Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
and, geography, heard, island, mcdonald, islands, contents, history, human, activity, biodiversity, notes, references, external, links, governance, administration, maritime, boundaries, fishery, structures, archaeology, location, formation, geology, big, ben, glaciers, climate, flora, fauna, citations, sources, birds, mammals, fish, invertebrates,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (597), and (347), #island (284), heard (209), islands (161), mcdonald (103), australian (75), antarctic (62), from (56), are (53), species (53), territory (46), have (45), was (44), doi (42), that (42), with (41), 2026 (41), australia (41), 2023 (41), been (41), about (39), 2000 (34), schmieder (34), 2024 (32), 2025 (29), april (29), retrieved (28), edit (28), has (28), climate (26), its (26), constable (25), for (25), seals (24), which (23), percent (23), kilometres (23), bibcode (22), kerguelen (21), change (21), population (21), glaciers (21), volcanic (21), between (21), 000 (21), ocean (20), marine (20), water (20), while (20), world (19), 100 (19), also (19), territories (18), research (18), bergstrom (18), one (18), southern (17), around (17), selkirk (17), may (16), environment (16), metres (16), were (16), had (16), years (16), south (15), program (15), welsford (15), surrounding (15), more (15), 2007 (15), there (15), including (15), waters (15), big (15), ben (15), heritage (14), indian (14), area (14), new (14), original (14), archived (14), department (14), energy (14), over (14), fishing (14), than (14), activity (14), lava (14), sites (13), 1947 (13), other (13), toothfish (13), glacier (13), budd (13), vegetation (13), 2002 (13), peak (13), recorded (13), penguin (13), areas (12), management (12), 2011 (12), plateau (12), 1017 (12), elephant (12), two (12), 133 (12), sealers (12), these (12), penguins (12), albatross (12), square (12), seal (11), external (11), polar (11), isbn (11), changes (11), since (11), anare (11), estimated (11), first (11), station (11), national (10), reserve (10), 2005 (10), 1999 (10), fur (10), 1997 (10), expeditions (10), year (10), least (10), known (10), eez (10), study (10), most (10), million (10), per (10), expedition (10), wikipedia (9), states (9), geography (9), royal (9), tasmania (9), 1007 (9), williams (9), fish (9), 978 (9), conservation (9), 2008 (9), their (9), fox (9), british (9), 2004 (9), home (9), found (9), vessels (9), during (9), but (9), mawson (9), place (9), this (8), page (8), only (8), not (8), biology (8), patagonian (8), recent (8), 1988 (8), sub (8), quilty (8), some (8), 2021 (8), 2016 (8), sealing (8), king (8), human (8), plant (8), just (8), three (8), due (8), includes (8), largely (8), average (8), main (8), time (8), site (7), last (7), list (7), united (7), region (7), sea (7), north (7), history (7), 1992 (7), 1983 (7), biodiversity (7), whinam (7), zone (7), keage (7), 1990 (7), wheller (7), into (7), society (7), breeding (7), 2006 (7), formation (7), mcconnell (7), kiernan (7), division (7), plants (7), each (7), large (7), conducted (7), pairs (7), present (7), land (7), made (7), they (7), west (7), visits (7), administration (7), government (7), toggle (6), non (6), use (6), 2012 (6), subantarctic (6), bay (6), western (6), northern (6), include (6), antarctica (6), scott (6), 2018 (6), nowara (6), 26749 (6), rstpp (6), papers (6), proceedings (6), mcgowan (6), commonwealth (6), scientific (6), lavas (6), fishery (6), coastal (6), 2019 (6), early (6), february (6), led (6), near (6), believed (6), four (6), well (6), 168 (6), distinct (6), although (6), number (6), contain (6), rate (6), ice (6), high (6), rock (6), primarily (6), parties (6), contains (6), within (6), shelters (6), established (5), bird (5), group (5), french (5), links (5), fisheries (5), distribution (5), andrew (5), cybium (5), 125 (5), tielidze (5), mackintosh (5), yang (5), stephenson (5), science (5), mammals (5), record (5), patricia (5), occupied (5), poa (5), 1987 (5), william (5), 2003 (5), lichens (5), fauna (5), notes (5), kerr (5), 2009 (5), protection (5), environmental (5), greenslade (5), duncan (5), volcano (5), remote (5), dana (5), century (5), mantle (5), 1986 (5), allison (5), december (5), march (5), weather (5), trump (5), location (5), october (5), 300 (5), 104 (5), native (5), flying (5), commercial (5), 500 (5), seven (5), identified (5), gentoo (5), total (5), annual (5), small (5), breed (5), macaroni (5), birds (5), presence (5), particularly (5), many (5), covered (5), various (5), now (5), kilometre (5), ago (5), formed (5), lie (5), series (5), after (5), named (5), 1955 (5), party (5), took (5), contents (4), search (4), under (4), articles (4), english (4), january (4), short (4), norfolk (4), convict (4), park (4), coast (4), macquarie (4), queensland (4), sovereignty (4), zealand (4), kingdom (4), territorial (4), resources (4), richard (4), journal (4), jennifer (4), 1989 (4), dirk (4), valentine (4), decades (4), alpine (4), shaughnessy (4), mosses (4), 219 (4), øvstedal (4), gremmen (4), mcivor (4), 1080 (4), hughes (4), lazer (4), vernon (4), smith (4), earth (4), whaling (4), carney (4), 190 (4), baird (4), 118 (4), 144 (4), 101 (4), 130 (4), 170 (4), 200 (4), 142 (4), tariffs (4), uninhabited (4), iucn (4), invertebrates (4), populations (4), occasionally (4), smaller (4), eight (4), largest (4), increased (4), reached (4), declined (4), 19th (4), visiting (4), eastern (4), rockhopper (4), seabird (4), petrel (4), relatively (4), majority (4), characterised (4), suggested (4), remains (4), low (4), mackerel (4), icefish (4), lagoons (4), atlas (4), cove (4), 1950 (4), hours (4), days (4), 112 (4), laurens (4), peninsula (4), summit (4), top (4), active (4), cone (4), taken (4), article (4), period (4), drygalski (4), began (4), claimed (4), structures (4), hut (4), modified (4), illegal (4), act (4), continent (4), 075 (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), subsection (4), view (3), policy (3), additional (3), using (3), commons (3), coordinates (3), wikidata (3), all (3), important (3), fast (3), authority (3), cultural (3), victoria (3), wilderness (3), mammal (3), gondwana (3), lakes (3), wales (3), 1949 (3), 1902 (3), central (3), jervis (3), capital (3), does (3), woehler (3), green (3), seabirds (3), fishes (3), csiro (3), publishing (3), report (3), gabrielle (3), 297 (3), steven (3), peter (3), 247 (3), library (3), 2677 (3), thost (3), truffer (3), arctic (3), grahame (3), status (3), past (3), annua (3), 366 (3), 642 (3), springer (3), s00300 (3), 141 (3), jstor (3), lundqvist (3), retreat (3), account (3), maritime (3), jodi (3), evidence (3), plume (3), geochemistry (3), barling (3), ian (3), vol (3), protected (3), moss (3), flora (3), 184 (3), 20th (3), 134 (3), 1994 (3), 364 (3), reports (3), 158 (3), 188 (3), nature (3), james (3), june (3), 2014 (3), 197 (3), 119 (3), references (3), claim (3), summer (3), winter (3), prevalent (3), five (3), maximum (3), typically (3), nearby (3), shallow (3), levels (3), those (3), caused (3), common (3), likely (3), nearly (3), survey (3), another (3), 180 (3), significant (3), seen (3), whales (3), see (3), sightings (3), confirmed (3), others (3), several (3), cormorant (3), exposed (3), rocks (3), 148 (3), potential (3), pringlea (3), antiscorbutica (3), late (3), periods (3), compounds (3), surveys (3), data (3), humans (3), projected (3), would (3), temperatures (3), day (3), 105 (3), mph (3), hour (3), cliffs (3), 330 (3), composed (3), flowing (3), slopes (3), occurred (3), roughly (3), crater (3), topped (3), observations (3), forms (3), height (3), part (3), stratovolcano (3), created (3), mount (3), dixon (3), flat (3), above (3), located (3), permanent (3), side (3), acres (3), spit (3), covers (3), equipment (3), barrels (3), used (3), blubber (3), oil (3), ship (3), ruins (3), 1850s (3), managed (3), 1953 (3), establish (3), laws (3), unauthorised (3), landings (3), remained (3), private (3), transferred (3), 1929 (3), ships (3), occasional (3), american (3), captain (3), tools (3), languages (2), table (2), code (2), legal (2), contact (2), privacy (2), available (2), terms (2), apply (2), you (2), wikimedia (2), september (2), categories (2), pages (2), featured (2), description (2), parliament (2), people (2), wikivoyage (2), projects (2), shark (2), landscape (2), tasmanian (2), fossil (2), barrier (2), rainforests (2), blue (2), mountains (2), recognised (2), france (2), cocos (2), keeling (2), christmas (2), papua (2), guinea (2), 1920 (2), defunct (2), coral (2), ashmore (2), cartier (2), 1927 (2), peri (2), claims (2), georgia (2), paul (2), amsterdam (2), mainland (2), related (2), mapping (2), 1111 (2), ziegler (2), philippe (2), masere (2), cara (2), hotspot (2), eds (2), 163 (2), 147 (2), shaw (2), structure (2), community (2), 503 (2), lamb (2), michael (2), 304 (2), habitat (2), 136 (2), 26028 (2), 35sp (2), dissostichus (2), eleginoides (2), loss (2), november (2), 199 (2), recession (2), major (2), 266 (2), 259 (2), slip (2), david (2), burton (2), exploitation (2), 164 (2), 155 (2), kirkpatrick (2), ecosystems (2), 031 (2), centuries (2), robert (2), patrick (2), season (2), 003 (2), 233 (2), marshall (2), chown (2), 688 (2), till (2), 234 (2), 521074 (2), 2307 (2), 225 (2), anne (2), lake (2), expansion (2), kevin (2), 195 (2), 159 (2), seas (2), law (2), implications (2), kaye (2), stuart (2), penelope (2), ecology (2), 841 (2), carey (2), rebecca (2), phonolitic (2), 1029 (2), geophysics (2), geosystems (2), farmer (2), 2017 (2), 102 (2), ecosystem (2), length (2), age (2), geological (2), duhamel (2), claudino (2), sales (2), 024 (2), 139 (2), press (2), systems (2), 1971 (2), 123 (2), brooks (2), epstein (2), ban (2), frontiers (2), belbin (2), 177 (2), 169 (2), bryophytes (2), 3244503 (2), 349 (2), seppelt (2), beck (2), petrology (2), nicholls (2), goldstein (2), review (2), appleyard (2), ward (2), sources (2), 842 (2), invertebrate (2), natural (2), 129 (2), 135 (2), 352 (2), 350 (2), 186 (2), 2682 (2), 191 (2), 162 (2), archipelago (2), 260 (2), july (2), 165 (2), 185 (2), ended (2), lyons (2), kate (2), evershed (2), nick (2), guardian (2), imposes (2), outlook (2), 750 (2), unesco (2), august (2), 298 (2), 132 (2), 153 (2), 114 (2), 103 (2), 115 (2), encyclopedia (2), citations (2), introduced (2), 127 (2), few (2), insects (2), harsh (2), bodies (2), thrips (2), 193 (2), kerguelensis (2), targeted (2), fishers (2), harvesting (2), 2022 (2), less (2), greater (2), deeper (2), families (2), notothenoid (2), nine (2), shores (2), dominated (2), coriiceps (2), performed (2), cause (2), can (2), flu (2), virus (2), decline (2), equivalent (2), increasing (2), same (2), 179 (2), possible (2), none (2), 1000 (2), fifteen (2), visited (2), vulnerable (2), sheathbill (2), white (2), campbell (2), unique (2), lichen (2), elsewhere (2), vascular (2), grasses (2), exception (2), any (2), wetlands (2), herb (2), grass (2), expanded (2), glaciated (2), moraines (2), azorella (2), selago (2), researchers (2), communities (2), epoch (2), today (2), making (2), deposited (2), lying (2), 150 (2), 980 (2), infrequent (2), limited (2), dogs (2), fall (2), diversity (2), 145 (2), 1948 (2), 1954 (2), free (2), 140 (2), strong (2), winds (2), heavy (2), cover (2), daily (2), snowfall (2), precipitation (2), rain (2), snow (2), humidity (2), 110 (2), substantial (2), 1963 (2), lagoon (2), 111 (2), metre (2), parts (2), heights (2), sediment (2), debris (2), content (2), narrow (2), 126 (2), glacial (2), miocene (2), second (2), vapour (2), flows (2), size (2), diameter (2), 117 (2), landmass (2), 2745 (2), 9006 (2), visible (2), limestone (2), basement (2), sits (2), layer (2), basalts (2), trachybasalts (2), basanites (2), according (2), isotopic (2), continental (2), igneous (2), province (2), rising (2), cones (2), form (2), geology (2), resumed (2), eruptions (2), grew (2), surrounded (2), features (2), melting (2), caves (2), hectares (2), 368 (2), places (2), volcanoes (2), 1700 (2), 1100 (2), 2500 (2), machinery (2), left (2), wreckage (2), landing (2), tanks (2), wooden (2), artefacts (2), pots (2), processing (2), held (2), admiralty (2), still (2), removed (2), tank (2), remain (2), rudimentary (2), ground (2), out (2), constructed (2), archaeology (2), reported (2), vessel (2), arrested (2), mid (2), prohibited (2), takes (2), afma (2), through (2), required (2), convention (2), radius (2), nautical (2), miles (2), exclusive (2), boundaries (2), tariff (2), ten (2), passed (2), framework (2), then (2), criminal (2), general (2), comply (2), economic (2), governance (2), establishment (2), scientists (2), wildlife (2), monitoring (2), closure (2), whether (2), corinthian (2), eventually (2), landed (2), raised (2), flag (2), months (2), until (2), britain (2), transfer (2), 1910 (2), 1926 (2), lease (2), 1930 (2), 1874 (2), banzare (2), 1855 (2), robinson (2), died (2), crowther (2), aboard (2), sighted (2), information (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), read (2), norsk (2), bahasa (2), беларуская (2), log (2), create (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, conduct, safety, contacts, disclaimers, text, agree, registered, trademark, profit, organization, foundation, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, utc, hidden, gadget, wikiminiatlas, dmy, dates, written, different, hunting, ibra, subregions, https, org, index, php, title, heard_island_and_mcdonald_islands, oldid, 1374023724, yale, lux, kulturnav, artists, musicbrainz, geographic, israel, czech, republic, worldcat, gnd, viaf, international, control, databases, travel, guides, media, sister, portals, shared, purnululu, ningaloo, murujuga, budj, bim, carlton, gardens, exhibition, building, naracoorte, wet, tropics, great, reef, gari, riversleigh, uluṟu, kata, tjuṯa, kakadu, willandra, sydney, opera, house, lord, howe, mandate, norway, nauru, internal, meaning, close, itself, sandwich, prince, edward, africa, saint, crozet, falkland, chile, bouvet, argentina, countries, overseas, eric, ken, consumption, 659, bf00236989, 1992pobio, 659w, inshore, 292, 1095, 8649, tb02906, 1983jfbio, 283w, 283, joel, foster, woolley, skip, naughten, kaitlin, ovaskainen, otso, johnson, craig, hill, nicole, increases, demersal, e70549, 41110834, pmid, gcb, 70549, 2025gcbio, 3170549w, global, moro, dorian, ball, derek, bryant, sally, 4863, 0660, arks, opportunities, justine, oristic, composition, pool, complex, bf00261033, 1989pobio, 499w, 499, tim, sumner, values, model, reserves, candy, timothy, smitt, 1898, 013, 263, 922507, levan, weilin, 2694, 5194, 2025tcry, 2677t, cryosphere, inventories, reveal, acceleration, douglas, martin, 214, 2008aaar, 199t, jon, manning, hansbro, eruption, induced, s095410200500266x, 2005antsc, 259s, harry, seasonal, haulout, patterns, s0954102099000061, 1999antsc, 38s, mirounga, leonina, recovery, augee, 9599951, 7882, rzsnsw, 014, australasia, field, captive, downing, skotnicki, updated, discussion, s003224740700722x, 2008porec, 155s, 371, 1657, 1523, 0430, 037, 0366, cishiv, kerry, hempel, 84076, 84074, 20342, 20343, coming, graeme, window, brad, welling, chambellant, magaly, goldsworthy, simon, dorr, tony, van, veen, rick, chronology, 224, 0478, 2003pobio, 219p, additions, corrections, 242, s002428290800741x, 2008thlic, 233o, lichenologist, 1016, sajb, 008, 2006sajb, 353o, 353, african, botany, ewan, own, towards, analysis, angela, acarine, 695, 002, 0404, 2002pobio, 688m, moraine, geografiska, annaler, jan, 207, 308, s0032247400017988, melt, geomorphology, 00049189993693, 1999augeo, 159k, geographer, alan, 921241, federation, acquisition, 07266472, 10878240, studies, janet, importance, historic, estelle, diptera, 850, 011, 1128, 2012pobio, 841g, falloon, watson, olin, coffin, zonation, e2024gc011854, 2024gc011854, arculus, jourdan, fred, miggins, daniel, s00445, 021, 01452, 2021bvol, 37f, bulletin, volcanology, construction, intraplate, mcphie, jocelyn, bryn, barnes, thomas, burch, woodcock, emma, 235, 522854, hdl, modelling, spatial, 08120099, 1139000, 2016aujes, 81d, sciences, development, guy, aquaculture, trials, cresswell, bax, nicholas, reid, keith, understanding, himi, vanda, 434, 1526, 1528, 429, gerard, 488, 45884, 436, cambridge, university, constitutional, exploration, s0032247407006080, 2007porec, 97b, cassandra, graham, natalie, 631, 3389, fmars, 00631, 2019frmas, 631b, managing, case, lee, classification, 15230430, 12003481, 2002aaar, 169b, terrestrial, environments, 355, bryologist, revised, checklist, annotations, phytogeographical, considerations, 20149684, lindbergia, 483, s0032247400021677, 1983porec, 475b, 475, jane, characterization, enriched, component, enrichment, 1053, 1093, rachel, deakin, state, enforcement, action, sharon, 373, s0954102002000238, 272, s0032247400007099, 1986porec, 255a, 255, 554, 843, 1998, overview, 25337, 285, 286, 223, 661, 660, 571, 567, 580, 591, 532, 351, 502, 616, 306, 267, 2687, 2688, 2685, 257, 430, intelligence, agency, factbook, 416, 367, 269, 270, 227, 261, 295, 294, 284, 1018, weis, dominique, frey, frederick, schlich, roland, schaming, marc, montigny, raymond, damasceno, dimitri, mattielli, nadine, nicolaysen, kirsten, scoates, trace, seamounts, 2001gc000251, 299, 318, 487, 482, landforms, geoscience, 209, activities, mitchell, ottilie, turnbull, tiffanie, bbc, news, how, mislabelled, shipments, outposts, trade, gross, jenny, york, times, nowhere, safe, 485, assessment, 748, 702, 85743, 934, routledge, europa, book, centre, 459, heads, completes, landmark, campaign, 253, 252, 249, 480, 248, everything, need, know, mills, 291, 57607, 422, 290, bloomsbury, exploring, historical, naturally, nations, very, support, flightless, genus, insect, declines, spider, fresh, worm, mite, tyrophagus, putrescentiae, apterothrips, apteris, dendrodrilus, rubidus, flatworm, annelid, tardigrade, gastrotrich, rotifer, 196, mites, lice, springtails, myro, 194, telmatogeton, midge, amalopteryx, maritima, calycopteryx, moseleyi, anatalanta, aptera, fly, acalypterate, primary, collective, quota, 3000, tons, genetically, vicinity, migrate, far, tagged, recaptured, depths, juvenile, higher, densities, older, larger, declining, pre, below, target, 192, spawning, stock, biomass, 1600, 189, 187, ninety, thirty, make, banks, abundance, class, nearest, channichthys, rhinoceratus, notothenia, 183, sleeper, skates, rays, sharks, chondrichthyans, electrona, krefftichthys, anderssoni, lanternfishes, grenadiers, harpagiferidae, bathydraconidae, channichthyidae, nototheniidae, normal, pups, die, pup, deaths, necropsies, deal, death, determined, elevated, mortality, influenza, subtype, h5n1, 1985, possibly, stabilised, completely, eradicated, recovered, 4500, 1980s, 2001, end, male, handful, given, birth, later, numbered, thousands, growing, 182, 181, 178, numbers, 176, ross, crabeater, weddell, leopard, 175, long, finned, pilot, hourglass, dolphins, minke, fin, cetacean, risen, exponentially, contained, 600, 174, 173, 172, 171, emperor, endangered, abundant, petrels, types, cormorants, black, faced, subspecies, wandering, soft, plumaged, giant, capped, yellow, nosed, sooty, grey, headed, tristan, uniformly, distributed, across, widespread, previously, 167, 166, spray, muelleriella, crassifolia, salt, tolerant, pedinophyllopsis, abdita, ditrichum, immersum, racomitrium, crispulum, polytrichastrum, alpinum, dicranoweisia, 161, herbs, cabbage, trees, shrubs, gravel, sandy, moisture, drainage, tufts, significantly, formerly, fears, displacement, 160, callitriche, tussock, cookii, 157, 156, cushion, studying, disrupted, colder, disappeared, level, colonisation, absent, colonies, ammonia, nitrogen, 154, 152, pleistocene, pliocene, eocene, podocarp, ferns, microfossils, flowering, bryophyte, mostly, elevations, ecologists, compared, separated, 151, 149, liverworts, remoteness, yet, directly, animal, brought, onto, sheep, rat, 146, colony, meteorological, incomplete, temperature, driver, contributing, factor, creation, 143, experiences, westerly, cloud, monthly, wind, speeds, range, gusts, experience, rainfall, sunshine, ranging, consistently, relative, 138, 137, kármán, vortex, street, leaving, bases, terminated, behind, lost, volume, retreating, affected, 289, brown, 131, retreated, experienced, radiating, outwards, sometimes, divided, barriers, longest, flatten, incline, terminate, little, slope, reducing, widen, lower, steep, residence, shallowness, movement, mean, 128, 124, 122, 121, 120, successfully, ascent, 1965, third, army, association, frequently, emits, smoke, releases, down, lengths, once, rather, varying, 2015, open, containing, replaced, fissure, 656, explosive, effusive, 250, 820, 6560, 116, anaconda, result, samples, 900, discharge, cubic, oldest, magma, sector, collapse, 113, 2285, 7497, massif, pink, thickness, layers, along, added, eroded, base, feature, basanitic, compositions, indicate, beneath, traces, incorporated, sometime, before, separation, crust, trachytic, signature, alkali, stratigraphy, 109, 1150, paleogene, floor, forming, surface, develop, recently, origin, newer, phonolite, 108, tephriphonolite, phonotephrite, basaltic, 107, 106, plate, section, dormancy, 1990s, grow, rise, elevation, doubling, losing, became, joined, 230, pumice, rafts, domes, isthmus, meyer, tallest, sandbar
Text of the page (random words):
ays and skates its largest fish is the southern sleeper shark 183 184 a 1983 study identified nine fish species in the waters nearest to the shores of heard island and the mcdonald islands with the coastal fish population dominated by notothenia coriiceps coriiceps and channichthys rhinoceratus 185 the patagonian toothfish is prevalent in the waters surrounding heard island and mcdonald islands and is the primary species targeted by commercial fishers with five fishing vessels harvesting a collective maximum quota of 3000 tons in the 2021 2022 season 186 187 the toothfish population surrounding heard island and mcdonald islands is genetically distinct from the populations in the vicinity of macquarie island and south georgia and does not typically migrate far from the islands although toothfish tagged in the australian eez have occasionally been recaptured in the nearby french eez surrounding the kerguelen islands 188 189 the region s shallow waters with depths of less than 500 metres 1600 ft are home to a greater number of smaller juvenile toothfish while its deeper waters contain higher densities of older and larger fish 190 191 the population of toothfish in the heard island and mcdonald islands eez is declining spawning stock biomass was estimated at 45 percent of pre exploitation levels in 2023 below a management target of 50 percent 192 invertebrates edit there are at least 127 known species of invertebrates on heard island including 33 species of insects 168 the island is home to very few flying insects 193 the islands support three acalypterate flightless fly species anatalanta aptera calycopteryx moseleyi and amalopteryx maritima as well as at least one species of midge from the genus telmatogeton 194 due to the harsh climate the insect population declines by more than 95 percent from its summer peak each winter 168 one species of spider myro kerguelensis is found on heard island 195 the islands are also home to at least 10 species of springtails one species of thrips 19 species of lice and 52 species of mites 193 196 197 the invertebrates found in bodies of fresh water on heard island include at least 26 species of rotifer 2 species of gastrotrich 2 species of tardigrade and 1 species each of annelid and flatworm 197 three of the invertebrate species found on heard island are not native the worm dendrodrilus rubidus the thrips apterothrips apteris and the mite tyrophagus putrescentiae 43 notes edit while australia claims sovereignty over the australian antarctic territory its claim is recognised by just four other nations 88 the islands are home to one non native plant species poa annua which is believed to have been naturally introduced from the kerguelen islands by seabirds 144 43 references edit citations edit 1 2 3 4 5 mills william james 2003 heard island exploring polar frontiers a historical encyclopedia bloomsbury publishing pp 290 291 isbn 1 57607 422 6 mcgowan 2000 pp 61 62 1 2 budd 2007 p 99 1 2 everything you need to know about australia s heard and mcdonald islands csiro 13 january 2016 archived from the original on 25 march 2026 retrieved 17 may 2026 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 mcivor 2007 p 7 quilty wheller 2000 pp 1 2 1 2 mcgowan 2000 p 62 hughes lazer 2000 p 71 1 2 3 budd 2007 p 100 1 2 3 valentine 2023 p 115 1 2 3 4 schmieder 2023 p 85 budd 2000 p 47 kerr 2009 p 248 beck 1983 p 480 kerr 2009 p 249 1 2 schmieder 2023 pp 8 98 budd 2007 pp 100 101 budd 2007 p 101 kerr 2009 pp 247 252 kerr 2009 p 253 budd 2007 pp 103 104 budd 2007 p 104 schmieder 2023 p 118 1 2 hughes lazer 2000 p 72 budd 2007 p 114 schmieder 2023 pp 85 119 1 2 whinam shaw 2018 p 153 schmieder 2023 p 133 baird 2004 p 91 schmieder 2023 p 132 constable et al 2024 p 71 quilty wheller 2000 p 1 1 2 welsford constable nowara 2011 p 298 welsford constable nowara 2011 p 297 welsford constable nowara 2011 pp 298 300 australian antarctic program completes landmark heard island and mcdonald islands campaign australian antarctic program department of climate change energy the environment and water 13 march 2026 archived from the original on 17 may 2026 retrieved 18 april 2026 australian antarctic program heads to heard island australian antarctic program department of climate change energy the environment and water 4 august 2025 retrieved 18 april 2026 carney 2006 p 459 1 2 3 heard and mcdonald islands world heritage centre unesco archived from the original on 29 october 2023 retrieved 1 april 2026 heard island and mcdonald islands australian antarctic program department of climate change energy the environment and water 13 march 2026 archived from the original on 25 march 2026 retrieved 1 april 2026 1 2 3 heard island and mcdonald islands the europa world year book 2018 vol 1 59 ed routledge 2018 p 702 isbn 978 1 85743 934 2 schmieder 2023 pp 748 750 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 heard and mcdonald islands 2025 conservation outlook assessment world heritage outlook iucn 11 october 2025 retrieved 16 april 2026 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 mcivor 2007 p 9 1 2 protection and management heard island and mcdonald islands australian antarctic program department of climate change energy the environment and water 3 july 2024 retrieved 1 april 2026 1 2 3 4 constable et al 2024 p 7 1 2 3 4 5 location and geography heard island and mcdonald islands australian antarctic program department of climate change energy the environment and water 19 december 2024 retrieved 1 april 2026 carney 2006 p 485 constable et al 2024 p 91 lyons kate evershed nick 3 april 2025 nowhere on earth is safe trump imposes tariffs on uninhabited islands near antarctica the guardian retrieved 10 may 2026 gross jenny 3 april 2025 more penguins than people trump imposes tariffs on remote islands the new york times archived from the original on 4 april 2025 retrieved 10 may 2026 lyons kate evershed nick 4 april 2025 not that norfolk mislabelled shipments led to trump tariffs on uninhabited islands and remote outposts with no us trade the guardian retrieved 10 may 2026 mitchell ottilie turnbull tiffanie 4 april 2025 trump tariffs how island of penguins and seals ended up on list bbc news archived from the original on 6 april 2025 retrieved 10 may 2026 constable et al 2024 p 72 welsford et al 2024 p 1 heard island and mcdonald islands marine reserve australian antarctic division department of climate change energy the environment and water 20 february 2025 archived from the original on 23 january 2026 retrieved 13 may 2026 constable et al 2024 p 89 mcivor 2007 p 10 1 2 duhamel williams 2011 pp 23 24 heard island and mcdonald islands fishery australian fisheries management authority commonwealth of australia retrieved 1 april 2026 1 2 3 human activities heard island and mcdonald islands australian antarctic program department of climate change energy the environment and water 28 february 2005 retrieved 1 april 2026 kaye 1990 p 13 constable et al 2024 p 8 constable et al 2024 pp 73 74 constable et al 2024 pp 74 80 baird 2004 pp 95 97 baird 2004 pp 92 97 98 valentine 2023 p 119 constable et al 2024 p 94 williams et al 2025 pp 3 10 brooks epstein ban 2019 p 1 welsford et al 2024 p 22 schmieder 2023 pp 184 185 mcgowan 2000 pp 62 63 67 schmieder 2023 p 142 schmieder 2023 p 165 schmieder 2023 pp 188 190 schmieder 2023 p 190 schmieder 2023 pp 197 209 budd 2007 pp 97 98 mcgowan 2000 pp 62 63 hughes lazer 2000 p 74 1 2 3 4 5 6 heard and mcdonald islands geoscience australia commonwealth of australia 27 june 2014 retrieved 1 april 2026 1 2 mcgowan 2000 p 61 constable et al 2024 p 6 greenslade vernon smith 2012 p 841 1 2 3 4 5 6 landforms of heard island and mcdonald islands australian antarctic program department of climate change energy the environment and water 3 july 2024 archived from the original on 10 february 2026 retrieved 1 april 2026 carney 2006 p 482 1 2 quilty wheller 2000 p 2 schmieder 2023 p 260 1 2 constable et al 2024 p 52 schmieder 2023 p 487 schmieder 2023 pp 299 318 1 2 3 4 fox et al 2024 p 2 1 2 constable et al 2024 p 93 1 2 3 heard and mcdonald islands department of climate change energy the environment and water commonwealth of australia retrieved 1 april 2026 stephenson et al 2005 pp 259 260 1 2 3 4 climate and weather heard island and mcdonald islands australian antarctic program department of climate change energy the environment and water 28 february 2005 archived from the original on 5 march 2026 retrieved 1 april 2026 schmieder 2023 p 57 1 2 3 4 5 fox et al 2021 p 36 quilty wheller 2000 p 4 weis dominique frey frederick a schlich roland schaming marc montigny raymond damasceno dimitri mattielli nadine nicolaysen kirsten e scoates james s 20 june 2002 trace of the kerguelen mantle plume evidence from seamounts between the kerguelen archipelago and heard island indian ocean geochemistry geophysics geosystems 3 6 1 27 doi 10 1029 2001gc000251 duncan et al 2016 pp 83 85 1 2 3 quilty wheller 2000 p 5 1 2 3 kiernan mcconnell 1999 p 162 duncan et al 2016 p 82 quilty wheller 2000 p 10 fox et al 2024 pp 1 2 7 duncan et al 2016 p 81 fox et al 2021 pp 36 37 barling goldstein nicholls 1994 pp 1017 1018 1 2 3 4 budd 2007 p 98 schmieder 2023 pp 39 284 fox et al 2021 pp 37 38 schmieder 2023 pp 4 125 schmieder 2023 pp 12 294 1 2 fox et al 2021 p 37 schmieder 2023 p 70 schmieder 2023 p 295 bergstrom selkirk 1997 p 349 thost truffer 2008 p 200 tielidze mackintosh yang 2025 p 2682 kiernan mcconnell 1999 p 170 lundqvist 1988 p 234 allison keage 1986 p 261 1 2 lundqvist 1988 p 227 scott 1990 p 61 allison keage 1986 pp 269 270 schmieder 2023 p 367 constable et al 2024 p 36 schmieder 2023 p 27 kiernan mcconnell 1999 p 191 kiernan mcconnell 2002 p 304 schmieder 2023 p 416 thost truffer 2008 p 199 tielidze mackintosh yang 2025 pp 2677 2682 heard island and mcdonald islands the world factbook central intelligence agency 2025 archived from the original on 8 december 2025 retrieved 24 may 2026 claudino sales 2018 p 430 allison keage 1986 p 257 tielidze mackintosh yang 2025 p 2685 tielidze mackintosh yang 2025 pp 2687 2688 allison keage 1986 p 267 kiernan mcconnell 2002 p 306 1 2 3 nature heard island and mcdonald islands australian antarctic program department of climate change energy the environment and water 28 february 2005 retrieved 1 april 2026 schmieder 2023 p 4 schmieder 2023 p 616 constable et al 2024 p 83 1 2 øvstedal gremmen 2008 p 233 plants of heard island and mcdonald islands australian antarctic program department of climate change energy the environment and water 14 april 2025 archived from the original on 19 april 2026 retrieved 1 april 2026 bergstrom whinam belbin 2002 p 170 bergstrom selkirk 2000 p 33 bergstrom seppelt 1989 pp 186 188 scott 1990 pp 62 64 bergstrom selkirk 1997 p 350 bergstrom selkirk 2000 p 34 bergstrom selkirk 2000 p 37 bergstrom selkirk 2000 p 41 bergstrom selkirk 2000 p 40 whinam 1989 pp 502 503 scott kirkpatrick 2005 p 366 bergstrom selkirk 1997 pp 351 352 selkirk et al 2008 p 158 bergstrom selkirk 2000 pp 37 39 bergstrom selkirk 1997 p 352 bergstrom selkirk 2000 pp 34 35 schmieder 2023 p 532 øvstedal gremmen 2006 p 364 1 2 3 4 5 6 valentine 2023 p 118 schmieder 2023 p 591 constable et al 2024 p 59 schmieder 2023 p 580 schmieder 2023 p 567 schmieder 2023 p 571 woehler green 1992 p 660 welsford et al 2024 p 16 constable et al 2024 p 60 slip burton 1999 p 38 woehler green 1992 p 661 1 2 welsford et al 2024 p 15 shaughnessy shaughnessy keage 1988 pp 72 73 page et al 2003 p 219 page et al 2003 p 223 welsford et al 2024 pp 10 12 constable et al 2024 pp 55 56 williams 1983 pp 285 286 welsford et al 2011 p 125 constable et al 2024 pp 15 58 appleyard ward williams 2002 p 364 welsford et al 2011 pp 125 134 135 farmer et al 2017 p 219 welsford et al 2011 pp 129 130 constable et al 2024 p 58 1 2 greenslade penelope 1998 an overview of the invertebrate fauna of heard island biodiversity distribution and ecology in selkirk patricia m ed heard island wilderness reserve reports on natural science and cultural heritage research anare research notes vol 101 australian national antarctic research expeditions pp 20 21 isbn 0 642 25337 4 greenslade vernon smith 2012 pp 842 843 schmieder 2023 p 554 marshall chown 2002 p 688 1 2 greenslade vernon smith 2012 p 842 sources edit allison ian f keage peter l 1986 recent changes in the glaciers of heard island polar record 23 144 255 272 bibcode 1986porec 23 255a doi 10 1017 s0032247400007099 appleyard sharon a ward robert d williams richard 2002 population structure of the patagonian toothfish around heard mcdonald and macquarie islands antarctic science 14 4 364 373 doi 10 1017 s0954102002000238 baird rachel 2004 coastal state fisheries management a review of australian enforcement action in the heard and mcdonald islands australian fishing zone deakin law review 9 1 91 118 barling jane goldstein steven l nicholls ian a 1994 geochemistry of heard island southern indian ocean characterization of an enriched mantle component and implications for enrichment of the sub indian ocean mantle journal of petrology 35 4 1017 1053 doi 10 1093 petrology 35 4 1017 beck peter j 1983 british antarctic policy in the early 20th century polar record 21 134 475 483 bibcode 1983porec 21 475b doi 10 1017 s0032247400021677 bergstrom dana m seppelt r d 1989 the moss flora of heard island revised checklist annotations and phytogeographical considerations lindbergia 14 3 184 190 jstor 20149684 bergstrom dana m selkirk patricia m 1997 distribution of bryophytes on subantarctic heard island the bryologist 100 3 349 355 doi 10 2307 3244503 jstor 3244503 bergstrom dana m selkirk patricia m 2000 terrestrial vegetation and environments on heard island papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania 133 2 33 46 doi 10 26749 rstpp 133 2 33 bergstrom dana m whinam jennifer belbin lee 2002 a classification of subantarctic heard island vegetation arctic antarctic and alpine research 34 2 169 177 bibcode 2002aaar 34 169b doi 10 1080 15230430 2002 12003481 brooks cassandra m epstein graham ban natalie c 2019 managing marine protected areas in remote areas the case of the subantarctic heard and mcdonald islands frontiers in marine science 6 631 bibcode 2019frmas 6 631b doi 10 3389 fmars 2019 00631 budd grahame m 2000 changes in heard island glaciers king penguins and fur seals since 1947 papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania 133 2 47 60 doi 10 26749 rstpp 133 2 47 budd grahame m 2007 australian exploration of heard island 1947 1971 polar record 43 2 97 123 bibcode 2007porec 43 97b doi 10 1017 s0032247407006080 carney gerard 2006 commonwealth territories the constitutional systems of the australian states and territories cambridge university press pp 436 488 isbn 1 139 45884 1 claudino sales vanda 2018 heard and mcdonald islands australia coastal world heritage sites coastal research library vol 28 springer pp 429 434 doi 10 1007 978 94 024 1528 5 isbn 978 94 024 1526 1 constable andrew j cresswell ian d bax nicholas j reid keith 2024 understanding the marine ecos...
|
