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earthed so far with the artifacts dating between 43 000 and 35 000 bc 5 6 7 8 the best known prehistoric artworks are the large paleolithic cave paintings that depict animals in continental europe particularly the ones at lascaux in the dordogne region of france several hundred decorated caves are known spanning the upper paleolithic period c 38 000 12 000 bc there are examples in ukraine italy and great britain but most of them are in france and spain many theories have been suggested about the art s purpose the most accepted being that it was part of religious rituals possibly to evoke hunting success giant deer bone of einhornhöhle c 49 000 bc megaloceros bone einhornhöhle germany löwenmensch c 41 000 35 000 bc hohlenstein stadel caves swabian jura germany painting of rhinoceroses c 32 000 14 000 bc charcoal on rock length c 2 m chauvet cave ardèche france 9 venus of willendorf c 25 000 bc limestone with ochre colouring height 11 cm natural history museum vienna austria 10 antiquity edit main article ancient art ancient near east edit main article mesopotamian art ancient near east stretched from turkey and the mediterranean seaboard in the west to iran and the arabian peninsula in the east over time multiple civilizations appeared lived and disappeared here one of the key regions was mesopotamia which witnessed during the 4th millennium bc the emergence of the first cities and the earliest form of writing ancient mesopotamia covers present day iraq and parts of syria and turkey its northern half forms part of the fertile crescent where important neolithic developments such as early farming and permanent village settlements first appeared because the region is nested within the tigris euphrates river delta numerous civilizations lived here notably sumer akkad assyria and babylonia mesopotamian architecture was characterized by the use of bricks lintels and cone mosaic notable examples are the ziggurats large temples in the form of step pyramids the political economic artistic and architectural traditions of the sumerians lead to the foundation of western civilization multiple things appeared for the first time in sumer the first city state uruk ruled by king gilgamesh the first organized religion based on a hierarchical structure of gods people and rituals the first known writing the cuneiforms the first irrigation system and the first vehicles with wheels cylinder seals appeared here as well engraved with little inscriptions and illustrations another civilization that developed here was the akkadian empire the world s first great empire during the early 1st millennium bc after the akkadians an empire called assyria dominated the entire middle east stretching from the persian gulf to the mediterranean sea its cities were filled with impressive buildings and art assyrian art is best known for its detailed stone reliefs depicting scenes of court life religious practice hunting and epic battles these reliefs were initially painted in bright colours and placed in palaces besides their beauty they also depict assyrian life and views of the world including assyrian clothing and furniture later the babylonians conquered the assyrian empire during the 6th century bc babylon became the largest city in the world upon entering babylon visitors were greeted with the impressive ishtar gate with its walls covered in vivid blue glazed bricks and reliefs showing dragons bulls and lions this gate is named after ishtar the goddess of war and love in the mid 6th century bc after a series of military campaigns the babylonian empire fell to the achaemenid empire ruled by king cyrus ii stretching across the middle east and central asia from egypt to the indus valley its art incorporates elements from across the empire celebrating its wealth and power persepolis iran was the capital of the empire and it is full of impressive sculptures showing religious images and people of the empire there are also the ruins of a palace here with a big audience hall for receiving guests besides mesopotamia and iran there were ancient civilizations who produced art and architecture in other regions as well in anatolia present day turkey the hittite empire appeared during antiquity south arabia was important in the production and trade of aromatics bringing wealth to the kingdoms that were in this region before circa 4000 bc the climate of arabia was wetter than today in south west several kingdoms appeared like saba the south arabian human figure is usually stylized based on rectangular shapes but with fine details 11 12 13 standard of ur sumerian c 2600 2400 bc shell red limestone and lapis lazuli on wood length 49 5 cm british museum london 14 king of akkad akkadian c 2250 bc copper alloy height 30 cm iraq museum 14 stag rhyton hittite c 1400 1200 bc silver with gold inlay height 13 cm metropolitan museum of art new york city 15 incense burner pre islamic south arabian c mid 1st millennium bc bronze height 27 6 cm metropolitan museum of art 16 winged bulls neo assyrian c 710 bc alabaster height max 4 2 m louvre 17 delegation bearing gifts persian achaemenid c 490 bc limestone c 260 x 150 cm in situ persepolis iran 18 egypt edit main article ancient egyptian art one of the first great civilizations arose in egypt which had elaborate and complex works of art produced by professional artists and craftspeople egypt s art was religious and symbolic given that the culture had a highly centralized power structure and hierarchy a great deal of art was created to honour the pharaoh including great monuments egyptian art and culture emphasized the religious concept of immortality later egyptian art includes coptic and byzantine art the architecture is characterized by monumental structures built with large stone blocks lintels and solid columns funerary monuments included mastaba tombs of rectangular form pyramids which included step pyramids saqqarah or smooth sided pyramids giza and the hypogeum underground tombs valley of the kings other great buildings were the temple which tended to be monumental complexes preceded by an avenue of sphinxes and obelisks temples used pylons and trapezoid walls with hypaethros and hypostyle halls and shrines the temples of karnak luxor philae and edfu are good examples another type of temple is the rock temple in the form of a hypogeum found in abu simbel and deir el bahari painting of the egyptian era used a juxtaposition of overlapping planes the images were represented hierarchically i e the pharaoh is larger than the common subjects or enemies depicted at his side egyptians painted the outline of the head and limbs in profile while the torso hands and eyes were painted from the front applied arts were developed in egypt in particular woodwork and metalwork there are superb examples such as cedar furniture inlaid with ebony and ivory which can be seen in the tombs at the egyptian museum other examples include the pieces found in tutankhamun s tomb which are of great artistic value 19 nebamun hunting in the marshes c 1380 bc paint on plaster 98 83 cm british museum london 20 akhenaten and nefertiti with daughters c 1345 bc painted limestone 32 5 x 39 cm egyptian museum of berlin germany 21 mask of tutankhamun c 1327 bc gold glass and semi precious stones height 54 cm egyptian museum cairo nefertiti bust 1352 1336 bc painted limestone height 50 cm neues museum berlin germany 22 temple of philae egypt 380 bc 117 ad 23 indus valley civilization edit main article indus valley civilisation arts and crafts discovered in 1922 long after the contemporary cultures of mesopotamia and egypt the indus valley civilization aka the harappan civilization c 2400 1900 bc is now recognized as extraordinarily advanced comparable in some ways with those cultures its sites span an area stretching from today s northeast afghanistan through much of pakistan and into western and northwestern india major cities of the culture include harappa and mohenjo daro located respectively in punjab and in sindh province in northern pakistan and the port city lothal in the state of gujarat india the most numerous artefacts are square and rectangular stamp seals and seal impressions featuring animals usually bulls very short harappan texts many stylized terracotta figurines have also been found in harappan sites and a few stone and bronze sculptures more naturalistic than the ceramic ones 24 seals with indus script and impressions 2500 2000 bc steatite various sizes mostly c 3 cm british museum london 25 dancing girl c 2400 1900 bc bronze height 10 8 cm national museum new delhi india 24 proto shiva stamp seal c 2400 1900 bc steatite height 3 6 cm national museum new delhi 24 priest king c 2400 1900 bc steatite height 17 5 cm national museum of pakistan karachi 24 seal with two horned bull and inscription c 2010 bc steatite overall 3 2 3 2 cm cleveland museum of art cleveland ohio us china edit main articles chinese art bronze casting chinese ritual bronzes and sanxingdui warriors of the terracotta army c 214 bc terracotta height average soldier c 1 8 m lintong district xi an shaanxi china 26 the first metal objects produced in china were made almost 4000 years ago during the xia dynasty c 2100 1700 bc during the chinese bronze age the shang and zhou dynasties court intercessions and communication with the spirit world were conducted by a shaman possibly the king himself in the shang dynasty c 1600 1050 bc the supreme deity was shangdi but aristocratic families preferred to contact the spirits of their ancestors they prepared elaborate banquets of food and drink for them heated and served in bronze ritual vessels these bronze vessels had many shapes depending on their purpose for wine water cereals or meat and some of them were marked with readable characters which shows the development of writing this kind of vessels of a very high quality and complexity were discovered on the valley of the yellow river in the henan province in sites like erlitou anyang or zhengzhou they were used in religious rituals to cement the shang authority and when the shang capital fell around 1050 bc its conquerors the zhou c 1050 156 bc continued to use these containers in religious rituals but principally for food rather than drink the shang court had been accused of excessive drunkenness and the zhou promoting the imperial tian heaven as the prime spiritual force rather than ancestors limited wine in religious rites in favour of food the use of ritual bronzes continued into the early han dynasty 206 bc 220 ad one of the most commonly used motifs was the taotie a stylized face divided centrally into two almost mirror image halves with nostrils eyes eyebrows jaws cheeks and horns surrounded by incised patterns whether taotie represented real mythological or wholly imaginary creatures cannot be determined the enigmatic bronzes of sanxingdui near guanghan in sichuan province are evidence for a mysterious sacrificial religious system unlike anything elsewhere in ancient china and quite different from the art of the contemporaneous shang at anyang excavations at sanxingdui since 1986 have revealed four pits containing artefacts of bronze jade and gold there was found a great bronze statue of a human figure which stands on a plinth decorated with abstract elephant heads besides the standing figure the first two pits contained over 50 bronze heads some wearing headgear and three with a frontal covering of gold leaf tubular bronze fragments with little branches were discovered here as well probably representing trees and also bronze leaves fruits and birds over 4000 objects were found at sanxingdui in 1986 succeeding the shang dynasty the zhou dynasty 1050 221 bc ruled more than any other one from chinese history its last centuries were characterized by violence the era being known as the warring states period during this troubling time some philosophical movements appeared confucianism daoism and legalism the warring states period was ended by qinshi huangdi who united china in 221 bc he ordered a huge tomb guarded by the terracotta army another huge project was a predecessor of the great wall erected for rejecting pillaging tribes from the north after the death of the emperor his dynasty the qin 221 206 bc lasted only three years qinshi huangdi was followed by the han dynasty 202 bc 220 ad during which the silk road developed considerably bringing new cultural influences in china 27 28 bronze water vessel with coiling dragon pattern late shang dynasty c 14th mid 11th century bc rectangular cauldron 12th 11th century bce bronze metropolitan museum of art new york city bronze rhinoceros shaped wine vessel 11th century bce altar set late 11th century bce bronze metropolitan museum of art drum with and bird and tiger frame chu state lacquerware 8th century bc fang lei c 925 875 bc bronze height 22 8 cm national museum of china beijing china 27 a shang dynasty vessel made of bronze used to preserve drink 2nd millennium bc strongman from the acrobats series mausoleum of the first qin emperor 210 bce lacquer phoenix dou state of chu c 5th century bce lacquer dou vessel from the tomb of marquis yi of zeng c 433 bce lacquerware box from the jingmen tomb 荊門楚墓 jīngmén chǔ mù of the state of chu 704 223 bc openwork lacquered screen with animal designs warring states period c 4th century bce western han tomb fresco depicting the philosopher confucius c 1st century bce from dongping county shandong animalistic guardian spirits of midnight and morning wearing chinese robes han dynasty 202 bce 220 ce on ceramic tile two dragon ring early shang dynasty 2nd millennium bce jade openwork disk nanyue c 2nd century bce qin dynasty twin bronze dragons found near the mausoleum of the first qin emperor greek edit main article ancient greek art unlike how most of us see them today all egyptian greek and roman sculptures and temples were initially painted in bright colours they became white because of hundreds of years of neglect and vandalism provoked by christians during the early middle ages who saw them as pagan and believed that they promoted idolatry 29 through harmonious proportion and a focus on aesthetics ancient greek and roman art became the foundation and inspiration of all western art being the standard to which most european artists aspired until the 19th century 30 the latin poet horace writing in the age of roman emperor augustus 1st century bc to 1st century ad famously remarked that although conquered on the battlefield captive greece overcame its savage conqueror and brought the arts to rustic rome the power of greek art lies in its representation of the human figure and its focus on human beings and the anthropomorphic gods as chief subjects the artworks of the greeks were meant to decorate temples and public buildings to celebrate battle victories and remarkable personalities and to commemorate the dead they were also given as offerings to the gods although there was no definitive transi...
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