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th of the ruhr encircling the german army group b 300 in early march in an attempt to protect its last oil reserves in hungary and retake budapest germany launched its last major offensive against soviet troops near lake balaton within two weeks the offensive had been repulsed the soviets advanced to vienna and captured the city in early april soviet troops captured königsberg while the western allies finally pushed forward in italy and swept across western germany capturing hamburg and nuremberg american and soviet forces met at the elbe river on 25 april leaving unoccupied pockets in southern germany and around berlin 301 soviet troops then stormed and captured berlin in late april 302 in italy german forces surrendered on 29 april while the italian social republic capitulated two days later on 30 april the reichstag was captured signalling the military defeat of nazi germany 303 major changes in leadership occurred on both sides during this period on 12 april president roosevelt died and was succeeded by his vice president harry s truman 304 benito mussolini was killed by italian partisans on 28 april 305 on 30 april hitler committed suicide in his headquarters and was succeeded by grand admiral karl dönitz as president of the reich and joseph goebbels as chancellor of the reich goebbels also committed suicide on the following day and was replaced by lutz graf schwerin von krosigk in what would later be known as the flensburg government total and unconditional surrender in europe was signed on 7 and 8 may to be effective by the end of 8 may 306 german army group centre resisted in prague until 11 may 307 on 23 may all remaining members of the german government were arrested by allied forces in flensburg on 5 june all german political and military institutions were placed under allied control through the berlin declaration 308 a filipino woman and child killed by japanese troops in manila 1945 in the pacific theatre american forces accompanied by the forces of the philippine commonwealth advanced in the philippines clearing leyte by the end of april 1945 they landed on luzon in january 1945 and recaptured manila in march during which japanese forces killed 100 000 filipino civilians in the city fighting continued on luzon mindanao and other islands of the philippines until the end of the war 309 meanwhile the united states army air forces launched a massive firebombing campaign of strategic cities in japan in an effort to destroy japanese war industry and civilian morale a devastating bombing raid on tokyo of 9 10 march was the deadliest conventional bombing raid in history 310 in may 1945 australian troops landed in borneo overrunning the oilfields there british american and chinese forces defeated the japanese in northern burma in march and the british pushed on to reach rangoon by 3 may 311 chinese forces started a counterattack in the battle of west hunan that occurred between 6 april and 7 june 1945 american naval and amphibious forces also moved towards japan taking iwo jima by march and okinawa by the end of june 312 at the same time a naval blockade by submarines was strangling japan s economy and drastically reducing its ability to supply overseas forces 313 314 on 11 july allied leaders met in potsdam germany they confirmed earlier agreements about germany 315 and the american british and chinese governments reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of japan specifically stating that the alternative for japan is prompt and utter destruction 316 during this conference the united kingdom held its general election and clement attlee replaced churchill as prime minister 317 japanese foreign affairs minister mamoru shigemitsu signs the japanese instrument of surrender on board uss missouri 2 september 1945 the call for unconditional surrender was rejected by the japanese government which believed it would be capable of negotiating for more favourable surrender terms 318 in early august the united states dropped atomic bombs on the japanese cities of hiroshima and nagasaki between the two bombings the soviets pursuant to the yalta agreement declared war on japan invaded japanese held manchuria and quickly defeated the kwantung army which was the largest japanese fighting force 319 these two events persuaded previously adamant imperial army leaders to accept surrender terms 320 the red army also captured the southern part of sakhalin island and the kuril islands on the night of 9 10 august 1945 emperor hirohito ordered the japanese cabinet to accept the terms demanded by the allies in the potsdam declaration 321 on 15 august the emperor communicated this decision to the japanese people through a speech broadcast on the radio gyokuon hōsō literally broadcast in the emperor s voice 322 on 15 august 1945 japan surrendered with the surrender documents finally signed at tokyo bay on the deck of the american battleship uss missouri on 2 september 1945 ending the war 323 aftermath main articles aftermath of world war ii and consequences of nazism defendants at the nuremberg trials where the allied forces prosecuted prominent members of the political military judicial and economic leadership of nazi germany for crimes against humanity the allies established occupation administrations in austria and germany both of which were initially divided between western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the western allies and the soviet union respectively however their paths soon diverged in germany the western and eastern occupation zones officially ended in 1949 with the respective zones becoming separate countries west germany and east germany 324 in austria however occupation continued until 1955 when a joint settlement between the western allies and the soviet union permitted the reunification of austria as a democratic state officially non aligned with any political bloc although in practice having better relations with the western allies a denazification program in germany led to the prosecution of nazi war criminals in the nuremberg trials and the removal of ex nazis from power although this policy moved towards amnesty and re integration of ex nazis into west german society 325 germany lost a quarter of its pre war 1937 territory among the eastern territories silesia neumark and most of pomerania were taken over by poland 326 and east prussia was divided between poland and the soviet union followed by the expulsion to germany of the nine million germans from these provinces 327 328 as well as three million germans from the sudetenland in czechoslovakia by the 1950s one fifth of west germans were refugees from the east the soviet union also took over the polish provinces east of the curzon line 329 from which two million poles were expelled 328 330 northeastern romania 331 332 parts of eastern finland 333 and the baltic states were annexed into the soviet union 334 335 italy lost its monarchy colonial empire and some european territories 336 in an effort to maintain world peace 337 the allies formed the united nations 338 which officially came into existence on 24 october 1945 339 and adopted the universal declaration of human rights in 1948 as a common standard for all member nations 340 341 the great powers that were the victors of the war france china the united kingdom the soviet union and the united states became the permanent members of the un s security council 342 the five permanent members remain so to the present although there have been two seat changes between the republic of china and the people s republic of china in 1971 and between the soviet union and its successor state the russian federation following the dissolution of the soviet union in 1991 the alliance between the western allies and the soviet union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over 343 post war border changes in central europe and creation of the communist eastern bloc besides germany the rest of europe was also divided into western and soviet spheres of influence 344 most eastern and central european countries fell into the soviet sphere which led to the establishment of communist led regimes with full or partial support of the soviet occupation authorities as a result east germany 345 poland hungary romania bulgaria czechoslovakia and albania 346 became soviet satellite states communist yugoslavia conducted a fully independent policy causing tension with the soviet union 347 a communist uprising in greece was put down with anglo american support and the country remained aligned with the west 348 post war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances the united states led nato and the soviet led warsaw pact 349 the long period of political tensions and military competition between them the cold war would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and a number of proxy wars throughout the world 350 in asia the united states led the occupation of japan and administered japan s former islands in the western pacific while the soviets annexed south sakhalin and the kuril islands 351 korea formerly under japanese colonial rule was divided and occupied by the soviet union in the north and the united states in the south between 1945 and 1948 separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948 each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of korea which led ultimately to the korean war 352 in china nationalist and communist forces resumed the civil war in june 1946 communist forces prevailed and established the people s republic of china on the mainland while nationalist forces retreated to taiwan in 1949 353 in the middle east the arab rejection of the united nations partition plan for palestine and the creation of israel marked the escalation of the arab israeli conflict while european powers attempted to retain some or all of their colonial empires their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful leading to decolonisation 354 355 the global economy suffered heavily from the war although participating nations were affected differently the united states emerged much richer than any other nation leading to a baby boom and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much greater than that of any of the other powers and it dominated the world economy 356 the allied occupational authorities pursued a policy of industrial disarmament in western germany from 1945 to 1948 357 due to international trade interdependencies this policy led to an economic stagnation in europe and delayed european recovery from the war for several years 358 359 at the bretton woods conference in july 1944 the allied nations drew up an economic framework for the post war world the agreement created the international monetary fund imf and the international bank for reconstruction and development ibrd which later became part of the world bank group the bretton woods system lasted until 1973 360 recovery began with the mid 1948 currency reform in west germany and was sped up by the liberalisation of european economic policy that the us marshall plan economic aid 1948 1951 both directly and indirectly caused 361 362 the post 1948 west german recovery has been called the german economic miracle 363 italy also experienced an economic boom 364 and the french economy rebounded 365 by contrast the united kingdom was in a state of economic ruin 366 and although receiving a quarter of the total marshall plan assistance more than any other european country 367 it continued in relative economic decline for decades 368 the soviet union despite enormous human and material losses also experienced rapid increases in production in the immediate post war era 369 having seized and transferred most of germany s industrial plants and exacted war reparations from its satellite states d 370 japan recovered much later 371 china returned to its pre war industrial production by 1952 372 impact main article historiography of world war ii casualties main article world war ii casualties bodies of chinese civilians killed by the imperial japanese army during the nanjing massacre in december 1937 an estimated 60 million to more than 75 million people died in the war including at least 20 million who died from deprivation famine and disease 373 374 375 376 civilian deaths have been estimated to comprise 67 377 to 80 378 of all direct and indirect deaths from the war the soviet union had the highest overall death toll estimated at 20 million to 28 million 379 followed by china at least 15 million 374 380 381 germany 6 million to 8 7 million 382 381 and poland 5 million to 6 5 million 374 381 the countries which sustained the most military deaths were the soviet union about 8 7 million 383 germany around 5 3 million 384 china 2 million to 3 million 385 386 and japan 1 7 million to 2 5 million 374 386 of the 20 million to 25 million military deaths in the war the majority were of german and soviet soldiers including prisoners of war pows on the eastern front 387 the high civilian death toll relative to military deaths was unusual for major wars up to that time 388 some 10 million to 15 million people died of starvation and disease in china and the soviet union and 8 million to 10 million in india and under japanese occupation elsewhere in asia and the pacific 389 around 15 million civilians died in genocides and other deliberate killings while millions in total died in concentration camps aerial bombings and in combat zones 390 genocide war crimes and crimes against humanity prisoner identity photograph of a polish girl taken by the german ss in auschwitz 391 approximately 230 000 children were held prisoner and used in forced labour and nazi medical experiments in trials following the war representatives of the axis powers and their accomplices were convicted of numerous war crimes crimes against humanity and complicity in genocides 392 the nazis killed about 6 million jews in a racially motivated genocide known as the holocaust they also killed millions of slavs over 130 thousand romani and members of other groups that they considered racially inferior 393 394 almost 300 000 people with mental and physical disabilities were also systematically killed in germany and its occupied territories 395 the killing of civilians and pows through massacres and deliberate starvation was especially common in the eastern european and asia pacific theatres german forces on the eastern front destroyed or confiscated available food massacred civilians in reprisals and routinely shot prisoners 396 392 the japanese killed millions of civilians in occupied areas through massacres and scorched earth strategies for example in their kill all burn all loot all policy in china 397 398 in the nanjing massacre between 40 000 and 200 000 chinese civilians and pows were killed 399 japan also used biological weapons in china and in early conflicts against the soviets 400 401 the soviet union was responsible for i...
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