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les may be able to become dominant or mate with the females this behaviour has not been observed in eastern lowland gorillas in a single male group when the silverback dies the females and their offspring disperse and find a new troop 62 63 without a silverback to protect them the infants will likely fall victim to infanticide joining a new group is likely to be a tactic against this 62 64 however while gorilla troops usually disband after the silverback dies female eastern lowland gorillas and their offspring have been recorded staying together until a new silverback transfers into the group this likely serves as protection from leopards 63 a silverback with a female the silverback is the centre of the troop s attention making all the decisions mediating conflicts determining the movements of the group leading the others to feeding sites and taking responsibility for the safety and well being of the troop younger males subordinate to the silverback known as blackbacks may serve as backup protection blackbacks are aged between 8 and 12 years 61 and lack the silverback hair the bond that a silverback has with his females forms the core of gorilla social life bonds between them are maintained by grooming and staying close together 65 females form strong relationships with males to gain mating opportunities and protection from predators and infanticidal outside males 66 in multi male groups a female s relationship with the silverback can give her dominance over the other males even though they are twice their size 67 aggressive behaviours between males and females do occur but rarely lead to serious injury relationships between females may vary maternally related females in a troop tend to be friendly towards each other and associate closely otherwise females have few friendly encounters and commonly act aggressively towards each other 59 female gorillas within a troop exist within stable dominance hierarchies with social mobility usually changing with the departure or death of a member 68 females may fight for social access to males and a male may intervene 65 male gorillas have weak social bonds particularly in multiple male groups with apparent dominance hierarchies and strong competition for mates males in all male groups though tend to have friendly interactions and socialise through play grooming and staying together 61 and occasionally they even engage in homosexual interactions 69 severe aggression is rare in stable groups but when two mountain gorilla groups meet the two silverbacks can sometimes engage in a fight to the death using their canines to cause deep gaping injuries 70 reproduction and parenting a young gorilla riding on a mother females mature at 10 12 years earlier in captivity and males at 11 13 years a female s first ovulatory cycle occurs when she is six years of age and is followed by a two year period of adolescent infertility 71 the estrous cycle lasts 30 33 days with outward ovulation signs subtle compared to those of chimpanzees the gestation period lasts 8 5 months female mountain gorillas first give birth at 10 years of age and have four year interbirth intervals 71 males can be fertile before reaching adulthood gorillas mate year round 72 females will purse their lips and slowly approach a male while making eye contact this serves to urge the male to mount her if the male does not respond then she will try to attract his attention by reaching towards him or slapping the ground 73 in multiple male groups solicitation indicates female preference but females can be forced to mate with multiple males 73 males incite copulation by approaching a female and displaying at her or touching her and giving a train grunt 72 copulation typically lasts 1 2 minutes but can last as long as 20 minutes 74 recently gorillas have been observed engaging in face to face sex a trait once considered unique to humans and bonobos 75 a mother gorilla with a 10 day old infant gorilla infants are vulnerable and dependent thus mothers their primary caregivers are important to their survival 64 male gorillas are not active in caring for the young but they do play a role in socialising them to other youngsters 76 the silverback has a largely supportive relationship with the infants in his troop and shields them from aggression within the group 76 infants remain in contact with their mothers for the first five months and mothers stay near the silverback for protection 76 infants suckle at least once per hour and sleep with their mothers in the same nest 77 infants begin to break contact with their mothers after five months but only for a brief period each time by 12 months old infants move up to five m 16 ft from their mothers at around 18 21 months the distance between mother and offspring increases and they regularly spend time away from each other 78 in addition nursing decreases to once every two hours 77 infants spend only half of their time with their mothers by 30 months they enter their juvenile period at their third year and this lasts until their sixth year at this time gorillas are weaned and they sleep in a separate nest from their mothers 76 after their offspring are weaned females begin to ovulate and soon become pregnant again 76 77 the presence of play partners including the silverback minimizes conflicts in weaning between mother and offspring 78 communication gorilla communication redirects here not to be confused with guerrilla communication twenty five distinct vocalisations are recognised many of which are used primarily for group communication within dense vegetation sounds classified as grunts and barks are heard most frequently while traveling and indicate the whereabouts of individual group members 79 they may also be used during social interactions when discipline is required screams and roars signal alarm or warning and are produced most often by silverbacks deep rumbling belches suggest contentment and are heard frequently during feeding and resting periods they are the most common form of intragroup communication 70 for this reason conflicts are most often resolved by displays and other threat behaviours that are intended to intimidate without becoming physical as a result fights do not occur very frequently the ritualized charge display is unique to gorillas the entire sequence has nine steps 1 progressively quickening hooting 2 symbolic feeding 3 rising bipedally 4 throwing vegetation 5 chest beating with cupped hands 6 one leg kick 7 sideways running two legged to four legged 8 slapping and tearing vegetation and 9 thumping the ground with palms to end display 80 a gorilla s chest beat may vary in frequency depending on its size smaller ones tend to have higher frequencies while larger ones tend to be lower they also do it the most when females are ready to mate 81 intelligence further information primate cognition see also great ape language a female gorilla exhibiting tool use by using a tree trunk as a support whilst fishing herbs gorillas are considered highly intelligent a few individuals in captivity such as koko have been taught a subset of sign language like the other great apes gorillas can laugh grieve have rich emotional lives develop strong family bonds make and use tools and think about the past and future 82 some researchers believe gorillas have spiritual feelings or religious sentiments 16 they have been shown to have cultures in different areas revolving around different methods of food preparation and will show individual colour preferences 16 tool use further information tool use by animals gorillas the following observations were made by a team led by thomas breuer of the wildlife conservation society in september 2005 gorillas are now known to use tools in the wild a female gorilla in the nouabalé ndoki national park in the republic of congo was recorded using a stick as if to gauge the depth of water whilst crossing a swamp a second female was seen using a tree stump as a bridge and also as a support whilst fishing in the swamp this means all of the great apes are now known to use tools 83 in september 2005 a two and a half year old gorilla in the republic of congo was discovered using rocks to smash open palm nuts inside a game sanctuary 84 while this was the first such observation for a gorilla over 40 years previously chimpanzees had been seen using tools in the wild fishing for termites nonhuman great apes are endowed with semiprecision grips and have been able to use both simple tools and even weapons such as improvising a club from a convenient fallen branch scientific study american physician and missionary thomas staughton savage obtained the first specimens the skull and other bones during his time in liberia 9 the first scientific description of gorillas from near the river gaboon 85 86 dates back to an article by savage and the naturalist jeffries wyman in 1847 in proceedings of the boston society of natural history 85 86 where troglodytes gorilla is described now known as the western gorilla other species of gorilla were described in the next few years 6 a drawing of french explorer paul du chaillu at close quarters with a gorilla the explorer paul du chaillu was the first westerner to see a live gorilla during his travel through western equatorial africa from 1856 to 1859 he brought dead specimens to the uk in 1861 87 88 89 the first systematic study was not conducted until the 1920s when carl akeley of the american museum of natural history traveled to africa to hunt for an animal to be shot and stuffed on his first trip he was accompanied by his friends mary bradley a mystery writer her husband and their young daughter alice who would later write science fiction under the pseudonym james tiptree jr after their trip mary bradley wrote on the gorilla trail she later became an advocate for the conservation of gorillas and wrote several more books mainly for children in the late 1920s and early 1930s robert yerkes and his wife ava helped further the study of gorillas when they sent harold bigham to africa yerkes also wrote a book in 1929 about the great apes citation needed after world war ii george schaller was one of the first researchers to go into the field and study primates in 1959 he conducted a systematic study of the mountain gorilla in the wild and published his work years later at the behest of louis leakey and the national geographic dian fossey conducted a much longer and more comprehensive study of the mountain gorilla when she published her work many misconceptions and myths about gorillas were finally disproved including the myth that gorillas are violent citation needed western lowland gorillas g g gorilla are believed to be one of the zoonotic origins of hiv aids the sivgor simian immunodeficiency virus that infects them is similar to a certain strain of hiv 1 90 91 92 93 genome sequencing the gorilla became the next to last great ape genus to have its genome sequenced the first gorilla genome was generated with short read and sanger sequencing with dna from a female western lowland gorilla named kamilah this gave scientists further insight into the evolution and origin of humans although chimpanzees being the closest extant relatives of humans 15 of the human genome was found to be more similar to that of the gorilla 94 in addition 30 of the gorilla genome is closer to human or chimpanzee than the latter are to each other this is rarer around coding genes indicating pervasive selection throughout great ape evolution and has functional consequences in gene expression 95 analysis of the gorilla genome has cast doubt on the idea that the rapid evolution of hearing genes gave rise to language in humans as it also occurred in gorillas 96 several western lowland gorillas in captivity in japan 2009 captivity a gorilla at the basel zoo gorillas became highly prized by western zoos since the 19th century though the earliest attempts to keep them in captive facilities ended in their early death in the late 1920s the care of captive gorillas significantly improved 97 colo 22 december 1956 17 january 2017 of the columbus zoo and aquarium was the first gorilla to be born in captivity 98 captive gorillas exhibit stereotypic behaviors including eating disorders such as regurgitation reingestion and coprophagy self injurious or conspecific aggression pacing rocking sucking of fingers or lip smacking and overgrooming 99 negative vigilance of visitor behaviors have been identified as starting posturing and charging at visitors 100 groups of bachelor gorillas containing young silverbacks have significantly higher levels of aggression and wounding rates than mixed age and sex groups 101 102 the use of both internal and external privacy screens on exhibit windows has been shown to alleviate stresses from visual effects of high crowd densities leading to decreased stereotypic behaviors in the gorillas 100 playing naturalistic auditory stimuli as opposed to classical music rock music or no auditory enrichment which allows for crowd noise machinery etc to be heard has been noted to reduce stress behavior as well 103 enrichment modifications to feed and foraging where clover hay is added to an exhibit floor decrease stereotypic activities while simultaneously increasing positive food related behaviors 100 recent research on captive gorilla welfare emphasizes a need to shift to individual assessments instead of a one size fits all group approach to understanding how welfare increases or decreases based on a variety of factors 102 individual characteristics such as age sex personality and individual histories are essential in understanding that stressors will affect each individual gorilla and their welfare differently 100 102 conservation status an eastern lowland gorilla in the kahuzi biega national park democratic republic of the congo all species and subspecies of gorilla are listed as endangered or critically endangered on the iucn red list 104 105 all gorillas are listed in appendix i of the convention on international trade in endangered species cites meaning that international export import of the species including in parts and derivatives is regulated 106 in 2016 around 316 000 western lowland gorillas were thought to exist in the wild 22 4 000 in zoos thanks to conservation eastern lowland gorillas have a population of under 5 000 in the wild and 24 in zoos mountain gorillas are the most severely endangered with an estimated population of about 880 left in the wild and none in zoos 16 104 threats to gorilla survival include habitat destruction and poaching for the bushmeat trade gorillas are closely related to humans and are susceptible to diseases that humans also get infected by in 2004 a population of several hundred gorillas in the odzala national park republic of congo was essentially wiped out by the ebola virus 107 a 2006 study published in science concluded more than 5 000 gorillas may have died in recent outbreaks of the ebola virus in centr...
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