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on tool name abbreviation icon attribution required allows remix culture allows commercial use allows free cultural works meets the okf open definition no rights reserved cc0 no yes yes yes yes cc zero public domain dedication tool logo 35 creative commons public domain mark indicates works which have already fallen into or were given to the public domain creative commons public domain mark button besides copyright licenses creative commons also offers cc0 a tool for relinquishing copyright and releasing material into the public domain 34 cc0 is a legal tool for waiving as many rights as legally possible 36 when that is not legally possible cc0 falls back to a public domain equivalent license 36 cc0 began development in 2007 37 and was released in 2009 38 39 a major target of the license was the scientific data community 40 in 2010 creative commons announced its public domain mark pdm 41 42 43 a symbol used to indicate that a work is free of known copyright restrictions and therefore in the public domain it is analogous to the copyright symbol which is commonly used to indicate that a work is copyrighted often as part of a copyright notice the public domain mark itself does not release a copyrighted work into the public domain like cc0 the symbol is encoded in unicode as u 1f16e circled c with overlaid backslash 44 which was added in unicode 13 0 in march 2020 45 as there is no single definition of public domain and copyright laws differ by jurisdiction a work can be in the public domain in some countries while still being under copyright in others so called hybrid status it is also difficult to assess the legal status of many works the pdm is recommended to be used only for works that are likely free from any copyright restrictions worldwide 46 together cc0 and the public domain mark replace the public domain dedication and certification 47 which took a u s centric approach and co mingled distinct operations in 2011 the free software foundation added cc0 to its free software licenses however they recommend against using cc0 to release software into the public domain as it explicitly withholds patent rights 21 in february 2012 cc0 was submitted to open source initiative osi for their approval 48 however controversy arose over its clause which excluded from the scope of the license any relevant patents held by the copyright holder this clause was added for scientific data rather than software but some members of the osi believed it could weaken users defenses against software patents as a result creative commons withdrew their submission and the license is not currently approved by the osi 40 49 from 2013 to 2017 the stock photography website unsplash used the cc0 license 50 51 distributing several million free photos a month 52 lawrence lessig the founder of creative commons has contributed to the site 53 unsplash moved from using the cc0 license to a custom license in june 2017 54 and to an explicitly nonfree license in february 2018 in october 2014 the open knowledge foundation approved the creative commons cc0 as conformant with the open definition and recommended the license to dedicate content to the public domain 11 12 in july 2022 fedora linux disallowed software licensed under cc0 due to patent rights explicitly not being waived under the license 55 retired licenses edit due to either disuse or criticism a number of previously offered creative commons licenses have since been retired 30 56 and are no longer recommended for new works the retired licenses include all licenses lacking the attribution element other than cc0 as well as the following four licenses developing nations license a license which only applies to developing countries deemed to be non high income economies by the world bank full copyright restrictions apply to people in other countries 57 sampling parts of the work can be used for any purpose other than advertising but the whole work cannot be copied or modified 58 sampling plus parts of the work can be copied and modified for any purpose other than advertising and the entire work can be copied for noncommercial purposes 59 noncommercial sampling plus the whole work or parts of the work can be copied and modified for non commercial purposes 60 version 4 0 edit further information creative commons jurisdiction ports the latest version 4 0 of the creative commons licenses released on november 25 2013 are generic licenses that are applicable to most jurisdictions and do not usually require ports 61 62 63 28 no new ports have been implemented in version 4 0 of the license 64 version 4 0 discourages using ported versions and instead acts as a single global license 65 additionally there is a thirty day grace period to correct the breach of the licensing terms by the licensee and have their rights reinstated prior to 4 0 the licensee would lose their rights after breaking the license s terms this does not impact the ability for licensors to seek remedies 62 66 in addition it allows licensors to request to remove attribution from verbatim work which prior to 4 0 only applied to adaptations 62 rights and obligations edit attribution edit since 2004 all current licenses other than the cc0 and cc pd variant require attribution of the original author as signified by the by component as in the preposition by 31 the attribution must be given to the best of one s ability using the information available 67 creative commons suggests the mnemonic tasl title author source web link cc licence generally this implies the following include any copyright notices if applicable if the work itself contains any copyright notices placed there by the copyright holder those notices must be left intact or reproduced in a way that is reasonable to the medium in which the work is being re published cite the author s name screen name or user id etc if the work is being published on the internet it is nice to link that name to the person s profile page if such a page exists cite the work s title or name if applicable if such a thing exists if the work is being published on the internet it is nice to link the name or title directly to the original work cite the specific cc license the work is under if the work is being published on the internet it is nice if the license citation links to the license on the cc website mention if the work is a derivative work or adaptation in addition to the above one needs to identify that their work is a derivative work e g this is a finnish translation of original work by author or screenplay based on original work by author non commercial licenses edit main article creative commons noncommercial license the noncommercial license allows image creators to restrict selling and profiting from their works by other parties and thus maintaining free of charge access to images the non commercial option included in some creative commons licenses is controversial in definition 68 as it is sometimes unclear what can be considered a non commercial setting and application since its restrictions differ from the principles of open content promoted by other permissive licenses 69 in 2014 wikimedia deutschland published a guide to using creative commons licenses as wiki pages for translations and as pdf 26 adaptability edit an example of a permitted combination of two works one being cc by sa and the other being public domain rights in an adaptation can be expressed by a cc license that is compatible with the status or licensing of the original work or works on which the adaptation is based 70 license compatibility chart for combining or mixing two cc licensed works 71 72 yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes no no yes yes no yes no no no no no no legal aspects edit the legal implications of large numbers of works having creative commons licensing are difficult to predict and there is speculation that media creators often lack insight to be able to choose the license which best meets their intent in applying it 73 some works licensed using creative commons licenses have been involved in several court cases 74 creative commons itself was not a party to any of these cases they only involved licensors or licensees of creative commons licenses when the cases went as far as decisions by judges that is they were not dismissed for lack of jurisdiction or were not settled privately out of court they have all validated the legal robustness of creative commons public licenses further information public information licence dutch tabloid edit in early 2006 podcaster adam curry sued a dutch tabloid who published photos from curry s flickr page without curry s permission the photos were licensed under the creative commons non commercial license while the verdict was in favor of curry the tabloid avoided having to pay restitution to him as long as they did not repeat the offense professor bernt hugenholtz main creator of the dutch cc license and director of the institute for information law of the university of amsterdam commented the dutch court s decision is especially noteworthy because it confirms that the conditions of a creative commons license automatically apply to the content licensed under it and binds users of such content even without expressly agreeing to or having knowledge of the conditions of the license 75 76 77 78 virgin mobile edit in 2007 virgin mobile australia launched an advertising campaign promoting their cellphone text messaging service using the work of amateur photographers who uploaded their work to flickr using a creative commons by attribution license users licensing their images this way freed their work for use by any other entity as long as the original creator was attributed credit without any other compensation required virgin upheld this single restriction by printing a url leading to the photographer s flickr page on each of their ads however one picture depicting 15 year old alison chang at a fund raising carwash for her church 79 caused some controversy when she sued virgin mobile the photo was taken by alison s church youth counselor justin ho wee wong who uploaded the image to flickr under the creative commons license 79 in 2008 the case concerning personality rights rather than copyright as such was thrown out of a texas court for lack of jurisdiction 80 81 sgae vs fernández edit in the fall of 2006 the collecting society sociedad general de autores y editores sgae in spain sued ricardo andrés utrera fernández owner of a disco bar located in badajoz who played cc licensed music sgae argued that fernández should pay royalties for public performance of the music between november 2002 and august 2005 the lower court rejected the collecting society s claims because the owner of the bar proved that the music he was using was not managed by the society 82 in february 2006 the cultural association ladinamo based in madrid and represented by javier de la cueva was granted the use of copyleft music in their public activities the sentence said admitting the existence of music equipment a joint evaluation of the evidence practiced this court is convinced that the defendant prevents communication of works whose management is entrusted to the plaintiff sgae using a repertoire of authors who have not assigned the exploitation of their rights to the sgae having at its disposal a database for that purpose and so it is manifested both by the legal representative of the association and by manuela villa acosta in charge of the cultural programming of the association which is compatible with the alternative character of the association and its integration in the movement called copyleft 83 gatehouse media inc v that s great news llc edit on june 30 2010 gatehouse media filed a lawsuit against that s great news llc gatehouse media owns a number of local newspapers including rockford register star which is based in rockford illinois that s great news makes plaques out of newspaper articles and sells them to the people featured in the articles 84 gatehouse sued that s great news for copyright infringement and breach of contract gatehouse claimed that that s great news violated the non commercial and no derivative works restrictions on gatehouse creative commons licensed work when they published the material on their website the case was settled on august 17 2010 though the terms of the settlement were not made public 84 85 drauglis v kappa map group llc edit in 2007 photographer art drauglis uploaded several pictures to the photo sharing website flickr giving them the creative commons attribution sharealike 2 0 generic license cc by sa one photo titled swain s lock montgomery co md was downloaded by kappa map group a map making company and published in 2012 on the front cover of montgomery co maryland street atlas the text photo swain s lock montgomery co md photographer carly lesser art drauglis creative commoms sic cc by sa 2 0 was placed on the back cover but nothing on the front indicated authorship the validity of cc by sa 2 0 as a license was not in dispute cc by sa 2 0 requires that the licensee use nothing less restrictive than the cc by sa 2 0 terms the atlas was sold commercially and not for free reuse by others the dispute was whether drauglis license terms that would apply to derivative works applied to the entire atlas drauglis sued the defendants in june 2014 for copyright infringement and license breach seeking declaratory and injunctive relief damages fees and costs drauglis asserted among other things that kappa map group exceeded the scope of the license because defendant did not publish the atlas under a license with the same or similar terms as those under which the photograph was originally licensed 86 the judge dismissed the case on that count ruling that the atlas was not a derivative work of the photograph in the sense of the license but rather a collective work since the atlas was not a derivative work of the photograph kappa map group did not need to license the entire atlas under the cc by sa 2 0 license the judge also determined that the work had been properly attributed 87 in particular the judge determined that it was sufficient to credit the author of the photo as prominently as authors of similar authorship such as the authors of individual maps contained in the book and that the name cc by sa 2 0 is sufficiently precise to locate the correct license on the internet and can be considered a valid identifier for the license 4 verband zum schutz geistigen eigentums im internet vgse edit in july 2016 german computer magazine linuxuser reported that a german blogger christoph langner used two cc by licensed photographs from berlin photographer dennis skley on his private blog linuxundich langner duly mentioned the author and the license and added a link to the original langner was later contacted by the verband zum schutz geistigen eigentums im internet vgse association for the protection of intellectual property in 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