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ere exceptions with mugabe giving permission to general solomon mujuru to expand his business empire resulting in his becoming one of the zimbabwe s wealthiest people 186 growing corruption among the socio economic elite generated resentment among the wider population much of which was living in poverty 187 mugabe departing andrews air force base after a state visit to the united states in 1983 zanu pf also began establishing its own business empire founding the m s syndicate in 1980 and the zidoo holdings in 1981 186 by 1992 the party had fixed assets and businesses worth an estimated z 500 million us 75 million 186 in 1980 zanu pf used nigerian funds to set up the mass media trust through which they bought out a south african company that owned most of zimbabwe s newspapers 188 the white editors of these newspapers were sacked and replaced by government appointees 189 these media outlets subsequently became a source of the party s propaganda 189 at independence 39 of zimbabwe s land was under the ownership of around 6000 white large scale commercial farmers while 4 was owned by black small scale commercial farmers and 41 was communal land where 4 million people lived often in overcrowded conditions 190 the lancaster house agreement ensured that until 1990 the sale of land could only take place on a willing seller willing buyer basis the only permitted exceptions were if the land was underutilized or needed for a public purpose in which case the government could compulsorily purchase it while fully compensating the owner 191 this meant that mugabe s government was largely restricted to purchasing land which was of poor quality 191 its target was to resettle 18 000 black families on 2 5 million acres of white owned land over three years this would cost 30 million us 60 million half of which was to be provided by the uk government as per the lancaster house agreement 190 in 1986 mugabe became chair of the non aligned movement nam a position that he retained until 1989 192 as the leader of one of the front line states the countries bordering apartheid south africa he gained credibility within the anti apartheid movement 192 race relations edit the wrongs of the past must now stand forgiven and forgotten if ever we look to the past let us do so for the lesson the past has taught us namely that oppression and racism are inequalities that must never find scope in our political and social system it could never be a correct justification that just because the whites oppressed us yesterday when they had power the blacks must oppress them today because they have power an evil remains an evil whether practised by white against black or black against white mugabe s speech after his 1980 victory 193 mugabe initially emphasised racial reconciliation and he was keen to build a good relationship with white zimbabweans 194 he hoped to avoid a white exodus and tried to allay fears that he would nationalise white owned property 195 he appointed two white ministers david smith and denis norman to his government 196 met with white leaders in agriculture industry mining and commerce 197 and impressed senior figures in the outgoing administration like smith and ken flower with his apparent sincerity 198 with the end of the war petrol rationing and economic sanctions life for white zimbabweans improved during the early years of mugabe s rule 199 in the economic boom that followed the white minority which controlled considerable property and dominated commerce industry and banking were the country s main beneficiaries 179 nevertheless many white zimbabweans complained that they were the victims of racial discrimination 200 many whites remained uneasy about living under the government of a black marxist and they also feared that their children would be unable to secure jobs 179 there was a growing exodus to south africa and in 1980 17 000 whites approximately a tenth of the white zimbabwean population emigrated 180 mugabe s government had pledged support for the african national congress and other anti apartheid forces within south africa but did not allow them to use zimbabwe as a base for their military operations 178 to protest apartheid and white minority rule in south africa mugabe s government banned zimbabwe from engaging south africa in any sporting competitions 178 in turn south africa tried to destabilise zimbabwe by blocking trade routes into the country and supporting anti mugabe militants among the country s white minority 201 mugabe in the netherlands 1982 in december 1981 a bomb struck zanu pf headquarters killing seven and injuring 124 202 mugabe blamed south african backed white militants 203 he criticised reactionary and counter revolutionary elements in the white community stating that despite the fact that they had faced no punishment for their past actions they rejected racial reconciliation and are acting in collusion with south africa to harm our racial relations to destroy our unity to sabotage our economy and to overthrow the popularly elected government i lead 203 increasingly he criticised not only the militants but the entire white community for holding a monopoly on zimbabwe s economic power 204 this was a view echoed by many government ministers and the government controlled media 200 one of these ministers tekere was involved in an incident in which he and seven armed men stormed a white owned farmhouse killing an elderly farmer they alleged that in doing so they were foiling a coup attempt tekere was acquitted of murder however mugabe dropped him from his cabinet 205 racial mistrust and suspicion continued to grow 206 in december 1981 the elderly white mp wally stuttaford was accused of being a south african agent arrested and tortured generating anger among whites 207 in july 1982 south african backed white militants destroyed 13 aircraft at thornhill a number of white military officers were accused of complicity arrested and tortured they were put on trial but cleared by judges after which they were immediately re arrested 208 their case generated an international outcry which mugabe criticised stating that the case only gained such attention because the accused were white 209 his defence of torture and contempt for legal procedures damaged his international standing 210 white flight continued to grow and within three years of mugabe s premiership half of all white zimbabweans had emigrated 211 in the 1985 election smith s conservative alliance of zimbabwe won 15 of the 20 seats allocated for white zimbabweans 212 mugabe was outraged by this result 213 lambasting white zimbabweans for not repenting in any way by continuing to support smith and other white politicians who had committed horrors against the people of zimbabwe 212 relations with zapu and the gukurahundi edit main article gukurahundi the flag of zapu which was largely eliminated by zanu pf in the gukurahundi under the new constitution zimbabwe s presidency was a ceremonial role with no governmental power the first president was canaan banana 214 mugabe had previously offered the position to nkomo who had turned it down in favour of becoming minister of home affairs 215 while working together there remained an aura of resentment and suspicion between mugabe and nkomo 216 mugabe gave zapu four cabinet seats but nkomo demanded more 217 in contrast some zanu pf figures argued that zapu should not have any seats in government suggesting that zimbabwe be converted into a one party state 218 tekere and enos nkala were particularly adamant that there should be a crackdown on zapu 218 after nkala called for zapu to be violently crushed during a rally in entumbane street clashes between the two parties broke out in the city 219 in january 1981 mugabe demoted nkomo in a cabinet reshuffle the latter warned that this would anger zapu supporters 220 in february violence between zapu and zanu pf supporters broke out among the battalion stationed at ntabazinduna soon spreading to other army bases resulting in 300 deaths 221 an arms cache featuring land mines and anti aircraft missiles were then discovered at ascot farm which was part owned by nkomo mugabe cited this as evidence that zapu were plotting a coup an allegation that nkomo denied 222 likening nkomo to a cobra in the house mugabe sacked him from the government and zapu owned businesses farms and properties were seized 223 members of both zanla and zipra had deserted their positions and engaged in banditry 218 in matabeleland zipra deserters who came to be known as dissenters engaged in robbery holding up buses and attacking farmhouses creating an environment of growing lawlessness 224 these dissidents received support from south africa through its operation mute by which it hoped to further destabilise zimbabwe 225 the government often conflated zipra with the dissenters 226 although nkomo denounced the dissidents and their south african supporters 227 mugabe authorised the police and army to crack down on the matabeleland dissenters declaring that state officers would be granted legal immunity for any extra legal actions they may perform while doing so 227 during 1982 he had established the 5th brigade a zimbabwean army brigade trained by the north koreans membership was drawn largely from shona speaking zanla soldiers and were answerable directly to mugabe 228 in january 1983 the 5th brigade were deployed in the region overseeing a campaign of beatings arson public executions and massacres of those accused of being sympathetic to the dissidents 229 the scale of the violence was greater than that witnessed in the rhodesian war 230 interrogation centres were established where people were tortured 231 mugabe acknowledged that civilians would be persecuted in the violence claiming that we can t tell who is a dissident and who is not 232 the ensuing events became known as the gukurahundi a shona word meaning wind that sweeps away the chaff before the rains 233 the gukurahundi took place in zimbabwe s western provinces of matabeleland highlighted in 1984 the gukurahundi spread to matabeleland south an area then in its third year of drought the 5th brigade closed all stores halted all deliveries and imposed a curfew exacerbating starvation for a period of two months 234 the bishop of bulawayo accused mugabe of overseeing a project of systematic starvation 231 when a catholic delegation provided mugabe with a dossier listing atrocities perpetrated by the 5th brigade mugabe refuted all its allegations and accused the clergy of being disloyal to zimbabwe 235 he had the catholic commission for justice and peace in zimbabwe suppressed 236 in 1985 an amnesty international report on the gukurahundi was dismissed by mugabe as a heap of lies 237 over the course of four years approximately 10 000 civilians had been killed and many others had been beaten and tortured 238 genocide watch later estimated that approximately 20 000 had been killed 239 and classified the events as genocide 240 margaret thatcher s uk government was aware of the killings but remained silent on the matter cautious not to anger mugabe and threaten the safety of white zimbabweans 241 the united states also did not raise strong objections with president ronald reagan welcoming mugabe to the white house in september 1983 242 in october 1983 mugabe attended the commonwealth heads of government meeting in new delhi where no participating states mentioned the gukurahundi 242 in 2000 mugabe acknowledged that the mass killings had happened stating that it was an act of madness it was wrong and both sides were to blame 243 his biographer martin meredith argued that mugabe and his zanu pf were solely to blame for the massacres 243 various mugabe biographers have seen the gukurahundi as a deliberate attempt to eliminate zapu and its support base to advance his desire for a zanu pf one party state 244 there was further violence in the build up to the 1985 election with zapu supporters facing harassment from zanu pf youth league brigades 245 despite this intimidation zapu won all 15 of the parliamentary seats in matabeleland 245 mugabe then appointed enos nkala as the new police minister nkala subsequently detained over 100 zapu officials including five of its mps and the mayor of bulawayo banned the party from holding rallies or meetings closed all of their offices and dissolved all of the district councils that they controlled 246 to avoid further violence in december 1987 nkomo signed a unity accord in which zapu was officially disbanded and its leadership merged into zanu pf 247 the merger between the two parties left zanu pf with 99 of the 100 seats in parliament 248 and established zimbabwe as a de facto one party state 242 president of zimbabwe edit constitutional and economic reform 1987 1995 edit in late 1987 zimbabwe s parliament amended the constitution 249 on 30 december it declared mugabe to be executive president a new position that combined the roles of head of state head of government and commander in chief of the armed forces 250 this position gave him the power to dissolve parliament declare martial law and run for an unlimited number of terms 251 according to meredith mugabe now had a virtual stranglehold on government machinery and unlimited opportunities to exercise patronage 251 the constitutional amendments also abolished the twenty parliamentary seats reserved for white representatives 252 and left parliament less relevant and independent 253 in the build up to the 1990 election parliamentary reforms increased the number of seats to 120 of these twenty were to be appointed by the president and ten by the council of chiefs 254 this measure made it more difficult for any opposition to mugabe to gain a parliamentary majority 255 the main opposition party in that election was the zimbabwe unity movement zum launched in april 1989 by tekere 256 although a longstanding friend of mugabe tekere accused him of betraying the revolution and establishing a dictatorship 257 zanu pf propaganda made threats against those considering voting zum in the election one television advert featured images of a car crash with the statement this is one way to die another is to vote zum don t commit suicide vote zanu pf and live 258 in the election mugabe was re elected president with nearly 80 of the vote while zanu pf secured 116 of the 119 available parliamentary seats 259 mugabe had long hoped to convert zimbabwe into a one party state but in 1990 he officially postponed these plans as both mozambique and many eastern bloc states transitioned from one party states to multi party republics 260 following the collapse of the marxist leninist regimes in the soviet union and the eastern bloc in 1991 zanu pf removed references to marxism leninism and scientific socialism in its material mugabe maintained that socialism remains our sworn ideology 261 that year mugabe pledged himself to free market economics and accepted a structural adjustment programme prov...
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