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ilitary coup edit main article 2008 mauritanian coup d état on 6 august 2008 the head of the presidential guards took over the president s palace in nouakchott a day after 48 lawmakers from the ruling party resigned in protest of president abdallahi s policies the army surrounded key government facilities including the state television building after the president fired senior officers one of them the head of the presidential guards 58 the president prime minister yahya ould ahmed waghef and mohamed ould r zeizim minister of internal affairs were arrested the coup was coordinated by general mohamed ould abdel aziz former chief of staff of the mauritanian army and head of the presidential guard who had recently been fired mauritania s presidential spokesman abdoulaye mamadouba said the president prime minister and interior minister had been arrested by renegade senior mauritanian army officers and were being held under house arrest at the presidential palace in the capital 59 60 61 in the apparently successful and bloodless coup abdallahi s daughter amal mint cheikh abdallahi said the security agents of the basep presidential security battalion came to our home and took away my father 62 the coup plotters all dismissed in a presidential decree shortly beforehand included ould abdel aziz general muhammad ould al ghazwani general philippe swikri and brigadier general aqid ahmed ould bakri 63 2008 2018 edit mohamed ould abdel aziz in his hometown akjoujt on 15 march 2009 2011 2012 mauritanian protests a mauritanian lawmaker mohammed al mukhtar claimed that many of the country s people supported the takeover of a government that had become an authoritarian regime under a president who had marginalized the majority in parliament 64 however abdel aziz s regime was isolated internationally and became subject to diplomatic sanctions and the cancellation of some aid projects domestically a group of parties coalesced around abdallahi to continue protesting the coup which caused the junta to ban demonstrations and crack down on opposition activists international and internal pressure eventually forced the release of abdallahi who was instead placed under house arrest in his home village the new government broke off relations with israel 65 after the coup abdel aziz insisted on holding new presidential elections to replace abdallahi however aziz was forced to reschedule them due to internal and international opposition during the spring of 2009 the junta negotiated an understanding with some opposition figures and international parties as a result abdallahi formally resigned under protest as it became clear that some opposition forces had defected from him and most international players notably including france and algeria now aligned with abdel aziz the united states continued to criticize the coup but did not actively oppose the elections abdallahi s resignation allowed the election of abdel aziz as civilian president on 18 july by a 52 majority many of abdallahi s former supporters criticized this as a political ploy and refused to recognize the results despite complaints the elections were almost unanimously accepted by western arab and african countries which lifted sanctions and resumed relations with mauritania by late summer abdel aziz appeared to have secured his position and to have gained widespread international and internal support some figures such as senate chairman messaoud ould boulkheir continued to refuse the new order and call for abdel aziz s resignation in february 2011 the waves of the arab spring spread to mauritania where thousands of people took to the streets of the capital 66 in november 2014 mauritania was invited as a non member guest nation to the g20 summit in brisbane 67 the national flag of mauritania was changed on 5 august 2017 two red stripes were added as a symbol of the country s sacrifice and defense 68 in late 2018 mauritania bribed members of the eu parliament antonio panzeri to not speak ill of mauritania in what became known as the qatar corruption scandal at the european parliament 69 2019 present edit mauritania s president mohamed ould ghazouani with us president donald trump 9 july 2025 in august 2019 mohamed ould ghazouani was sworn in as president 70 after the 2019 elections which were considered mauritania s first peaceful transition of power since independence 13 in june 2021 former president mohamed ould abdel aziz was arrested amidst a corruption probe into allegations of embezzlement 71 in december 2023 aziz was sentenced to 5 years in prison for corruption 72 in early 2024 a sudden increase of the number of refugees arriving on the canary islands by boat prompted a visit from european commission president ursula von der leyen and spanish prime minister pedro sánchez the eu subsequently signed a 210m deal with mauritania to reduce passage of african migrants through its territory towards the canary islands the un estimates that 150 000 people from mali have fled to mauritania 73 in june 2024 president ghazouani was re elected for a second term 74 geography edit main article geography of mauritania topography of mauritania sandy area west of chinguetti terjit oasis in the adrar region mauritania lies in the western region of the continent of africa and is generally flat its 1 030 000 km 2 400 000 sq mi forming vast arid plains broken by occasional ridges and clifflike outcroppings 75 it borders the north atlantic ocean to the west senegal to the southwest mali to the east and southeast algeria to the northeast and western sahara to the north and northwest 75 it is considered part of both the sahel and the maghreb approximately three quarters of mauritania is desert or semidesert 76 as a result of extended severe drought the desert has been expanding since the mid 1960s a series of scarps face southwest longitudinally bisecting these plains in the center of the country the scarps also separate a series of sandstone plateaus the highest of which is the adrar plateau reaching an elevation of 500 meters 1 640 ft 77 spring fed oases lie at the foot of some of the scarps isolated peaks often rich in minerals rise above the plateaus the smaller peaks are called guelbs and the larger ones kedias the concentric guelb er richat is a prominent feature of the north central region kediet ej jill near the city of zouîrât has an elevation of 915 meters 3 000 ft and is the highest peak the plateaus gradually descend toward the northeast to the barren el djouf or empty quarter a vast region of large sand dunes that merges into the sahara desert to the west between the ocean and the plateaus are alternating areas of clayey plains regs and sand dunes ergs some of which shift from place to place gradually moved by high winds the dunes generally increase in size and mobility toward the north belts of natural vegetation corresponding to the rainfall pattern extend from east to west and range from traces of tropical forest along the senegal river to brush and savanna in the southeast only sandy desert is found in the center and north of the country mauritania is home to seven terrestrial ecoregions sahelian acacia savanna west sudanian savanna saharan halophytics atlantic coastal desert north saharan steppe and woodlands south saharan steppe and woodlands and west saharan montane xeric woodlands 78 the richat structure dubbed the eye of the sahara 79 is a formation of rock resembling concentric circles in the adrar plateau near ouadane west central mauritania wildlife edit main article wildlife of mauritania this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed november 2024 learn how and when to remove this message semi desert in mauritania mauritania s wildlife has two main influences as the country lies in two biogeographic realms the north sits in the palearctic which extends south from the sahara to roughly 19 north and the south in the afrotropic realms additionally mauritania is important for numerous birds which migrate from the palearctic to winter there most of the north to about 19 north is regarded as being in the palearctic and is largely made up of the sahara desert and adjacent littoral habitats south of this is regarded as being in the afrotropical biogeographic realm which means that species of a predominantly afrotropical distribution dominate the fauna south of the sahara is the south saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion which integrates into the sahelian acacia savanna ecoregion the southernmost part of the country lies in the west sudanian savanna ecoregion mauritania includes wetlands including two main protected areas the banc d arguin national park which protects shallow coastal and marine ecosystems integrating with the arid sahara desert and the diawling national park which forms the northern part of the delta of the senegal river elsewhere in mauritania wetlands are normally ephemeral and rely on the seasonal rainfall government and politics edit main articles politics of mauritania and foreign relations of mauritania the mauritanian parliament is composed of a single chamber the national assembly composed of 176 members representatives are elected for a five year term in single seat constituencies until august 2017 the parliament had an upper house the senate the senate had 56 members 53 members elected for a six year term by municipal councilors with a third renewed every two years and three elected by mauritanians abroad it was abolished in 2017 after a referendum president mohamed ould abdel aziz called for the referendum in august 2017 after the senate rejected his proposals to change the constitution 80 mauritania is a semi presidential republic 81 where the president of mauritania is directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in two rounds if needed for a five year term eligible for a second term the last presidential election was held on 29 june 2024 with president mohamed ould ghazouani winning re election 82 the prime minister is appointed by the president 83 military edit main article armed forces of mauritania the armed forces of mauritania are the defense force of the islamic republic of mauritania having an army navy air force gendarmerie and presidential guard other services include the national guard and national police though they both are subordinated to the ministry of the interior as of 2018 the mauritanian armed forces budget constituted 3 9 of the country s gdp hanena ould sidi is the current defense minister and general mohamed val ould rayess rayess is the current chief of national army staff despite the small size it has participated in numerous conflicts in the past including western sahara war and mauritania senegal border war and is currently involved in operation enduring freedom trans sahara mauritania was ranked 95th of 163 most peaceful country in the world according to the 2024 global peace index 84 administrative divisions edit main articles regions of mauritania and departments of mauritania the government bureaucracy is composed of traditional ministries special agencies and parastatal companies the ministry of interior spearheads a system of regional governors and prefects modeled on the french system of local administration under this system mauritania is divided into 15 regions wilaya or régions control is tightly concentrated in the executive branch of the central government but a series of national and municipal elections since 1992 have produced limited decentralization these regions are subdivided into 44 departments moughataa 85 the regions and capital district and their capitals are a clickable map of mauritania exhibiting its twelve regions and one capital district region capital adrar atar 1 assaba kiffa 2 brakna aleg 3 dakhlet nouadhibou nouadhibou 4 gorgol kaédi 5 guidimaka sélibaby 6 hodh ech chargui néma 7 hodh el gharbi ayoun el atrous 8 inchiri akjoujt 9 nouakchott nord dar naim 10 nouakchott ouest tevragh zeina 10 nouakchott sud arafat 10 tagant tidjikdja 11 tiris zemmour zouérat 12 trarza rosso 13 economy edit main articles economy of mauritania transport in mauritania list of power stations in mauritania and agriculture in mauritania camel market in nouakchott despite being rich in natural resources mauritania has a low gdp 86 a majority of the population still depends on agriculture and livestock for a livelihood even though most of the nomads and many subsistence farmers were forced into the cities by recurrent droughts in the 1970s and 1980s 86 mauritania has extensive deposits of iron ore which account for almost 50 of total exports gold and copper mining companies are opening mines in the interior such as firawa mine the country s gold production in 2015 was 9 metric tons 87 the country s first deepwater port opened near nouakchott in 1986 citation needed in recent years which drought and economic mismanagement have resulted in a buildup of foreign debt in march 1999 the government signed an agreement with a joint world bank international monetary fund mission on a 54 million enhanced structural adjustment facility esaf citation needed privatization remains one of the key issues mauritania is unlikely to meet esaf s annual gdp growth objectives of 4 5 citation needed oil was discovered in mauritania in 2001 in the offshore chinguetti field although potentially significant for the mauritanian economy its overall influence is difficult to predict mauritania has been described as a desperately poor desert nation which straddles the arab and african worlds and is africa s newest if small scale oil producer 88 there may be additional oil reserves inland in the taoudeni basin although the harsh environment will make extraction expensive 89 demographics edit main article demographics of mauritania population 90 91 year million 1950 0 7 2000 2 7 2021 4 6 as of 2021 update mauritania had a population of about 4 6 million with roughly a third concentrated in the capital and largest city nouakchott on the atlantic coast the local population is composed of three main ethnicities bidhan or white moors haratin or black moors 92 and sub saharans the population is 40 haratin 30 bidhan and 30 others mostly black sub saharans local statistics bureau estimations indicate that the bidhan represent around 30 of citizens the majority of the country speaks hassaniya arabic the bidhan are of mixed arab berber descent while the haratin are a distinct ethnic group believed to be descended from ancient saharans 93 they are descendants of the original inhabitants of the tassili n ajjer and acacus mountain sites from the epipalaeolithic era 94 95 the remaining 30 of the population largely consists of various ethnic groups of west african descent such as the niger congo speaking halpulaar fulbe soninke bambara and wolof 1 largest cities edit main article list of cities in mauritania v t e largest cities or towns in maurit...
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