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anese 33rd division during the battle of yenangyaung in burma and rescued by the chinese 38th division 205 despite stubborn resistance by filipino and us forces the philippine commonwealth was eventually captured in may forcing its government into exile following the capture of bataan japanese armies forced some 75 000 filipino and american prisoners on a 42km death march resulting in thousands of deaths 206 by the end of april japan and its ally thailand had conquered malaya the dutch east indies singapore rabaul and most of burma inflicting severe losses on allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners japanese advances were accompanied by numerous atrocities including the sook ching massacre in singapore 207 the only allied success against japan was a chinese victory at changsha 208 the japanese victories left it overconfident and overextended 209 japanese torpedo bombers fly past the uss yorktown during the battle of midway 4 june 1942 in early may 1942 japan initiated operations to capture port moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the united states and australia the planned invasion was thwarted when an allied task force centred on two american fleet carriers fought japanese naval forces to a draw in the battle of the coral sea 210 japan s next plan motivated by the earlier doolittle raid was to seize midway atoll and lure american carriers into battle to be eliminated as a diversion japan would also send forces to occupy the aleutian islands in alaska 211 in mid may japan started the zhejiang jiangxi campaign in china with the goal of inflicting retribution on the chinese who aided the surviving american airmen in the doolittle raid by destroying chinese air bases and fighting against the chinese 23rd and 32nd army groups 212 213 in early june japan put its operations into action but the americans had broken japanese naval codes in late may and were fully aware of the plans and order of battle and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at midway over the imperial japanese navy 214 with its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the midway battle japan attempted to capture port moresby by an overland campaign in the territory of papua 215 the americans planned a counterattack against japanese positions in the southern solomon islands primarily guadalcanal as a first step towards capturing rabaul the main japanese base in the south pacific 216 both plans started in july but by mid september the battle for guadalcanal took priority for the japanese and troops in new guinea were ordered to withdraw from the port moresby area to the northern part of the island where they faced australian and united states troops in the battle of buna gona 217 guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for guadalcanal with japanese forces suffering massive losses in the attrition especially amongst their elite pilots 218 by the start of 1943 the japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops 219 in burma commonwealth forces mounted two operations the first was a disastrous offensive into the arakan region in late 1942 that forced a retreat back to india by may 1943 220 the second was the insertion of irregular forces behind japanese frontlines in february which by the end of april had achieved mixed results 221 eastern front 1942 1943 despite considerable losses in early 1942 germany and its allies stopped a major soviet offensive in central and southern russia keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year 222 in may the germans defeated soviet offensives in the kerch peninsula and at kharkov 223 the fortress city of sevastopol which the red army had held out against axis siege for nearly 250 days was finally seized with the use of massive artillery bombardments and poison gas 224 in june 1942 germany launched its main summer offensive against southern russia to seize the oil fields of the caucasus and occupy the kuban steppe while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front the germans split army group south into two groups army group a advanced to the lower don river and struck south east to the caucasus while army group b headed towards the volga river the soviet union decided to make its stand at stalingrad on the volga 225 red army soldiers on the counterattack during the battle of stalingrad february 1943 by mid november the germans had nearly taken stalingrad in bitter street fighting the soviet union began its second winter counter offensive starting with an encirclement of the german sixth army at stalingrad 226 and an assault on the rzhev salient near moscow though the latter failed 227 by early february 1943 the german army had taken tremendous losses german troops at stalingrad had been defeated 228 and the front line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive in mid february after the soviet push had tapered off the germans launched another attack on kharkov creating a salient in their front line around the soviet city of kursk 229 western europe atlantic and mediterranean 1942 1943 american eighth air force boeing b 17 flying fortress bombing raid on the focke wulf factory in germany 9 october 1943 exploiting poor american naval command decisions the german navy ravaged allied shipping off the american atlantic coast 230 the germans launched a north african offensive in january 1942 pushing the british back to positions at the gazala line by early february 231 followed by a temporary lull in combat which germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives 232 concerns that the japanese might use bases in vichy held madagascar caused the british to invade the island in early may 1942 233 an axis offensive in libya forced an allied retreat deep inside egypt until axis forces were stopped at el alamein 234 on the continent raids of allied commandos on strategic targets culminating in the failed dieppe raid 235 demonstrated the western allies inability to launch an invasion of continental europe without much better preparation equipment and operational security 236 in august 1942 the allies succeeded in repelling a second attack against el alamein 237 and at a high cost managed to deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged malta 238 a few months later the allies commenced an attack of their own in egypt dislodging the axis forces and beginning a drive west across libya 239 this attack was followed up shortly after by anglo american landings in french north africa which resulted in the region joining the allies 240 hitler responded to the french colony s defection by ordering the occupation of vichy france 240 although vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice they managed to scuttle their fleet to prevent its capture by german forces 240 241 axis forces in africa withdrew into tunisia which was conquered by the allies in may 1943 240 242 german operations in the atlantic also suffered by may 1943 as allied counter measures became increasingly effective the resulting sizeable german submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the german atlantic naval campaign 243 in june 1943 the british and americans began a strategic bombing campaign against germany with a goal to disrupt the war economy reduce morale and de house the civilian population 244 the firebombing of hamburg was among the first attacks in this campaign inflicting significant casualties and considerable losses on infrastructure of this important industrial centre 245 allies gain momentum 1943 1944 us navy sbd 5 scout dive bomber flying patrol over uss washington and uss lexington during the gilbert and marshall islands campaign 1943 after the guadalcanal campaign the allies initiated several operations against japan in the pacific in may 1943 canadian and us forces were sent to eliminate japanese forces from the aleutians 246 soon after the united states with support from australia new zealand and pacific islander forces began major ground sea and air operations to isolate rabaul by capturing surrounding islands and breach the japanese central pacific perimeter at the gilbert and marshall islands 247 by the end of march 1944 the allies had completed both of these objectives and had also neutralised the major japanese base at truk in the caroline islands in april the allies launched an operation to retake western new guinea 248 in the soviet union both the germans and the soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in central russia on 5 july 1943 germany attacked soviet forces around the kursk bulge within a week german forces had exhausted themselves against the soviets well constructed defences 249 and for the first time in the war hitler cancelled an operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success 250 this decision was partially affected by the western allies invasion of sicily launched on 9 july which combined with previous italian failures resulted in the ousting and arrest of mussolini later that month 251 red army troops behind t34 76 1942 variant in a counter offensive on german positions at the battle of kursk july 1943 on 12 july 1943 the soviets launched their own counter offensives thereby nearly completely dispelling any chance of german victory or even stalemate in the east the soviet victory at kursk marked the end of german superiority 252 giving the soviet union the initiative on the eastern front 253 254 the germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified panther wotan line but the soviets broke through it at smolensk and the lower dnieper offensive 255 on 3 september 1943 the western allies invaded the italian mainland following italy s armistice with the allies and the ensuing german occupation of italy 256 germany with the help of local fascists responded to the armistice by disarming italian forces that were in many places without superior orders seizing military control of italian areas 257 and creating a series of defensive lines 258 german special forces then rescued mussolini who then soon established a new client state in german occupied italy named the italian social republic 259 causing an italian civil war the western allies fought through several lines until reaching the main german defensive line in mid november 260 in november 1943 franklin d roosevelt and winston churchill met with chiang kai shek in cairo and then with joseph stalin in tehran 261 the former conference determined the post war return of japanese territory 262 and the military planning for the burma campaign 263 while the latter included agreement that the western allies would invade europe in 1944 and that the soviet union would declare war on japan within three months of germany s defeat 264 from november 1943 during the seven week battle of changde the chinese awaited allied relief as they forced japan to fight a costly war of attrition 265 266 267 in january 1944 the allies launched a series of attacks in italy against the line at monte cassino and tried to outflank it with landings at anzio 268 on 27 january 1944 soviet troops launched a major offensive that expelled german forces from the leningrad region thereby ending the most lethal siege in history 269 the following soviet offensive was halted on the pre war estonian border by the german army group north aided by estonians hoping to re establish national independence this delay slowed subsequent soviet operations in the baltic sea region 270 by late may 1944 the soviets had liberated crimea largely expelled axis forces from ukraine and made incursions into romania which were repulsed by the axis troops 271 the allied offensives in italy had succeeded and at the cost of allowing several german divisions to retreat rome was captured on 4 june 272 the allies had mixed success in mainland asia in march 1944 the japanese launched the first of two invasions an operation against allied positions in assam india 273 and soon besieged commonwealth positions at imphal and kohima 274 in may 1944 british and indian forces mounted a counter offensive that drove japanese troops back to burma by july 274 and chinese forces that had invaded northern burma in late 1943 besieged japanese troops in myitkyina 275 the second japanese invasion of china aimed to destroy china s main fighting forces secure railways between japanese held territory and capture allied airfields 276 by june the japanese had conquered the province of henan and begun a new attack on changsha 277 allied offensives 1944 american troops approaching omaha beach during the invasion of normandy on d day 6 june 1944 on 6 june 1944 commonly known as d day after three years of soviet pressure 278 the western allies invaded northern france after reassigning several allied divisions from italy they also attacked southern france 279 these landings were successful and led to the defeat of the german army units in france the liberation of paris on 25 august by the local resistance was assisted by the free french forces both led by general charles de gaulle 280 and the western allies continued to push back german forces in western europe during the latter part of the year an attempt to advance into northern germany spearheaded by a major airborne operation in the netherlands failed 281 after that the western allies slowly pushed into germany but failed to cross the roer river in italy the allied advance slowed due to the last major german defensive line 282 on 22 june the soviets launched a strategic offensive in belarus that nearly destroyed the german army group centre 283 soon after that another soviet strategic offensive forced german troops from western ukraine and eastern poland the soviet red army however halted in the praga district on the other side of the vistula as the germans quelled the warsaw uprising initiated by the home army the main faction of the polish resistance loyal to the non communist government in exile killing over 150 000 poles 284 the national uprising in slovakia was also quelled by the germans 285 the soviet red army s strategic offensive in eastern romania cut off and destroyed the considerable german troops there and triggered a successful coup d état in romania and in bulgaria followed by those countries shift to the allied side 286 general douglas macarthur returns to the philippines during the battle of leyte 20 october 1944 in september 1944 soviet troops advanced into yugoslavia and forced the rapid withdrawal of german army groups e and f in greece albania and yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off 287 by this point the communist led partisans under marshal josip broz tito who had led an increasingly successful guerrilla campaign against the occupation since 1941 controlled much of the territory of yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against german forc...
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