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eral government 79 most of the colorado river basin water used by humans is used to grow feed for livestock more than four times the amount used for crops for direct human consumption 78 the main cause of water scarcity as a result of consumption is the extensive use of water in agriculture livestock breeding and industry people in developed countries generally use about 10 times more water a day than people in developing countries 80 a large part of this is indirect use in water intensive agricultural and industrial production of consumer goods examples are fruit oilseed crops and cotton many of these production chains are globalized so a lot of water consumption and pollution in developing countries occurs to produce goods for consumption in developed countries 81 many aquifers have been over pumped and are not recharging quickly this does not use up the total fresh water supply but it means that much has become polluted salted unsuitable or otherwise unavailable for drinking industry and agriculture to avoid a global water crisis farmers will have to increase productivity to meet growing demands for food at the same time industry and cities find will have to find ways to use water more efficiently 82 business activities such as tourism are continuing to expand they create a need for increases in water supply and sanitation this in turn can lead to more pressure on water resources and natural ecosystems the approximate 50 growth in world energy use by 2040 will also increase the need for efficient water use 82 it may means some water use shifts from irrigation to industry this is because thermal power generation uses water for steam generation and cooling 83 water pollution edit this section is an excerpt from water pollution edit water pollution or aquatic pollution is the contamination of water bodies which has a negative impact on how they can be used 84 6 it is usually caused by human activities water bodies include lakes rivers oceans aquifers reservoirs and groundwater water pollution results when contaminants mix with these water bodies contaminants can come from one of four main sources these are sewage discharges industrial activities agricultural activities and urban runoff including stormwater 85 water pollution may affect either surface water or groundwater this form of pollution can lead to many problems one is the degradation of aquatic ecosystems another is spreading water borne diseases when people use polluted water for drinking or irrigation 86 water pollution also reduces the ecosystem services such as drinking water provided by the water resource sources of water pollution are either point sources or non point sources 87 point sources have one identifiable cause such as a storm drain a wastewater treatment plant or an oil spill non point sources are more diffuse an example is agricultural runoff 88 pollution is the result of the cumulative effect over time pollution may take many forms one would be toxic substances such as oil metals plastics pesticides persistent organic pollutants and industrial waste products another is stressful conditions such as changes of ph hypoxia or anoxia increased temperatures excessive turbidity or changes of salinity the introduction of pathogenic organisms is another contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances a common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers climate change edit further information effects of climate change on the water cycle and water security climate change climate change could have a big impact on water resources around the world because of the close connections between the climate and hydrological cycle rising temperatures will increase evaporation and lead to increases in precipitation however there will be regional variations in rainfall both droughts and floods may become more frequent and more severe in different regions at different times there will be generally less snowfall and more rainfall in a warmer climate 89 changes in snowfall and snow melt in mountainous areas will also take place higher temperatures will also affect water quality in ways that scientists do not fully understand possible impacts include increased eutrophication climate change could also boost demand for irrigation systems in agriculture there is now ample evidence that greater hydrologic variability and climate change have had a profound impact on the water sector and will continue to do so this will show up in the hydrologic cycle water availability water demand and water allocation at the global regional basin and local levels 90 the united nations fao states that by 2025 1 9 billion people will live in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity it says two thirds of the world s population could be under stress conditions 91 the world bank says that climate change could profoundly alter future patterns of water availability and use this will make water stress and insecurity worse at the global level and in sectors that depend on water 92 scientists have found that population change is four times more important than long term climate change in its effects on water scarcity 47 retreat of mountain glaciers edit this section is an excerpt from retreat of glaciers since 1850 water supply edit a video describing the impacts of global warming and melting on everest and the surrounding himalayas and the downstream impacts on communities that use that water the continued retreat of glaciers will have a number of different quantitative effects in areas that are heavily dependent on water runoff from glaciers that melt during the warmer summer months a continuation of the current retreat will eventually deplete the glacial ice and substantially reduce or eliminate runoff a reduction in runoff will affect the ability to irrigate crops and will reduce summer stream flows necessary to keep dams and reservoirs replenished this situation is particularly acute for irrigation in south america where numerous artificial lakes are filled almost exclusively by glacial melt 93 central asian countries have also been historically dependent on the seasonal glacier melt water for irrigation and drinking supplies in norway the alps and the pacific northwest of north america glacier runoff is important for hydropower in the himalayas retreating glaciers could reduce summer water flows by up to two thirds in the ganges area this would cause a water shortage for 500 million people 94 in the hindu kush himalaya area around 1 4 billion people are dependent on the five main rivers of the himalaya mountains 95 although the impact will vary from place to place the amount of meltwater is likely to increase at first as glaciers retreat then it will gradually decrease because of the fall in glacier mass 96 97 options for improvements edit supply and demand side management edit main articles water resource management and integrated water resources management a review in 2006 stated that it is surprisingly difficult to determine whether water is truly scarce in the physical sense at a global scale a supply problem or whether it is available but should be used better a demand problem 98 the international resource panel of the un states that governments have invested heavily in inefficient solutions these are mega projects like dams canals aqueducts pipelines and water reservoirs they are generally neither environmentally sustainable nor economically viable 99 according to the panel the most cost effective way of decoupling water use from economic growth is for governments to create holistic water management plans these would take into account the entire water cycle from source to distribution economic use treatment recycling reuse and return to the environment in general there is enough water on an annual and global scale the issue is more of variation of supply by time and by region reservoirs and pipelines would deal with this variable water supply well planned infrastructure with demand side management is necessary both supply side and demand side management have advantages and disadvantages citation needed co operation between countries edit further information water conflict and international waters lack of cooperation may give rise to regional water conflicts this is especially the case in developing countries the main reason is disputes regarding the availability use and management of water 65 one example is the dispute between egypt and ethiopia over the grand ethiopian renaissance dam which escalated in 2020 100 101 egypt sees the dam as an existential threat fearing that the dam will reduce the amount of water it receives from the nile 102 water conservation edit rain water harvesting rongai kenya this section is an excerpt from water conservation edit united states 1960 postal stamp advocating water conservation water conservation aims to sustainably manage the natural resource of fresh water protect the hydrosphere and meet current and future human demand water conservation makes it possible to avoid water scarcity it covers all the policies strategies and activities to reach these aims population household size and growth and affluence all affect how much water is used although the terms water efficiency and water conservation are used interchangeably they are not the same water efficiency is the improvements such as the new technology that help with the efficiency and reduction of using water on the other hand water conservation is the action of conserving water in short water efficiency relates to the development and innovations which help use water more efficiently and water conservation is the act of saving or preserving water 103 expanding sources of usable water edit this section is an excerpt from water resources artificial sources of usable water edit this refers to structured systems designed by humans for the collection storage treatment and the convertion of water for human use 104 105 the purpose of this system is to help mitigate the shortage of water especially in regions where there is little to no rainfall or high demand of water 106 there are several artificial sources of fresh water treated wastewater reclaimed water atmospheric water generators 107 108 109 and desalinated seawater other important sources includes rainwater harvesting systems wells and boreholes artificial recharge ponds dams and reservoirs 104 110 111 it is important to consider the economic and environmental side effects of these technologies 112 wastewater treatment and reclaimed water edit this section is an excerpt from reclaimed water edit water reclamation is the process of converting municipal wastewater or sewage and industrial wastewater into water that can be reused for a variety of purposes it is also called wastewater reuse water reuse or water recycling there are many types of reuse it is possible to reuse water in this way in cities or for irrigation in agriculture other types of reuse are environmental reuse industrial reuse and reuse for drinking water whether planned or not reuse may include irrigation of gardens and agricultural fields or replenishing surface water and groundwater this latter is also known as groundwater recharge reused water also serve various needs in residences such as toilet flushing businesses and industry it is possible to treat wastewater to reach drinking water standards injecting reclaimed water into the water supply distribution system is known as direct potable reuse drinking reclaimed water is not typical 113 reusing treated municipal wastewater for irrigation is a long established practice this is especially so in arid countries reusing wastewater as part of sustainable water management allows water to remain an alternative water source for human activities this can reduce scarcity it also eases pressures on groundwater and other natural water bodies 114 this section is an excerpt from wastewater treatment edit wastewater treatment is a process which removes contaminants from wastewater the resulting effluent discharged to a water body has an acceptable impact on the environment 115 domestic wastewater also called municipal wastewater or sewage is processed at a sewage treatment plant industrial wastewater is often processed at a specially designed industrial wastewater treatment facility 116 or at a sewage treatment plant in the latter case the industry typically performs on site pretreatment of the waste before it is sent to the municipal plant other types of wastewater treatment plants include agricultural wastewater treatment and leachate treatment plants the term wastewater treatment is often used to mean sewage treatment 117 desalination edit this section is an excerpt from desalination edit desalination is the artificial process by which salt water generally sea water is converted to fresh water more generally desalination is the removal of salts and minerals from a substance 118 it is possible to desalinate saltwater especially sea water to produce water for human consumption or irrigation producing brine as a by product 119 virtual water trade edit this section is an excerpt from virtual water edit the virtual water trade is the hidden flow of water in food or other commodities that are traded from one place to another 120 other terms for it are embedded or embodied water the virtual water trade is the idea that virtual water is exchanged along with goods and services this idea provides a new amplified perspective on water problems it balances different perspectives basic conditions and interests this concept makes it possible to distinguish between global regional and local levels and their linkages however the use of virtual water estimates may offer no guidance for policymakers seeking to ensure they are meeting environmental objectives for example cereal grains have been major carriers of virtual water in countries where water resources are scarce so cereal imports can compensate for local water deficits 121 however low income countries may not be able to afford such imports in the future this could lead to food insecurity and starvation regional examples edit overview of regions edit level of water stress by major river basin 2018 2021 following russia s annexation of crimea ukraine blocked the north crimean canal which provided 85 of crimea s fresh water 122 the consultative group on international agricultural research cgiar published a map showing the countries and regions suffering most water stress 123 they are north africa the middle east 124 india central asia china chile colombia south africa canada and australia water scarcity is also increasing in south asia 125 as of 2016 about four billion people or two thirds of the world s population were facing severe water scarcity 126 the more developed countries of north america europe and russia will not see a serious threat to water supply by 2025 in general this is not only because of their relative w...
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