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ry verb constructions 7 3 4 questions 7 3 5 discourse level syntax 8 vocabulary toggle vocabulary subsection 8 1 word formation processes 8 2 word origins 8 3 english loans in other languages 9 see also 10 references toggle references subsection 10 1 bibliography 11 external links toggle the table of contents english language 313 languages аԥсшәа acèh адыгабзэ afrikaans alemannisch አማርኛ pangcah aragonés ænglisc अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া asturianu авар अवधी aymar aru azərbaycanca تۆرکجه башҡортса basa bali boarisch žemaitėška batak toba bikol central беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская betawi български भोजपुरी bislama banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ bamanankan বাংলা བོད ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী brezhoneg bosanski batak mandailing basa ugi буряад català chavacano de zamboanga 閩東語 mìng dĕ̤ng ngṳ̄ нохчийн cebuano ꮳꮃꭹ tsetsêhestâhese کوردی corsu qırımtatarca čeština kaszëbsczi словѣньскъ ⱄⰾⱁⰲⱑⱀⱐⱄⰽⱏ чӑвашла cymraeg dansk dagbanli deutsch zazaki dolnoserbski kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང ཁ eʋegbe ελληνικά emiliàn e rumagnòl esperanto español eesti euskara estremeñu فارسی suomi võro na vosa vakaviti føroyskt français arpetan nordfriisk furlan frysk gaeilge gagauz 贛語 kriyòl gwiyannen gàidhlig galego گیلکی avañe ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी gõychi konknni 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 ગુજરાતી wayuunaiki gaelg hausa 客家語 hak kâ ngî hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी fiji hindi hrvatski hornjoserbsce kreyòl ayisyen magyar հայերեն արեւմտահայերէն interlingua jaku iban bahasa indonesia interlingue igbo iñupiatun ilokano гӏалгӏай ido íslenska italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ inuktitut 日本語 patois la lojban jawa ქართული qaraqalpaqsha taqbaylit karai karai jju адыгэбзэ kabɩyɛ tyap kongo kumoring қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ yerwa kanuri 한국어 перем коми къарачай малкъар کٲشُر ripoarisch kurdî коми kernowek кыргызча latina ladino lëtzebuergesch лакку лезги lingua franca nova luganda limburgs ligure ladin lombard lingála ລາວ lietuvių latgaļu latviešu madhurâ मैथिली basa banyumasan мокшень malagasy олык марий māori minangkabau македонски മലയാളം монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် moore मराठी кырык мары bahasa melayu malti mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ эрзянь مازِرونی napulitano nedersaksies plattdüütsch नेपाली नेपाल भाषा oshiwambo li niha nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål novial isindebele sesewula nouormand sesotho sa leboa nupe diné bizaad chi chewa occitan livvinkarjala oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ pangasinan kapampangan papiamentu picard naijá deitsch pälzisch पालि polski piemontèis پنجابی پښتو português runa simi rumantsch română armãneashti tarandíne русский русиньскый ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ sardu sicilianu scots سنڌي davvisámegiella sängö srpskohrvatski српскохрватски taclḥit တႆး සිංහල simple english slovenčina سرائیکی slovenščina gagana samoa anarâškielâ chishona soomaaliga shqip српски srpski sranantongo siswati sesotho seeltersk sunda svenska kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ślůnski தமிழ் ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ türkmençe tagalog tolışi setswana lea faka tonga toki pona tok pisin türkçe seediq xitsonga татарча tatarça chitumbuka twi reo tahiti тыва дыл удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە uyghurche українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tshivenda vèneto vepsän kel tiếng việt west vlams volapük walon winaray wolof 吴语 isixhosa მარგალური ייִדיש yorùbá vahcuengh zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 文言 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 isizulu edit links article talk english read view source view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read view source view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url print export download as pdf printable version in other projects abstract wikipedia wikimedia commons wikifunctions wikiquote wikiversity wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from english language west germanic language english pronunciation ˈ ɪ ŋ ɡ l ɪ ʃ ing glish 1 native to the english speaking world including the united kingdom ireland united states canada australia new zealand commonwealth caribbean south africa and others speakers l1 380 million 2021 2 l2 1 077 billion 2021 3 total 1 457 billion language family indo european germanic west germanic north sea germanic anglic english early forms proto english old english middle english early modern english dialects british english north american caribbean australian new zealand south african hiberno english full list writing system latin english alphabet anglo saxon runes historical english braille unified english braille signed forms manually coded english multiple systems official status official language in 57 countries and 30 dependent territories organisations including the un eu commonwealth icc imf ioc iso nato wto asean oas and oecd language codes iso 639 1 en iso 639 2 eng iso 639 3 eng glottolog stan1293 linguasphere 52 aba regions where english is the native language of the majority regions where english is an official or widely spoken language but not a majority native language this article contains ipa phonetic symbols without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of unicode characters for an introductory guide on ipa symbols see help ipa english is a west germanic language of the indo european language family that emerged in early medieval england and has since become a global lingua franca 4 5 6 the language is named after the angles one of the germanic peoples who migrated to britain after the end of roman rule english is the most spoken language in the world primarily due to the global influence of the former british empire succeeded by the commonwealth of nations and the united states it is the most widely learned second language in the world with more second language speakers than native speakers however english is only the third most spoken native language after mandarin chinese and spanish 3 english is either the official language or one of the official languages of 57 sovereign states and 30 dependent territories making it the most geographically widespread language in the world in the united kingdom the united states australia and new zealand it is the dominant language for historical reasons without being explicitly defined by law 7 it is a co official language of the united nations the european union and many other international and regional organisations it has also become the de facto lingua franca of diplomacy science technology international trade logistics tourism aviation entertainment and the internet 8 ethnologue estimated that there were over 1 4 billion speakers worldwide as of 2021 update 3 old english emerged from a group of west germanic dialects spoken by the anglo saxons early inscriptions were written with runes before a latin based alphabet was adopted for longer texts late old english borrowed some grammar and core vocabulary from old norse a north germanic language 9 10 11 an evolution of the latin alphabet the english alphabet fully supplanted the runic alphabet by the high middle ages coinciding with the emergence of middle english in england under norman control middle english borrowed vocabulary extensively from french dialects which are the source of approximately 28 per cent of modern english words and from latin which is the source of an additional 28 per cent 12 while latin and the romance languages are thus the source for a majority of its lexicon taken as a whole english s grammar and phonology remain germanic as does most of its basic everyday vocabulary finally middle english transformed in part through the great vowel shift into modern english which exists on a dialect continuum with scots it is next most closely related to low saxon and frisian classification english is a member of the indo european language family belonging to the west germanic branch of germanic languages 13 owing to their descent from a shared ancestor proto germanic english and other germanic languages which include dutch german and swedish 14 share characteristic features including a division of verbs into strong and weak classes the use of modal verbs and sound changes affecting proto indo european consonants known as grimm s and verner s laws 15 old english was one of several ingvaeonic languages which emerged from a dialect continuum spoken by west germanic peoples during the 5th century in frisia on the coast of the north sea old english emerged among the ingvaeonic speakers on the british isles following their migration to the region while the other ingvaeonic languages frisian and old low german developed in parallel on the european continent 16 old english evolved into middle english which in turn evolved into modern english 17 particular dialects of old and middle english also developed into other anglic languages including scots 18 and the extinct fingallian and yola dialects of ireland 19 english was isolated from other germanic languages on the continent and diverged considerably in vocabulary syntax and phonology as a result it is not mutually intelligible with any continental germanic language though some such as dutch and frisian share strong affinities with it particularly in its earlier stages 20 page needed english and frisian were traditionally considered more closely related to one another than they were to other west germanic languages but most modern scholarship does not recognise a particular affinity between them 21 though they shared similar sound changes that were found nowhere else around the north sea at that time the specific changes appeared in english and frisian at different times a pattern that is uncharacteristic of languages that share a unique phylogenetic ancestor 22 23 history main article history of english proto germanic to old english manuscript written in uncial script of beowulf an epic poem composed in old english between 975 and 1025 the poem begins hƿæt ƿē gārde na ingēar dagum þēod cyninga þrym ge frunon listen we have heard of the glory in bygone days of the folk kings of the spear danes 24 old english also called anglo saxon was the earliest form of the english language spoken from c 450 to c 1150 old english developed from a set of west germanic dialects sometimes identified as anglo frisian or north sea germanic originally spoken along the coasts of frisia lower saxony and southern jutland by the germanic peoples known from historical records as the angles saxons and jutes 25 from the 5th century the anglo saxons settled britain as the roman economy and administration collapsed by the 7th century old english had become dominant in britain replacing the common brittonic and british latin previously spoken during the roman occupation 26 27 28 which left little influence on english england and english originally ænglaland and ænglisc are both named after the angles 29 old english was divided into two anglian dialects mercian and northumbrian and two saxon dialects kentish and west saxon 30 through the influence of the kingdom of wessex and the educational reforms instated by king alfred during the 9th century the west saxon dialect became the standard written variety 31 the epic poem beowulf is written in west saxon and the earliest english poem cædmon s hymn is written in northumbrian 32 modern english developed mainly from mercian but the scots language developed from northumbrian during the earliest period of old english a few short inscriptions were made using a runic alphabet 33 by the 7th century a latin alphabet had been adopted written with half uncial letterforms it included the runic letters wynn ƿ and thorn þ and the modified latin letters eth ð and ash æ 33 34 old english is markedly different from modern english 21st century english speakers are entirely unable to understand old english without special training its grammar was similar to that of modern german nouns adjectives pronouns and verbs had many more inflectional endings and forms and word order was much freer than in modern english modern english has case forms in pronouns he him his and a few verb inflections speak speaks speaking spoke spoken but old english had case endings in nouns as well and verbs had more person and number endings 35 36 37 influence of old norse between the 8th and 11th centuries the english spoken in some regions underwent significant changes due to contact with old norse a north germanic language several waves of norsemen colonising the northern british isles in the 8th and 9th centuries brought old english speakers into constant contact with old norse norse influence was strongest in the north eastern varieties of old english spoken in the danelaw surrounding york today these features are still particularly evident in scots and northern english the centre of norse influence was lindsey located in the midlands after lindsey was incorporated into the anglo saxon polity in 920 english spread extensively throughout the region one element of norse influence that persists in all english varieties today is the third person pronoun group beginning with th they them their which replaced the anglo saxon pronouns with h hie him hera 38 other norse loanwords include give get sky skirt egg and cake typically displacing a native anglo saxon equivalent old norse in this era remained largely mutually intelligible with some dialects of old english particularly northern ones 39 middle english further information influence of french on english englischmen þeyz hy hadde fram þe bygynnyng þre manner speche souþeron northeron and myddel speche in þe myddel of þe lond noþeles by comyxstion and mellyng furst wiþ danes and afterward wiþ normans in menye þe contray longage ys asperyed and som vseþ strange wlaffyng chyteryng harryng and garryng grisbytting although from the beginning englishmen had three manners of speaking southern northern and midlands speech in the middle of the country nevertheless through intermingling and mixing first with danes and then with normans amongst many the country language has arisen and some use strange stammering chattering snarling and grating gnashing john trevisa c 1385 40 the middle english period is often defined as beginning with the norman conquest in 1066 during the centuries that followed english was heavily influenced by the form of old french spoken by the new norman ruling class that had migrated to england known as old norman over the following decades of contact members of the middle and upper classes whether native english or norman became increasingly bilingual by 1150 at the latest bilingual speakers represented a majority of the english aristocracy and monolingual french speakers were nearly non existent 41 the french spoken by the norman elite in england eventually developed into the anglo norman language 42 the transition from old to middle english can also be placed during the composition of the ormulum c late 12th century a work by the augustinian canon orrm which highlights the blending of old english and anglo norman elements in the language for the first time 43 44 as the lower classes who represented t...
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