and culture in the roman empire university of north carolina press 2004 isbn 0 8078 5520 0 pp 37 38 bradley hudson mclean an introduction to greek epigraphy of the hellenistic and roman periods from alexander the great down to the reign of constantine 323 b c a d 337 university of michigan press 2002 p 334 a g leventis hellenistic and roman sparta london routledge 2004 isbn 0 203 48218 2 p 138 pliny letters 10 70 2 jc carrière à propos de la politique de plutarque dialogues d histoire ancienne v 3 no 3 1977 available at retrieved 13 december 2014 thérèse renoirte sœur les conseils politiques de plutarque une lettre ouverte aux grecs à l époque de trajan review by robert flacelière l antiquité classique 1952 available at retrieved 12 december 2014 e guerber les correctores dans la partie hellénophone de l empire romain du règne de trajan à l avènement de dioclétien étude prosopographique anatolia antiqua v 5 no 5 1997 available at retrieved 12 december 2014 opper thorsten 2008 hadrian empire and conflict harvard university press p 67 isbn 9780674030954 n j e austin n b rankov exploratio military political intelligence in the roman world from the second punic war to the battle of adrianople london routledge 2002 p 177 wiseman james 1997 beyond the danube s iron gates archaeology 50 2 24 29 šašel jaroslav 1973 trajan s canal at the iron gate the journal of roman studies 63 80 85 1 2 jackson 2022 ch 9 fritz heichelheim cedric veo allen ward 1984 history of the roman people p 382 prentice hall englewood cliffs new jersey packer james january february 1998 trajan s glorious forum archaeology 51 1 32 martin klonnek chronologie des römischen reiches 2 2 jh jahr 100 bis 199 berlin epubli 2014 isbn 978 3 7375 0702 8 p 109 dikla rivlin katz noah hacham geoffrey herman lilach sagiv a question of identity social political and historical aspects of identity dynamics in jewish and other contexts berlin walter de griyter 2019 isbn 978 3 11 061248 6 p 304 1 2 stadter philip a stockt l van der 2002 sage and emperor plutarch greek intellectuals and roman power in the time of trajan 98 117 a d leuven university press p 75 isbn 978 90 5867 239 1 beard mary 2015 spqr a history of ancient rome profile p 424 isbn 978 1 84765 441 0 butler a j 1914 babylon of egypt a study in the history of old cairo oxford clarendon press p 5 humphrey john h 1986 roman circuses arenas for chariot racing university of california press isbn 978 0 520 04921 5 pp 80 102 103 126 129 the images of the gods were brought from their temples to be laid on dining couches with great ceremony so that they too could watch the spectacle cassius dio 1925 sec 15 1 quoted by...
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