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removed november 2018 learn how and when to remove this message early settlement edit ngāti rangitāne were the local māori iwi tangata whenua living in the area known as te ahu ā tūranga 12 when a trader jack duff became the earliest known european to explore the area c 1830 he came on a whaling ship and explored possibly as far inland as the site of woodville he reported his discovery on arrival back to porirua colonel wakefield heard of the potential that the manawatu had for development and visited in 1840 in 1846 charles hartley another trader heard from tangata whenua of a clearing in the papaioea forest and he proceeded through the dense bush and forest and discovered it for europeans 13 9 in 1858 the government began negotiations with local iwi to purchase land in manawatu there was a dispute at the time between the rival iwi ngāti rangitāne and ngāti raukawa as to who had the right to sell the dispute is resolved in favour of rangitāne on a visit in 1859 john tiffin stewart an employee of the wellington provincial council 14 was shown the papaioea clearing by the rangitāne chief te hirawanu and noted its suitability for a good site for a township 15 in 1864 te ahu a turanga block was sold by rangitāne to the government for 12 000 in an effort to open the manawatu to settlement stewart returned in 1866 on behalf of the wellington provincial council under whose jurisdiction the new purchase fell and made the original survey and subdivision in the papaioea forest clearing 13 the settlement named palmerston to commemorate the recently deceased prime minister of great britain was laid out according to stewart s plan consisting of a series of wide and straight streets in a rectangular pattern the focal point was an open space of 17 acres 7 ha subsequently known as the square on 3 october 1866 palmerston was formally endorsed after isaac earl featherston wellington provincial superintendent signed a proclamation defining the boundaries of the settlement the first sections were sold after citation needed among the first settlers included scandinavians who arrived in 1871 they established settlements at awapuni and whakarongo stoney creek 16 later the same year the suffix north was added to distinguish the settlement of the same name in otago in 1872 a petition was launched to change the name of the settlement a public meeting in 1873 ends with no clear decision on the name citation needed the railway line was laid through the square in 1875 the foundation stone for the original all saints church was laid by louisa snelson on 29 september 1875 17 by 1875 there were newspapers a doctor and a post office 13 palmerston north square 1878 in 1876 palmerston north became a local board district within the wellington provincial council this existed until the abolition of the provinces later the same year also in the same year the council set aside land north of the manawatū river for the purposes of a reserve in 1890 this land was again set aside and would become in 1897 the victoria esplanade growing population edit view of the chief post office in palmerston north opened in 1906 with the business premises of g h bennett booksellers stationers newsagents behind a hedge centre left there are a number of people and horses carriages outside the post office photograph taken by william a price by 1877 when the borough council came into existence palmerston north was an isolated village in the midst of the native forest that covered inland manawatu by 1878 the population was 880 18 and sawmilling was the main industry of the district citation needed the arrival of the railway in 1886 saw an increase in the speed of growth and the town was at the centre of a lucrative agricultural district citation needed the opening of the nearby longburn freezing works provided employment while the borough council instigated more infrastructural schemes such as the sewerage system the railway through the manawatū gorge to napier was completed in 1891 citation needed in 1893 rangitāne sold the hokowhitu block increasing the area of land available for settlement in the same year the public hospital opened in a wooden building on terrace street now ruahine street the hospital required significant fundraising at the end of the decade the boer war broke out in south africa and men from palmerston north were among the volunteers 19 by 1900 the population had reached 6 000 20 in the 1910s palmerston north s growth was steady the population in 1911 about 10 991 excluding māori 21 the city was affected by world war i with awapuni racecourse being used as an army training camp in 1914 during the course of the war the borough council renamed all german sounding and foreign street names when the war finished in 1918 celebrations were delayed due to the influenza epidemic city status edit in 1930 the population reached the 20 000 threshold and palmerston north was officially proclaimed a city the 7th in new zealand development was slow due to the great depression and world war ii an airport was established at milson in 1936 which is now palmerston north airport from 1938 the first labour government 1935 1949 initiated state housing programmes in west end savage crescent precinct and roslyn hoffman continuous kiln on featherston street in 1941 the manawatū river flooded again having last flooded in 1902 large parts of hokowhitu and awapuni were underwater with residents evacuating to higher ground peaked at 5 8m in 1940 the māori battalion was formed in palmerston north and trained at the showgrounds now arena manawatu in 1942 linton army camp was established after the war the city s growth was rapid in 1949 the city s boundaries had extended to include milson and kelvin grove 22 in 1953 the boundaries would further extend to include awapuni 22 which in the same year was again flooded by the manawatū river along with hokowhitu it was the largest flood since 1902 although work had started in 1926 it was not until 1959 the milson deviation of the north island main trunk was opened this meant future trains would pass to the north of the city instead of through the square later in 1963 the railway station at tremaine avenue opens the last trains passed through the square in 1964 in 1961 the highbury was added to the council area 22 in 1963 massey university college of manawatu was formed by the amalgamation of the massey agricultural college with the palmerston north university college in 1964 it became massey university an autonomous tertiary learning institution with the power to grant its own degrees in 1967 city boundaries were again extended to include land in aokautere kelvin grove milson amberley westbrook and awapuni as part of future growth for the next 25 years 22 in 1969 volunteers established the esplanade scenic railway at victoria esplanade the railway features a 2 2 km 1 4 mi miniature railway track offering 20 minute rides through native bush 23 in 1970 the new zealand rugby museum was established and a tribute to the founding father of rugby in new zealand charles munro was opened at massey university cenotaph and clock tower in the centre of the square in 1971 a competition to design a civic building for the vacant railway land at the square was won by wellington architects maurice and john patience the resulting building was finished in 1979 in 1976 the manawatu and oroua rivers flooded 24 hour rainfall records in feilding and palmerston north were exceeded and some residents from both locations were evacuated in 1977 palmerston north city council celebrated its centenary of municipal government the queen and the duke of edinburgh are among visitors to palmerston north on 1 november 1989 new zealand local government authorities were reorganised palmerston north city boundaries were extended to include ashhurst linton and turitea through amalgamation of parts of the former kairanga county oroua county and ashhurst town council on 1 july 2012 bunnythorpe longburn part of the area around kairanga and an area around ashhurst were transferred from the manawatū district to palmerston north city 24 25 geography edit looking northeast towards the ruahine range from anzac park manawatu river from anzac cliffs although the land palmerston north is situated on is bounded by the lofty ruahine and tararua ranges in the east and south respectively the city has a predominantly flat appearance the occasional rise in elevation occurs further away from the river and is especially pronounced in the north and northeast and also on the south side of the river the typical urban area elevation ranges between 20 and 40 metres 65 130 ft above sea level the highest point is 760 metres 2 493 ft above sea level this is in the tararua ranges south east of scotts road 26 the lowest point is 10 metres 33 ft above sea level this is at the river bank near te puna road incidentally both these locations are in the south west of the city by linton there are 5 54 square kilometres 1 369 acres dedicated to public reserves the length of the manawatū river within the city boundary is 29 9 kilometres 18 6 mi and its tributary at ashhurst the pohangina is 2 6 kilometres 1 6 mi administrative divisions edit palmerston north city consists of the following populated places i e suburbs towns localities settlements communities hamlets etc the template below col begin is being considered for deletion see templates for discussion to help reach a consensus aokautere ashhurst awapuni bunnythorpe cloverlea fitzherbert highbury hokowhitu kelvin grove linton longburn milson palmerston north central papaioea roslyn takaro terrace end turitea west end westbrook whakarongo climate edit palmerston north s climate is temperate köppen cfb with warm summer afternoon temperatures of 20 22 c 72 f in summer and 12 c 54 f in winter on average temperatures rise above 25 c 77 f on 20 days of the year annual rainfall is approximately 960 mm 37 8 in with rain occurring approximately 5 of the time there are on average 200 rain free days each year 27 in the ranges that flank the city there is often sustained wind especially in spring much of this land is within the city boundaries and these ranges have the reputation of providing the most consistent wind in the country 28 close to the city is the largest electricity generating series of wind farms in the southern hemisphere with 286 turbines in the tararua and ruahine ranges providing power for approximately 50 000 homes climate data for palmerston north 1991 2020 normals extremes 1928 present month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high c f 32 5 90 5 33 0 91 4 31 3 88 3 28 4 83 1 25 6 78 1 20 9 69 6 19 6 67 3 22 8 73 0 22 4 72 3 26 2 79 2 28 7 83 7 31 7 89 1 33 0 91 4 mean maximum c f 28 3 82 9 28 0 82 4 26 9 80 4 23 6 74 5 20 8 69 4 17 9 64 2 16 7 62 1 17 5 63 5 19 6 67 3 21 3 70 3 24 1 75 4 26 3 79 3 29 3 84 7 mean daily maximum c f 22 6 72 7 23 2 73 8 21 6 70 9 18 7 65 7 16 0 60 8 13 5 56 3 12 9 55 2 13 8 56 8 15 1 59 2 16 5 61 7 18 3 64 9 20 9 69 6 17 8 64 0 daily mean c f 17 9 64 2 18 4 65 1 16 7 62 1 14 0 57 2 11 7 53 1 9 4 48 9 8 8 47 8 9 5 49 1 11 0 51 8 12 5 54 5 14 0 57 2 16 5 61 7 13 4 56 1 mean daily minimum c f 13 1 55 6 13 6 56 5 11 7 53 1 9 2 48 6 7 3 45 1 5 2 41 4 4 7 40 5 5 2 41 4 6 8 44 2 8 4 47 1 9 7 49 5 12 1 53 8 8 9 48 0 mean minimum c f 5 8 42 4 7 1 44 8 4 5 40 1 1 8 35 2 0 6 30 9 1 6 29 1 2 0 28 4 1 1 30 0 0 4 31 3 0 8 33 4 2 7 36 9 5 7 42 3 2 8 27 0 record low c f 0 5 32 9 0 0 32 0 1 5 29 3 3 6 25 5 3 9 25 0 6 9 19 6 6 7 19 9 6 0 21 2 3 9 25 0 3 6 25 5 2 1 28 2 0 0 32 0 6 9 19 6 average rainfall mm inches 58 7 2 31 68 6 2 70 57 4 2 26 83 6 3 29 87 2 3 43 95 5 3 76 87 5 3 44 83 5 3 29 89 0 3 50 96 3 3 79 86 3 3 40 89 9 3 54 983 5 38 71 average rainy days 1 0 mm 8 2 6 8 7 3 9 1 10 4 12 0 11 6 12 7 11 8 12 4 9 9 10 2 122 4 average relative humidity 77 2 78 1 80 7 80 9 85 7 87 8 87 4 84 9 78 9 80 5 77 2 76 6 81 3 mean monthly sunshine hours 207 3 186 5 184 1 146 3 116 0 91 3 110 9 126 1 130 4 139 1 163 4 170 3 1 771 7 mean daily daylight hours 14 7 13 6 12 3 11 0 9 9 9 3 9 6 10 6 11 8 13 2 14 4 15 0 12 1 percentage possible sunshine 45 49 48 44 38 33 37 38 37 34 38 37 40 source 1 niwa climate data 29 30 source 2 weather spark 31 demographics edit palmerston north territorial authority edit palmerston north city covers 394 74 km 2 152 41 sq mi 4 and had an estimated population of 90 500 as of june 2025 5 with a population density of 229 people per km 2 this comprises 81 200 people in the palmerston north urban area 3 350 people in the ashhurst urban area and 5 950 people in the surrounding settlements and rural area historical population for the territorial authority year pop p a 1996 76 000 2001 75 900 0 03 2006 77 727 0 48 2013 80 079 0 43 2018 84 639 1 11 2023 87 090 0 57 source 32 33 34 palmerston north city had a population of 87 090 in the 2023 new zealand census an increase of 2 451 people 2 9 since the 2018 census and an increase of 7 011 people 8 8 since the 2013 census there were 42 453 males 44 166 females and 471 people of other genders in 31 776 dwellings 35 4 1 of people identified as lgbtiq the median age was 35 7 years compared with 38 1 years nationally there were 16 899 people 19 4 aged under 15 years 19 401 22 3 aged 15 to 29 37 125 42 6 aged 30 to 64 and 13 665 15 7 aged 65 or older 34 largest groups of overseas born residents 36 nationality population 2018 england 2 748 india 1 539 china 1 440 australia 1 155 south africa 903 philippines 693 fiji 528 united states 468 samoa 441 malaysia 390 people could identify as more than one ethnicity the results were 73 8 european pākehā 20 7 māori 5 9 pasifika 14 4 asian 1 7 middle eastern latin american and african new zealanders melaa and 2 4 other which includes people giving their ethnicity as new zealander english was spoken by 95 7 māori language by 5 0 samoan by 1 0 and other languages by 14 2 no language could be spoken by 2 2 e g too young to talk new zealand sign language was known by 0 9 the percentage of people born overseas was 21 8 compared with 28 8 nationally religious affiliations were 31 9 christian 2 2 hindu 1 8 islam 1 1 māori religious beliefs 1 1 buddhist 0 5 new age 0 1 jewish and 1 6 other religions people who answered that they had no religion were 52 8 and 7 0 of people did not answer the census question of those at least 15 years old 13 860 19 7 people had a bachelor s or higher degree 37 113 52 9 had a post high school certificate or diploma and 15 489 22 1 people exclusively held high school qualifications the median income was 40 800 compared with 41 500 nationally 6 591 people 9 4 earned over 100 000 compared to 12 1 nationally the employment status of those at least 15 was that 35 859 51 1 people were employed full time 9 570 13 6 were part time and 2 154 3 1 were unemployed 34 population density in the 2023 census palmerston north urban area edit palmerston north s urban area covers 77 05 km 2 29 75 sq mi 4 and had an es...
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