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ill the protean core of intelligence many ai researchers seem to think so the term agi is often used some researchers like yann lecun argue that getting to agi will require a radically different approach others suspect that transformer models or diffusion models can do it with sufficient scale i don t know who s right but i also don t care very much i m not certain i believe in absolutely general intelligence and i know that i don t believe culture is a less valuable substitute for it on the contrary i m fond of christopher manning s observation that where sheer intelligence is concerned human beings are not orders of magnitude different from bonobos what gave us orders of magnitude greater power to transform this planet for good or ill was language language vastly magnified our ability to coordinate patterns of collective behavior culture and transmit those patterns to our descendants writing made cultural patterns even more durable now generative language models and image and sound models represent another step change in our ability to externalize and manipulate culture why cultural technology doesn t make anyone less depressed i ve suggested that a realistic potentially positive vision of ai has started to coalesce it involves working with ai as a normal technology naranayan and kapoor one in a long sequence of cultural technologies gopnik farrell et al that have extended the collective power of human beings so why are my friends still depressed well if they think the negative consequences of ai will outweigh positive effects they have every right to be depressed because no one has proven that s wrong it is absolutely still possible that ai will displace people from existing jobs force retraining increase concentration of power and further destabilize democracy i don t think anyone can prove that the upside of ai outweighs those possible downsides the cultural and political consequences of technology are hard to predict and we are not generally able to foresee them at this stage french aviator louis paulhan flying over los angeles in 1910 library of congress but as i hinted at the beginning of this post i m not trying to determine whether ai is good or bad on balance it can be hard to reach consensus about that even with a technology as mature as internal combustion or flight and even with very mature technologies it tends to be more useful to try to change the balance of effects than to debate whether it s currently positive so the goal of this post is not to weigh costs and benefits or argue with skeptics it is purely to sharpen our sense of the potential upside latent in a vision of ai as cultural technology i think one reason that phrase hasn t cheered anyone up is that it has been perceived as a deflating move not an inspiring one the people disposed to be interested in ai mostly got hooked by a rather different story about protean general intelligences closely analogous to human beings if you tell ai enthusiasts no this is more like writing they tend to get as depressed as the skeptics my goal here is to convince people who use ai that this is like writing is potentially exciting and to specify some of the things we would need to do to make it exciting mapping and editing culture so what s great about writing it is more durable than the spoken word of course but just as importantly writing allows us to take a step back from language survey it fine tune it and construct complex structures where one text argues with two others each of which footnotes fifty others it would be hard to imagine science without the ability writing provides to survey language from above and use it as building material generative ai represents a second step change in our ability to map and edit culture now we can manipulate not only specific texts and images but the dispositions tropes genres habits of thought and patterns of interaction that create them i don t think we ve fully grasped yet what this could mean i ll try to sketch one set of possibilities but i know in advance that i will fail here just as someone in 1470 would have failed to envision the scariest and most interesting consequences of printing at least maybe we ll get to the point of seeing that it s not mostly cheaper bibles here s a bluesky post that used generative ai to map the space of potential visual styles using a style reference sref in the early days of text to image models special phrases were passed around like magic words adding unreal engine or hd or by james gurney produced specific stylistic effects but the universe of possible styles is larger than a dictionary of media artistic schools or even artists names can begin to cover if we had a way to map that universe we could explore blank spaces on the map midjourney invented style references as simple way to do that you create a reference by choosing between pairs of images that represent opposing vectors in a stylistic plane in the process of making those choices you construct your own high dimensional vector once you have a code for the vector you can use it as an newly invented adjective and dial its effect up or down a map with just a touch of the style shared above by susan fallow which adds among other things traces that look like gilding an ancient parchment map showing the coastline of an imagined world sref 321312992 sv 4 sw 20 ar 2 1 style references are modest things of course but if we can map a space of possibility for image models and invent new adjectives to describe directions in that space we should be able to do the same for language models and style is not the only thing we could map in exploring language it seems likely that we will be mapping different ways of thinking the experiment called golden gate claude was an early crude demonstration of what this might mean anthropic mapped the effect of different neurons in a model and used that knowledge to tune up one neuron and create a version of claude deeply obsessed with the golden gate bridge given any topic it would eventually bring the conversation around to fog or the movie vertigo which would remind it in turn of san francisco s iconic golden gate bridge golden gate claude was more of a mental illness than a practical tool it reminded me of vertigo in more than one sense but making the model obsessed with a specific landmark was a deliberate simplification for dramatic effect anthropic s map of their model had a lot more nuance available if it had been needed from scaling monosemanticity extracting interpretable features from claude 3 sonnet the image above is map of conceptual space based on neurons in a single model you could think of it as a map of a single mind or if you prefer a single pattern of language use but models also differ from each other and there s no reason why we need to be limited to considering one at a time academics working in this space both in computer science and in the social sciences are increasingly interested in using language models to explore cultural pluralism as we develop models trained on different genres languages or historical periods these models could start to function as reference points in a larger space of cultural possibility that represents the differences between maps like the one above it ought to be possible to compare different modes of thought edit them and create new adjectives like style references to describe directions in cultural space if we can map cultural space could we also discover genuinely new cultural forms and new ways of thinking i don t know why not when writing was first invented it was obviously a passive echo of speech it is like a picture which can give no answer to a question and has only a deceitful likeness of a living creature phaedrus but externalizing language and fixing it in written marks eventually allowed us to construct new genres the scientific paper the novel the index that required more sustained attention or more mobility of reference than the spoken word could support models of culture should similarly allow us to explore a new space of human possibility by stabilizing points of reference within it wait is editing culture a good idea a new ability to map and explore different modes of reasoning may initially sound less useful than a super intelligence that just produces the right answer to our problems and look i m not suggesting that mapping culture is the only upside of ai drug discovery sounds great too but if you believe human conflict is our most important and durable problem then a technology that could improve human self understanding might eventually outweigh a million new drugs i don t mean that language models will eliminate conflict i said above that conflict is a load bearing part of society and language models are likely to be used as ideological weapons just as pamphlets were after printing made them possible but an ideological weapon that can be quizzed and compared to other ideologies implies a level of putting cards on the table beyond what we often get in practice now there is at least a chance as we have seen with grok that people who try to lie with an interactive model will end up exposing their own dishonest habits of thought so what does this mean concretely will maps of cultural space ever be as valuable economically as personal assistants who can answer your email and sound like scarlett johansson probably not using language models to explore cultural space may not be a great short term investment opportunity it s like what would be a good analogy a little piece of amber that weirdly attracts silk after rubbing or you know a little wheel containing water that spins when you heat it and steam comes out the spouts in short it is a curiosity that some of us will find intriguing because we don t yet understand how it works but if you re like me that s the best upside imaginable for a new technology wait you ve suggested that mapping and editing culture is a potential upside of ai allowing us to explore a new space of human potential but couldn t this power be misused what if the builders of grok don t expose their own dishonesty but successfully manipulate the broader culture yep that could happen i stressed earlier that this post was not going to try to weigh costs against benefits because i don t know and i don t think anyone knows how this will play out my goal here was purely to sharpen our sense of the potential upside of cultural technology and help specify what we would need to do to make it exciting i m trying to explain a particular challenge and show how the balance could swing back and forth on it a guarantee that things will in fact play out for the best is not something i would pretend to offer a future where human beings have the ability to map and edit culture could be very dark but i don t think it will be boring or passively depressing if we think this sounds boring we re not thinking hard enough references altman s 2025 june 10 the gentle singularity retrieved july 2 2025 from https blog samaltman com the gentle singularity blog samaltman com anthropic interpretability team 2024 april scaling monosemanticity extracting interpretable features from claude 3 sonnet transformer circuits thread retrieved july 2 2025 from https transformer circuits pub 2024 scaling monosemanticity index html bender e m gebru t mcmillan major a shmitchell s 2021 on the dangers of stochastic parrots can language models be too big in proceedings of the 2021 acm conference on fairness accountability and transparency pp 610 623 association for computing machinery https doi org 10 1145 3442188 3445922 researchgate net farrell h gopnik a shalizi c evans j 2025 march 14 large ai models are cultural and social technologies science 387 6739 1153 1156 https doi org 10 1126 science adt9819 pubmed ncbi nlm nih gov manning c d 2022 human language understanding reasoning daedalus 151 2 127 138 https doi org 10 1162 daed_a_01905 virtual routes org mollick e 2024 co intelligence living and working with ai penguin random house penguinrandomhouse com narayanan a kapoor s 2025 april 15 ai as normal technology an alternative to the vision of ai as a potential superintelligence knight first amendment institute kfai documents s3 amazonaws com sorensen t moore j fisher j gordon m mireshghallah n rytting c m ye a jiang l lu x dziri n althoff t choi y 2024 a roadmap to pluralistic alignment arxiv https arxiv org abs 2402 05070 standard ebooks 2022 phaedrus b jowett trans retrieved july 2 2025 from https standardebooks org ebooks plato dialogues benjamin jowett text single page varnum m e w baumard n atari m gray k 2024 large language models based on historical text could offer informative tools for behavioral science proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 121 42 e2407639121 https doi org 10 1073 pnas 2407639121 wilder b 2025 equilibrium effects of llm reviewing retrieved july 2 2025 from https bryanwilder github io files llmreviews html bryanwilder github io tags ai artificial intelligence cultural technologies categories artificial intelligence social effects of machine learning will ai make us overconfident post author by tedunderwood post date august 31 2024 7 comments on will ai make us overconfident several times in the last year i ve been surprised when students who i thought were still learning to program showed up to our meeting with a fully formed good solution to a challenging research problem in part this is just what it feels like to work with students wait i thought you couldn t do that and now you re telling me you can do it you somehow learned to do it but there s also a specific reason why students are surprising me more often lately in each of these cases when my eyes widened the student minimized their own work by adding oh it s easy with chatgpt i understand what they mean because i m having the same experience as simon willison has put it ai enhanced development makes me more ambitious with my projects the effect is especially intense if you code because ai code completion is like wearing seven league boots but it s not just for coding natural language dialogue with a chatbot also helps me understand new concepts and choose between tools as in any fairytale accepting magical assistance comes with risks chatbot advice has saved me several days on a project but if you add up bugs and mistakes it has cost me at least a day too and it s hard to find bugs if you re not the person who put them in i won t try to draw up a final balance sheet here because a as tools evolve the balance will keep changing and b people have developed very strong priors on the topic of ai hallucination and i don t expect to persuade readers to renounce them instead let s agree to disagree about the ratio of really helping to encouraging overconfidence what i want to say in this short post is just that when it comes to education even encouraging overconfidence can have positive effects 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