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favicon.ico: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA - DNA - Wikipedia.

site address: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA

site title: DNA - Wikipedia

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dna, and, modifications, packaging, proteins, genetic, history, bases, base, alternative, structures, enzymes, contents, properties, chemical, altered, biological, functions, interactions, with, recombination, evolution, uses, in, technology, see, also, references, further, reading, external, links, nucleobase, classification, non, canonical, grooves, pairing, amount, sense, antisense, supercoiling, chemistry, quadruplex, branched, artificial, acidity, macroscopic, appearance, damage, genomes, transcription, translation, replication, extracellular, nucleic, acids, binding, modifying, engineering, profiling, or, catalytic, bioinformatics, nanotechnology, anthropology, information, storage, ssdna, vs, dsdna, nucleases, ligases, topoisomerases, helicases, polymerases,

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12423347 s2cid 39505263 joyce gf july 2002 the antiquity of rna based evolution nature 418 6894 214 21 bibcode 2002natur 418 214j doi 10 1038 418214a pmid 12110897 s2cid 4331004 orgel le 2004 prebiotic chemistry and the origin of the rna world critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology 39 2 99 123 doi 10 1080 10409230490460765 pmid 15217990 s2cid 4939632 davenport rj may 2001 ribozymes making copies in the rna world science 292 5520 1278a 1278 doi 10 1126 science 292 5520 1278a pmid 11360970 s2cid 85976762 szathmáry e april 1992 what is the optimum size for the genetic alphabet proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 89 7 2614 18 bibcode 1992pnas 89 2614s doi 10 1073 pnas 89 7 2614 pmc 48712 pmid 1372984 lindahl t april 1993 instability and decay of the primary structure of dna nature 362 6422 709 15 bibcode 1993natur 362 709l doi 10 1038 362709a0 pmid 8469282 s2cid 4283694 vreeland rh rosenzweig wd powers dw october 2000 isolation of a 250 million year old halotolerant bacterium from a primary salt crystal nature 407 6806 897 900 bibcode 2000natur 407 897v doi 10 1038 35038060 pmid 11057666 s2cid 9879073 hebsgaard mb phillips mj willerslev e may 2005 geologically ancient dna fact or artefact trends in microbiology 13 5 212 20 doi 10 1016 j tim 2005 03 010 pmid 15866038 nickle dc learn gh rain mw mullins ji mittler je january 2002 curiously modern dna for a 250 million year old bacterium journal of molecular evolution 54 1 134 37 bibcode 2002jmole 54 134n doi 10 1007 s00239 001 0025 x pmid 11734907 s2cid 24740859 callahan mp smith ke cleaves hj ruzicka j stern jc glavin dp et al august 2011 carbonaceous meteorites contain a wide range of extraterrestrial nucleobases proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 108 34 13995 98 bibcode 2011pnas 10813995c doi 10 1073 pnas 1106493108 pmc 3161613 pmid 21836052 steigerwald j 8 august 2011 nasa researchers dna building blocks can be made 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29 doi 10 1016 1074 5521 94 90014 0 pmid 9383394 chandra m sachdeva a silverman sk october 2009 dna catalyzed sequence specific hydrolysis of dna nature chemical biology 5 10 718 20 doi 10 1038 nchembio 201 pmc 2746877 pmid 19684594 carmi n shultz la breaker rr december 1996 in vitro selection of self cleaving dnas chemistry biology 3 12 1039 46 doi 10 1016 s1074 5521 96 90170 2 pmid 9000012 torabi sf wu p mcghee ce chen l hwang k zheng n et al may 2015 in vitro selection of a sodium specific dnazyme and its application in intracellular sensing proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 112 19 5903 08 bibcode 2015pnas 112 5903t doi 10 1073 pnas 1420361112 pmc 4434688 pmid 25918425 baldi p brunak s 2001 bioinformatics the machine learning approach mit press isbn 978 0 262 02506 5 oclc 45951728 gusfield d 15 january 1997 algorithms on strings trees and sequences computer science and computational biology cambridge university press isbn 978 0 521 58519 4 sjölander k january 2004 phylogenomic inference of protein molecular function advances and challenges bioinformatics 20 2 170 79 doi 10 1093 bioinformatics bth021 pmid 14734307 mount dm 2004 bioinformatics sequence and genome analysis 2nd ed cold spring harbor ny cold spring harbor laboratory press isbn 0 87969 712 1 oclc 55106399 strong m march 2004 protein nanomachines plos biology 2 3 e73 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 0020073 pmc 368168 pmid 15024422 s2cid 13222080 rothemund pw march 2006 folding dna to create nanoscale shapes and patterns pdf nature 440 7082 297 302 bibcode 2006natur 440 297r doi 10 1038 nature04586 pmid 16541064 s2cid 4316391 archived pdf from the original on 29 july 2020 retrieved 29 august 2019 andersen es dong m nielsen mm jahn k subramani r mamdouh w et al may 2009 self assembly of a nanoscale dna box with a controllable lid nature 459 7243 73 76 bibcode 2009natur 459 73a doi 10 1038 nature07971 hdl 11858 00 001m 0000 0010 9362 b pmid 19424153 s2cid 4430815 ishitsuka y ha t may 2009 dna nanotechnology a nanomachine goes live nature nanotechnology 4 5 281 82 bibcode 2009natna 4 281i doi 10 1038 nnano 2009 101 pmid 19421208 aldaye fa palmer al sleiman hf september 2008 assembling materials with dna as the guide science 321 5897 1795 99 bibcode 2008sci 321 1795a doi 10 1126 science 1154533 pmid 18818351 s2cid 2755388 dunn mr jimenez rm chaput jc 2017 analysis of aptamer discovery and technology nature reviews chemistry 1 10 0076 doi 10 1038 s41570 017 0076 archived from the original on 30 june 2022 retrieved 30 june 2022 wray ga 2002 dating branches on the tree of life using dna genome biology 3 1 reviews0001 doi 10 1186 gb 2001 3 1 reviews0001 pmc 150454 pmid 11806830 panda d molla ka baig mj swain a behera d dash m may 2018 dna as a digital information storage device hope or hype 3 biotech 8 5 239 doi 10 1007 s13205 018 1246 7 pmc 5935598 pmid 29744271 akram f haq iu ali h laghari at october 2018 trends to store digital data in dna an overview molecular biology reports 45 5 1479 1490 doi 10 1007 s11033 018 4280 y pmid 30073589 s2cid 51905843 miescher f 1871 ueber die chemische zusammensetzung der eiterzellen on the chemical composition of pus cells medicinisch chemische untersuchungen in german 4 441 60 p 456 ich habe mich daher später mit meinen versuchen an die ganzen kerne gehalten die trennung der körper die ich einstweilen ohne weiteres präjudiz als lösliches und unlösliches nuclein bezeichnen will einem günstigeren material überlassend therefore in my experiments i subsequently limited myself to the whole nucleus leaving to a more favorable material the separation of the substances that for the present without further prejudice i will designate as soluble and insoluble nuclear material nuclein dahm r january 2008 discovering dna friedrich miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research human genetics 122 6 565 81 doi 10 1007 s00439 007 0433 0 pmid 17901982 s2cid 915930 see kossel a 1879 ueber nucleïn der hefe on nuclein in yeast zeitschrift für physiologische chemie in german 3 284 91 kossel a 1880 ueber nucleïn der hefe ii on nuclein in yeast part 2 zeitschrift für physiologische chemie in german 4 290 95 kossel a 1881 ueber die verbreitung des hypoxanthins im thier und pflanzenreich on the distribution of hypoxanthins in the animal and plant kingdoms zeitschrift für physiologische chemie in german 5 267 71 kossel a 1881 untersuchungen über die nucleine und ihre spaltungsprodukte investigations into nuclein and its cleavage products in german strassburg germany k j trübner p 19 kossel a 1882 ueber xanthin und hypoxanthin on xanthin and hypoxanthin zeitschrift für physiologische chemie 6 422 31 albrect kossel 1883 zur chemie des zellkerns archived 17 november 2017 at the wayback machine on the chemistry of the cell nucleus zeitschrift für physiologische chemie 7 7 22 kossel a 1886 weitere beiträge zur chemie des zellkerns further contributions to the chemistry of the cell nucleus zeitschrift für physiologische chemie in german 10 248 64 archived from the original on 14 july 2014 retrieved 2 july 2014 on p 264 kossel remarked presciently der erforschung der quantitativen verhältnisse der vier stickstoffreichen basen der abhängigkeit ihrer menge von den physiologischen zuständen der zelle verspricht wichtige aufschlüsse über die elementaren physiologisch chemischen vorgänge the study of the quantitative relations of the four nitrogenous bases and of the dependence of their quantity on the physiological states of the cell promises important insights into the fundamental physiological chemical processes jones me september 1953 albrecht kossel a biographical sketch the yale journal of biology and medicine 26 1 80 97 pmc 2599350 pmid 13103145 levene pa jacobs wa 1909 über inosinsäure berichte der deutschen chemischen gesellschaft in german 42 1198 203 doi 10 1002 cber 190904201196 levene pa jacobs wa 1909 über die hefe nucleinsäure berichte der deutschen chemischen gesellschaft in german 42 2 2474 78 doi 10 1002 cber 190904202148 archived from the original on 21 october 2019 retrieved 29 august 2019 levene p 1919 the structure of yeast nucleic acid j biol chem 40 2 415 24 doi 10 1016 s0021 9258 18 87254 4 cohen js portugal fh 1974 the search for the chemical structure of dna pdf connecticut medicine 38 10 551 52 554 57 pmid 4609088 archived from the original pdf on 11 february 2017 koltsov proposed that a cell s genetic information was encoded in a long chain of amino acids see koltsov hk 12 december 1927 физико химические основы морфологии the physical chemical basis of morphology speech 3rd all union meeting of zoologist anatomists and histologists in russian leningrad u s s r reprinted in koltsov hk 1928 физико химические основы морфологии the physical chemical basis of morphology успехи экспериментальной биологии advances in experimental biology series b in russian 7 1 reprinted in german as koltzoff nk 1928 physikalisch chemische grundlagen der morphologie the physical chemical basis of morphology biologisches zentralblatt in german 48 6 345 69 in 1934 koltsov contended that the proteins that contain a cell s genetic information replicate see koltzoff n october 1934 the structure of the chromosomes in the salivary glands of drosophila science 80 2075 312 13 bibcode 1934sci 80 312k doi 10 1126 science 80 2075 312 pmid 17769043 from page 313 i think that the size of the chromosomes in the salivary glands of drosophila is determined through the multiplication of genonemes by this term i designate the axial thread of the chromosome in which the geneticists locate the linear combination of genes in the normal chromosome there is usually only one genoneme before cell division this genoneme has become divided into two strands soyfer vn september 2001 the consequences of political dictatorship for russian science nature reviews genetics 2 9 723 29 doi 10 1038 35088598 pmid 11533721 s2cid 46277758 griffith f january 1928 the significance of pneumococcal types the journal of hygiene 27 2 113 59 doi 10 1017 s0022172400031879 pmc 2167760 pmid 20474956 lorenz mg wackernagel w september 1994 bacterial gene transfer by natural genetic transformation in the environment microbiological reviews 58 3 563 602 doi 10 1128 mmbr 58 3 563 602 1994 pmc 372978 pmid 7968924 brachet j 1933 recherches sur la synthese de l acide thymonucleique pendant le developpement de l oeuf d oursin archives de biologie in italian 44 519 76 burian r 1994 jean brachet s cytochemical embryology connections with the renovation of biology in france pdf in debru c gayon j picard jf eds les sciences biologiques et médicales en france 1920 1950 cahiers pour i histoire de la recherche vol 2 paris cnrs editions pp 207 20 archived from the original pdf on 16 november 2025 retrieved 1 december 2025 see astbury wt bell fo 1938 some recent developments in the x ray study of proteins and related structures pdf cold spring harbor symposia on quantitative biology 6 109 21 doi 10 1101 sqb 1938 006 01 013 archived from the original pdf on 14 july 2014 astbury wt 1947 x ray studies of nucleic acids symposia of the society for experimental biology 1 66 76 pmid 20257017 archived from the original on 5 july 2014 avery ot macleod cm mccarty m february 1944 studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types induction of transformation by a desoxyribonucleic acid fraction isolated from pneumococcus type iii the journal of experimental medicine 79 2 137 158 doi 10 1084 jem 79 2 137 pmc 2135445 pmid 19871359 chargaff e june 1950 chemical specificity of nucleic acids and mechanism of their enzymatic degradation experientia 6 6 201 209 doi 10 1007 bf02173653 pmid 15421335 s2cid 2522535 archived from the original on 12 january 2026 retrieved 17 december 2025 kresge n simoni rd hill rl june 2005 chargaff s rules the work of erwin chargaff journal of biological chemistry 280 24 172 174 doi 10 1016 s0021 9258 20 61522 8 plaque in ca...
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